TMP research tourism by Ryan Fryar

Environmental Scientist

17506210 — 2024-11-01 12:07:10 UTC

Microplastics are considered to be particularly harmful to marine ecosystems because they resemble the food of many marine organisms, and adsorbed toxic persistent organic pollutants.

Rey, S. F., Franklin, J., & Rey, S. J. (Feb 18, 2021). Microplastic pollution on island beaches, Oahu, Hawai`i. PLOS ONE, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247224

Environmental Scientist

17506210 — 2024-11-01 12:09:33 UTC

Many islands worldwide are the focus of beach tourism, and island beaches often harbor large amounts of debris including plastics. Remote oceanic islands receive plastic debris transported by ocean currents, e.g., in Tonga, the Cook Islands, and Fiji in the southwest Pacific, as well as Hawai`i.

Rey, S. F., Franklin, J., & Rey, S. J. (Feb 18, 2021). Microplastic pollution on island beaches, Oahu, Hawai`i. PLOS ONE, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247224

Environmentalist

171538_7 — 2024-11-01 12:09:48 UTC

Much of the land that had been occupied by Native Hawaiians was cleared for new developments and state parks. Beginning in the 1980s

Heckathorn, J., Swenson, J. P. M., & Motteler, L. S. (2024, October 23). Hawaii. Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/place/Hawaii-state

perspective: Researcher in Hawaiian culture

268267 — 2024-11-01 12:11:00 UTC

Unfortunately, their culture is exploited and used as a symbol to attract visitors.

Clayton, D. (n.d.). Trouble in Paradise: The effects of tourism on the culture of the Hawaiian Islands. Pressbooks. https://pressbooks.library.upei.ca/artsreview-xi/chapter/trouble-in-paradise/#:~:text=With%20less%20opportunities%20and%20less,with%20their%20language%20and%20traditions.

Economic Researcher

1734021 — 2024-11-01 12:12:30 UTC

Tourism's resources are nearly inexhaustible, making it one of the few economic opportunities that can be focused on long-term.

Pascu, E. (2012). Tourism Infrastructure - a Factor which Influences the Quality of Tourism Services. “Dimitrie Cantemir” Christian University, Bucharest, Romania. https://www.revistadestatistica.ro/suplimente/2012/4/srrs4_2012a39.pdf

Economist

171538_7 — 2024-11-01 12:13:04 UTC

Hawaii ranks relatively low among U.S. states in terms of personal income, farm products sold, value of manufacturing shipments, retail sales, and bank deposits. Largely because of its insularity and dependence on imports, Hawaii has a high cost of living.

Heckathorn, J., Swenson, J. P. M., & Motteler, L. S. (2024, October 23). Hawaii. Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/place/Hawaii-state

Economic Analyst

17506210 — 2024-11-01 12:13:58 UTC

A major contributor to environmental degradation is the tremendous development of infrastructure relating to the tourism industry. From 1985 to 2010 the number of hotel rooms has been forecasted to double from 65 thousand to 132 thousand.

Darowski, L., Strilchuk, J., Sorochuk, J., & Provost, C. (2006). Negative Impact of Tourism on Hawaii Natives and Environment. Lethbridge Undergraduate Research Journal, 1(2). https://opus.uleth.ca/server/api/core/bitstreams/6bafb8c8-714a-416c-8ad3-d49f0e9afcce/content

Native Hawaiians

17506210 — 2024-11-01 12:15:50 UTC

This degradation of the environment is very important to their way of life as it is integrated into the cultural and social traditions. 5 Moreover, developing these properties has diminished the Natives ability to keep traditional livelihoods such as fishing, gathering food and medicine which, in turn, diminishes their meaning of life.

economic researcher

268267 — 2024-11-01 12:16:43 UTC

The business opportunities brought about by tourism can attract the influx of floating populations, which crowd out work opportunities for indigenous people and increase unemployment rates.

Liu, T.-M., & Lu, D.-J. (2014, July 8). The cultural and ecological impacts of aboriginal tourism: A case study on Taiwan’s Tao Tribe. SpringerPlus. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4117854/

Travel guide

171538_7 — 2024-11-01 12:17:03 UTC

Tourism in Hawaii began in the 1860s. Kilauea volcano was one of the world’s prime attractions for adventure travelers.

History in Hawaii. Frommer’s. (2024). https://www.frommers.com/destinations/hawaii/in-depth/history

Economic Researcher

1734021 — 2024-11-01 12:20:12 UTC

Tourism serves as a way to increase the local population's financial resources, while also contributing to social growth.

American and Hawaiian Government

17506210 — 2024-11-01 12:22:37 UTC

Levels of oxybenzone utilization in sunscreen products has significantly decreased after 2019 as a result of global response in consumer awareness of the dangers of this chemical to marine resources and from laws banning their sale or use in places such as Hawaii, Palau, The Marshall Islands, Thailand, the Northern Mariana Islands...

Downs, C. A., et al., (2021). Oxybenzone contamination from sunscreen pollution and its ecological threat to Hanauma Bay, Oahu, Hawaii, U.S.A. Chemosphere, 291, 132880. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132880

Hawaiian Writer and Researcher

1734021 — 2024-11-01 12:22:51 UTC

Tourism has allowed Hawaii to become the center of the international market in the Pacific, causing more capital investment from the U.S mainland.

Heckathorn, J., Motteler, L. S., & Swenson, J. P. M. (2019, November 11). Government and society. Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/place/Hawaii-state/Government-and-society

Hawaiian travel guide

171538_7 — 2024-11-01 12:25:27 UTC

By 1936, visitors could fly to Honolulu from San Francisco on the Hawaii Clipper, a seven-passenger Pan American Martin M-130 flying boat, for $360 one-way. The flight took 21 hours, 33 minutes. Modern tourism was born, with five flying boats providing daily service. The 1941 visitor count was a brisk 31,846 through December 6.

History in Hawaii. Frommer’s. (2024). https://www.frommers.com/destinations/hawaii/in-depth/history

Environmental Scientists

17506210 — 2024-11-01 12:26:31 UTC

Oxybenzone can be detrimental to corals, ranging from mortality to inducting pathologies such as bleaching, and gross planula deformations, as well as causing genotoxicity, endocrine disruption and significant shifts in its metabolome. Sunscreen pollution can also threaten endangered species, such as sea turtles and marine mammals

Historian

171538_7 — 2024-11-01 16:31:47 UTC

Much has changed about the Hawaiʻi visitor industry since May 14, 1902, when W. C. Weedon convinced a group of Honolulu businessmen to pay him to advertise the Territory of Hawaiʻi on the Mainland.

Humble Beginnings. (2024). Hawai’i Visitors & Convention Bureau.. History. http://www.hvcb.org/about-hvcb/history/

Economist

171538_7 — 2024-11-01 16:34:10 UTC

Since statehood, both the population and the economy boomed in Hawaii, with ever-increasing numbers of visitors. Outside investment, notably from the U.S. mainland and Japan, along with rising real estate values, made the islands seem especially bountiful. However, wages have not kept up with the cost of living, and many Hawaiians work multiple jobs to survive.

Heckathorn, J., Swenson, J. P. M., & Motteler, L. S. (2024, October 23). Hawaii. Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/place/Hawaii-state

Hawaiian Writer and Researcher

1734021 — 2024-11-02 19:24:19 UTC

Many local industries, like hotel chains, have moved to Oahu, and more specifically Waikiki, to capitalize on the large amount of tourists that visit that island and city specifically.

Heckathorn, J., Motteler, L. S., & Swenson, J. P. M. (2019, November 11). Government and society. Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/place/Hawaii-state/Government-and-society

International Economic Researcher

1734021 — 2024-11-02 19:30:07 UTC

A study found that tourism would be worth nearly 1/4 of Hawaii's economy by 2010.

Blank, D. (1999, November 1). Software measures impact of tourism. Hotel & Motel Management, 214(19), 4. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A57950473/EAIM?u=mcps&sid=bookmark-EAIM&xid=baf775c5

International Economic Researcher

1734021 — 2024-11-02 19:31:22 UTC

The Global Tourism Monitor was made to see where tourism was focusing, and how the economic growth it initiated in where it was affected other places.

Blank, D. (1999, November 1). Software measures impact of tourism. Hotel & Motel Management, 214(19), 4. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A57950473/EAIM?u=mcps&sid=bookmark-EAIM&xid=baf775c5

A Tourist

268267 — 2024-11-03 03:07:18 UTC

Tourism’s takeover of Hawaii displaces the native population, intrudes on their sacred land, and interferes with each household’s economic stability, regardless of whether the person works in the tourism industry or not.

Bacilio, C. (2023a, May 4). Hawaii tourism: Opposite of a paradise for locals. International Relations Review. https://www.irreview.org/articles/hawaii-tourism-opposite-of-a-paradise-for-locals

A native researcher

268267 — 2024-11-03 03:19:32 UTC

With the prevalence of aboriginal tourism, many indigenous people and the areas in which they live are significantly impacted by tourism activities.

American studies professor

268267 — 2024-11-03 03:24:11 UTC

The anti-eviction struggle also included militarized sites such as Mākua Valley on O‘ahu, where generations of houseless Hawaiian families have faced repeated evictions while also facing displacement due to military occupation in the valley.

Williams, L. K., & Gonzalez, V. V. (2016). Indigeneity, sovereignty, sustainability and cultural tourism: hosts and hostages at ʻIolani Palace, Hawai’i. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 25(5), 668–683. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2016.1226850

hawaiian researcher

268267 — 2024-11-03 03:27:23 UTC

With less opportunities and less space for their traditions, the native population is forced to forget their important roots and adjust to living in a highly-visited area.

Perspective: Research Analysts

165912_11 — 2024-11-03 17:24:34 UTC

The continuous development of infrastructure catered to tourists in Hawaii is causing extreme environmental harm which is affecting the lives and practices of natives.

Lukasz Darowski, Jordan Strilchuk, Jason Sorochuk, Casey Provost: Negative Impact of Tourism on Hawaii Natives and Environment. Lethbridge Undergraduate Research Journal. 2006. Volume 1 Number 2.

Perspective: Native Community

165912_11 — 2024-11-03 17:26:12 UTC

Native communities in Mauritius (another island nation) were also concerned about the sustainability of tourism on their island and had very similar concerns over the expansion of tourism such as environmental damage and cultural commodification.

Ramseook-Munhurrun, Prabha and Naidoo, Perunjodi, Residents’ Attitudes Toward Perceived Tourism Benefits (November 3, 2011). International Journal of Management and Marketing Research, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 45-56, 2011, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1950367

Perspective: Research Analyst

165912_11 — 2024-11-03 17:27:07 UTC

The authenticity of the identity of host communities is being eroded due to commodifications that cater to tourists over the lives of natives.

Shahjalal, M. (2016). Positive and negative impacts of tourism on culture: A critical review of examples from contemporary literature. Journal of Tourism, Hospitality and Sports, 20(1), 30-34.

Perspective: Politician/Government

165912_11 — 2024-11-03 17:29:36 UTC

Increased technological developments meant to aid tourism travel and international trade have led to the homogenization (the process of creating mass uniformity) of economies and societies around the globe.

Fennell, D. A., & Malloy, D. C. (2007). Codes of ethics in tourism: Practice, theory, synthesis (Vol. 33). Channel View Publications.

Perspective: Native Hawaiians

165912_11 — 2024-11-03 17:31:34 UTC

Many Hawaiians argued their biggest concern over the growth of tourism on their island was their land and culture being exploited and their grievances are not being heard.

Stevens, F. (2018). Perspectives on the sociocultural consequences of mass tourism on Native Hawaiians. https://edepot.wur.nl/457371

Perspective: Research Analyst

165912_11 — 2024-11-03 18:27:45 UTC

Unethical tourist behavior results from an unknowingness of the effects caused by harmful tourist practices, hence the necessity for a moral code for tourists to encourage the sustainability of host communities.

Kazimierczak, M. (2006). Code of ethics for tourism. Studies in Physical Culture & Tourism, 13(1). https://www.wbc.poznan.pl/Content/44716/PDF/Kazimierczak_REV.pdf

Problem to be Addressed:

17506210 — 2024-11-07 13:12:33 UTC

Tourism in Hawaii has caused the government to neglect natives and the environment in favor of monetary gain.