The story of the origin of Lake Toba tells the tale of a man named Batara Guru who fell in love with a beautiful mortal woman named Ompu Ni Bolon. They had a son named Batara Sihir, who possessed supernatural powers.

One day, Batara Sihir caught a fish that turned out to be a magical creature. When he cooked the fish, it turned into a beautiful woman named Boru Toba. Batara Sihir and Boru Toba fell in love and had a son named Partomuan.

However, the gods were angered by Batara Sihir’s relationship with a magical creature and they punished him by turning him and his family into stone. The stone family created a huge hole in the ground where they stood, and it eventually filled with water to become Lake Toba.

The story of the origin of Lake Toba holds great significance in Indonesian culture, particularly in the Batak culture of North Sumatra where the lake is located. The story symbolizes the importance of respecting and preserving nature, as well as the consequences of disobeying the gods. The story has been passed down for generations through oral tradition, and it continues to be a beloved and important part of Indonesian folklore.

Analyze:

a.) Definition of legend

folk tales that tell of figures or events that are believed to have happened in the past, but whose truth cannot be completely confirmed, often contain elements of magic or the supernatural

b.) The sosial function

to preserve cultural values and beliefs, explain the origins of specific places or phenomena, and provide moral lessons through stories about past events and figures believed to be real

c.) Analyze

• Characters + Characteristics

-Batara Guru: A man who fell in love with Ompu Ni Bolon, kind and loving.

-Ompu Ni Bolon: A beautiful mortal

woman, gentle and caring.

-Batara Sihir: Their son, possesses supernatural powers, brave but disobedient.

-Boru Toba: A magical woman transformed from a fish, beautiful and loving.

-Partomuan: Son of Batara Sihir and Boru Toba, innocent.

-The Gods: Powerful beings, strict and punishing when rules are broken.

• Setting (Place + Time)

Place: North Sumatra, Indonesia (around the area of Lake Toba).

Time: Ancient/legendary time, before Lake Toba existed.

• Moral Value

-Respect and preserve nature.

-Obey the gods (or higher power) to avoid consequences.

-Love should be accompanied by responsibility.

-Actions have consequences that affect not only ourselves but also others.

However, Medusa broke her promise of purity by falling in love with Poseidon, the god of the sea. Poseidon and Medusa met in Athena’s temple, which angered the goddess. As punishment, Athena transformed Medusa’s beautiful hair into snakes and cursed her so that anyone who looked directly into her eyes would turn to stone.

Medusa became a Gorgon, a terrifying creature who lived far away in a dark cave, away from human civilization. Many heroes tried to defeat her but failed, as they were turned to stone.

One day, the brave hero Perseus was sent on a mission to slay Medusa. With help from the gods—Hermes gave him winged sandals, Athena gave him a reflective shield—Perseus approached Medusa while she was asleep. He used the shiny shield as a mirror so he would not look at her directly, and with his sword, he cut off her head.

Even after her death, Medusa’s head retained its power to turn people to stone. Perseus later used it as a weapon to defeat his enemies before giving it to Athena, who placed it on her shield as a symbol of protection.

Setting:

Ancient Greece, mainly in Athena’s temple and Medusa’s cave.

Place:

-Athena’s temple (where the curse happened)

-A dark, distant cave (where Medusa lived after being cursed)

Time:

Mythological time (long ago in ancient Greek mythology, not a specific date)

Characters:

-Medusa

-Athena (goddess of wisdom)

-Poseidon (god of the sea)

-Perseus (hero who defeated Medusa)

-Hermes (messenger god who helped Perseus)

Moral Value:

-Actions have consequences: Medusa’s broken vow led to her curse.

-Courage and intelligence can overcome great dangers (Perseus used strategy, not just strength).

-Respect sacred places and promises.

-Even something feared can be used for good (Athena used Medusa’s head to protect)

The Simple Present Tense is a tense used to express habits, general truths, repeated actions, and fixed arrangements.

👉 It describes actions that happen regularly or facts that are always true.

2️⃣ When do we use Simple Present Tense?

1. Habits / Routines 🕒

-I wake up at 6 a.m.

-She goes to school every morning.

2. General Truths / Facts 🌍

-The Earth orbits the sun.

-Water boils at 100°C.

3. Permanent Situations

-He lives in Jakarta.

-They work in a hospital.

4. Schedules (future meaning) ⏰

-The train leaves at 9 o’clock.

-School starts at 7:30 a.m.

3️⃣ Find the Pattern

(1) Positive Sentence Pattern

👉 Subject + V1 (base form) + Object / Complement

-> For he, she, it, use V1 + s/es.

Examples:

-I play football.

-She plays piano.

(2) Negative Sentence Pattern

👉 Subject + do/does + not + V1 + Object / Complement

-> Use do not (don’t) for I/You/We/They

-> Use does not (doesn’t) for He/She/It

Examples:

-I do not (don’t) like milk.

-He does not (doesn’t) eat meat.

(3) Question Sentence Pattern

👉 Do/Does + Subject + V1 + Object / Complement ?

Examples:

-Do you study every day?

-Does she read a book?

In a forest, a crow was sitting on a tree branch, holding a piece of cheese in her beak. A fox saw the cheese and decided to trick the crow into dropping it. The fox complimented the crow’s beautiful voice and asked her to sing for him. The crow, flattered by the praise, opened her beak to sing. As she did, the cheese fell out and the fox quickly grabbed it and ran away. The crow realized that she had been tricked and felt foolish.

The fox thought he had gotten away with his trickery, but he soon learned that karma had caught up with him. He ate the cheese too quickly and got a painful stomachache. He realized that his greed had caused him to suffer, and he felt guilty for what he had done to the crow.

The crow learned a valuable lesson about not trusting flattery and keeping her guard up. She also learned that she shouldn’t let her guard down when she has something valuable, and to be cautious of those who seem too friendly.

The fox also learned a valuable lesson about honesty and not taking advantage of others. He realized that his actions had consequences and that he needed to make amends for what he had done. He apologized to the crow and promised to never trick anyone again.

ANALYZE

A fable is a short fictional story, usually featuring animals, plants, or objects that are given human qualities (like speaking, thinking, or acting). It is written to teach a moral lesson or convey a practical truth about life and human behavior.

The social function of a fable is its role or purpose in society. In general, fables are not just for entertainment but also for education and moral development.

Characters & Characteristics

• Crow 🐦

Innocent, proud, and easily flattered.

Learns wisdom from her mistake (becomes cautious and thoughtful).

• Fox 🦊

Clever, tricky, and greedy.

Learns that dishonesty and greed bring negative consequences (stomachache + guilt).

Setting (Place & Time)

Place: In a forest, specifically on a tree branch where the crow sits.

Time: Unspecified, but usually imagined in the daytime (common in fables).

Atmosphere/Peace: At first peaceful, then disrupted by trickery, and finally peaceful again after lessons are learned and apology is made.

Moral Values

~ Don’t be blinded by flattery (Crow’s lesson).

~ Greed and dishonesty lead to suffering and regret (Fox’s lesson).

~ Think carefully before trusting others.

~ Every action has consequences (karma).

~ Honesty and respect are better than trickery.

Si Pitung is a pious young man from Rawa Belong. He diligently studied the Koran from Haji Naipin. After studying the Koran, he was also trained in martial arts. After many years, his ability to master religious knowledge and martial arts has increased.

At that time the Dutch were colonizing Indonesia. Si Pitung feels sorry to see the suffering experienced by the common people. Meanwhile, the kumpeni (the name for the Netherlands), a group of bosses and landlords lived in luxury. Their homes and fields are guarded by fierce thugs.

With the help of his friends, Rais and Jii, Si Pitung starts planning to rob the boss's and rich landlord's houses. The proceeds of his robbery were distributed among the poor. In front of the house of a starving family he put a lump of rice. Families who are entangled in loan shark debt are given compensation. And orphans sent parcels of clothes and other gifts.

The success of Pitung and his friends was due to two things. First, he has high martial arts knowledge and it is rumored that his body is immune to bullets. Second, people don't want to tell where Si Pitung is now. However, the rich victims of the Si Pitung robbery and the Kumpeni always try to persuade people to open their mouths.

The Kumpeni also used violence to force people to give statements. One day, the kumpeni and rich landlords managed to get information about Si Pitung's family. So they took his parents and Haji Naipin hostage. With severe torture they finally got information about where Si Pitung was and the secret of his immunity.

Armed with all this information, Kumpeni police also ambushed Si Pitung. Of course Si Pitung and his friends fought back. But unfortunately, information about Si Pitung's immune secret has been revealed. He was pelted with rotten eggs and shot. He died instantly. Even so, for Jakarta, Si Pitung is still considered a defender of the common people.

ANALYZE

a. Mythology is the collection and study of myths — traditional stories, legends, or narratives that explain the beliefs, values, history, natural phenomena, or customs of a culture.

b. Teaching Morals, Strengthening Cultu, Supporting Social Order

c.

-Character

•Si Pitung – Pious, brave, skilled in martial arts, caring, generous, defender of the poor.

•Rais & Jii – Loyal friends, helpful, brave, support Si Pitung’s mission.

•Haji Naipin – Wise teacher, religious, mentor to Si Pitung.

•Kumpeni (Dutch colonizers) – Cruel, greedy, oppressive, use violence.

•Rich bosses/landlords – Wealthy, selfish, live in luxury, exploit the poor.

•Common people – Poor, oppressed, grateful for Si Pitung’s help, loyal to him.

-Setting

•Place: Rawa Belong (Jakarta area), the houses of bosses and landlords, and the places where poor people live.

•Time: During the Dutch colonial period in Indonesia.

-Moral Value

•Fight against injustice and defend the weak, even if it is risky.

•Use knowledge and skills for the benefit of society.

•Be generous and help those in need.

•Loyalty and solidarity are powerful, but betrayal and greed can lead to downfall.

Once upon a time there was a prince who wanted to marry a princess, but she would have to be a real princess. He travelled all over the world to find one, but nowhere could he get what he wanted.

There were princesses enough, but it was difficult to find out whether they were real ones. There was always something about them that was not as it should be.

One evening a terrible storm came on, there was thunder and lightning, and the rain poured down in torrents. Suddenly a knocking was heard at the city gate, and the old king went to open it.

It was a princess standing out there in front of the gate. But, good gracious! what a sight the rain and the wind had made her look. The water ran down from her hair and clothes, it ran down into the toes of her shoes and out again at the heels. And yet she said that she was a real princess.

Well, we'll soon find that out, thought the old queen. But she said nothing, went into the bed-room, took all the bedding off the bedstead, and laid a pea on the bottom, then she took twenty mattresses and laid them on the pea, and then twenty eider-down beds on top of the mattresses.

On this the princess had to lie all night. In the morning she was asked how she had slept.

"Oh, very badly!" said she. "I have scarcely closed my eyes all night. Heaven only knows what was in the bed, but I was lying on something hard, so that I am black and blue all over my body. It's horrible!"

Now they knew that she was a real princess because she had felt the pea right through the twenty mattresses and the twenty eider-down beds.

Nobody but a real princess could be as sensitive as that.

So the prince took her for his wife, for now he knew that he had a real princess, and the pea was put in the museum, where it may still be seen, if no one has stolen it.

1. The story "The Princess and the Pea" is a classic fairy tale by Hans Christian Andersen and was first published in 1835. This story belongs to the fairy tale genre because it contains elements of fantasy—the princess's ability to feel the pea under the thick mattress—and often contains a moral message.

2. Analyze the characters and their traits: a. The Prince Characteristics: Demanding, idealistic. Characteristics: He is not easily satisfied and has high standards for his future wife. He wants to ensure that the person he marries is a true princess. b. The Princess Characteristics: Sensitive, perceptive. Characteristics: Highly sensitive to discomfort, even able to sense the presence of a pea under a pile of mattresses. This demonstrates her extraordinary sensitivity, symbolizing her as a true princess. c. The Old Queen Characteristics: Intelligent, wise. Characteristics: Thorough and resourceful. She has a unique way of testing the truth of the princess's statements. She doesn't immediately believe them, but tests them tactfully.

3. Moral of the story: A person's true nature is revealed through small tests that may be invisible to others. Don't judge people by their outward appearance, for the princess arrived battered by the storm, but she was still a true princess. Sensitivity and sensitivity can be signs of excellence, even though they are often considered weaknesses.

Descriptive text is a text that has the aim of describing, explaining or describing something, a person, an object, an animal, a place or other things.

2. Text Structure and Its Explanation

• Identification

Introduces the object/person/place that will be described.

• Description

Describes parts, qualities, and characteristics in detail.

3. Language Features

- Using simple present tense → “She has long hair.”

- Using adjectives → beautiful, tall, big, small, etc.

- Using linking verbs → is, am, are, has, have

- Focus on specific participants → one particular person/thing, not general.

4. Example of Descriptive Text

Borobudur Temple

Borobudur Temple is one of the most famous tourist attractions in Indonesia. It is located in Central Java. The temple is very large and beautiful. It has many stupas and statues of Buddha. The walls are decorated with amazing carvings that tell stories from the past. Many tourists from around the world visit Borobudur to see its beauty and learn its history.

Identification: “Borobudur Temple is one of the most famous tourist attractions in Indonesia.”

Description: location (Central Java), appearance (large, stupas, carvings), function (tourist spot, history)

• flooded : kebanjiran

• entranc: pintu masuk

•gladiator: budak

• archways: lengkungan

• Hypogeum: bangunan bawah tanah

• accommodat : menampung

• Pair: pasangan

•Spectator: penonton

• Crowd: kerumunan

• headout: keluar

• grides: panduan

1. An announcement is a public or formal statement that gives information about something that has happened or will happen.

2. An announcement is a message or notice made to inform people about an event, decision, or situation.

3. An announcement is a piece of information shared publicly to make people aware of news or important updates

• Places Where People Can Find Announcements

-School bulletin boards

-Websites or social media

-Television or radio

-Public places (e.g., train stations, airports, malls)

-Newspapers or magazines

• Types of Announcement

-School announcement (e.g., holiday, exam schedule)

-Public announcement (e.g., safety notice, event information)

-Business announcement (e.g., new product, job vacancy)

-Government announcement (e.g., regulations, public holidays)

-Personal announcement (e.g., wedding, birth, missing person

• Characteristics of an Announcement

-Brief and clear information

-Uses simple and formal language

-States important details (what, when, where, who)

-Aims to inform the public

-Sometimes includes contact information

• Examples

a. Written Announcement:

📄 Example:

> School Announcement

Attention all students!

There will be a flag ceremony on Monday, November 3rd, 2025, at 7:00 a.m. in the school yard. All students must wear complete uniforms.

Thank you.

— The Headmaster

b. Audio (Listening) Announcement:

🔊 Example:

>You can find similar ones on YouTube or school audio

“Good morning, passengers. The train to Jakarta will depart at 10:30 a.m. from platform 3. Please prepare your tickets and belongings. Thank you.”

• A smartphone

• WhatsApp application installed

• Internet connection

• The document you want to send (PDF, Word, photo, etc.)

Steps:

1. Open the WhatsApp application on your phone.

2. Choose the chat or contact you want to send the document to.

3. Tap the attachment icon (paperclip) at the bottom of the screen.

4. Select Document from the menu that appears.

5. Browse and choose the document you want to send.

6. Tap Send to share the document.

A procedure text is a type of text that explains how to make, how to do, or how to use something step by step.

Its main goal is to guide the reader to achieve a result correctly.

~ Social Function / Purpose

The social function of a procedure text is to:

• Give clear instructions on how to perform a task or activity.

•Help the reader achieve a specific goal, such as making a product, preparing food, or using a tool.

•Ensure the process is followed correctly and safely.

~ Text Structure

A procedure text generally has three main parts:

1. Goal / Title

Tells what will be made or done.

Example: How to Make Fried Rice

2. Materials / Ingredients

Lists what is needed to complete the procedure.

Example: rice, oil, pan, garlic, salt

3. Steps / Methods

The ordered instructions written in sequence (first, next, then, finally).

~ Language Features

•Typical language features of procedure text include:

•Using imperative verbs (commands):

Cut, mix, turn on, pour, put, stir

•Using action verbs:

Boil, fry, combine, push

•Using chronological connectors:

First, next, then, after that, finally

•Often in simple present tense

•Using adverbs of manner or time:

slowly, carefully, for 2 minutes