1) SIMPLE SQUAMOUS

  -Flattened, thin and single layer thick cell.
  -Attached to the basement  membrane
  -Have disk shaped central nuclei
  - Its function is to facilitate diffusion of gases and small molecules such as oxygen and carbon dioxide
  - It can be found at Linings of blood vessels blood capillary walls, alveoli of the lungs ,mouth cavity and bowman capsule

2) SIMPLE CUBOIDAL
   -Cubical in shape/ dice shape cell and single layer cells

   - Its function is to secrete and absorb water and small molecule
   - It can be found at the lining of kidney tubules and lining of gland ducts:  Thyroid & salivary glands

3) SIMPLE COLUMNAR
   - Elongated and single layer cells
   - Relatively large cytoplasmic volume
   - Nucleus oval shape at its basal end
   - Some have cilia or microvilli
   - Its function is to secrete mucus , absorb nutrients and provide protection due to thick cell layer
   - Ciliated type   = the filter of foreign particles in trachea
   - Microvilli type = increase surface area for reabsorption
   -It can be found at linings of small intestine / most digestive tract ,  upper part of respiratory tissues, oviduct(fallopian tube) and nasal cavity

4)  STRATIFIED SQUAMOS
   -It has several layers of cells and surface cells are flattened
    -The lower cells are cuboidal and metabolically active
    -Its function is to protect against abrasion, drying out of cells and infection
    - It can be found at outer layer of skin, mouth and vaginal lining and lining of oesophagus

      -consists of cisternae (stack of flattened membrane-bounded sacs)
      -The membrane of each cisternae separates its internal space from the cytosol.

      - Golgi body stack has 'cis-face' (facing endoplasmic reticulum/nucleus) and 'trans-face' (facing plasma membrane)

 Function of 'Cis-face' & 'Trans-face';

 Cis-face - received carbohydrate/protein/lipid from        transport vesicle by fusing with transport vesicles buds from ER
Trans-face - modify,package, and sort molecule in vesicles & transport out of the golgi body

  FUNCTION OF GOLGI BODY:
      ~synthesis lysosome
      ~transport the materials to the cell surface membrane for secretion
      ~produces polysaccharide in plant cell

   

-regulate membrane fluidity by restricting the movement of phospholipids (stabilize membrane structure)

-At warm temperature (37⁰C), cholesterol makes the membrane less fluid by 
 restraining the  movement of phospholipids. 

-At low temperature, cholesterol also hinders close packaging of phospholipids thus maintain the membrane fluidity. Prevent phospholipid from become solidify.

-Act as temperature buffer for the membrane fluidity, resisting changes in membrane fluidity that can be caused by changes in temperature

- Cholesterol reduces membrane fluidity at moderate temperatures, but at low temperatures hinders solidification.

ORDERLY ARRANGEMENT

YOSIN

- Axon

1. DENDRITE

2. CELL BODY

3. AXON

Myelin Sheath

Structure:

Function:

Node of Ranvier

Structure:

Function:

Hydrophilic heads

1. Phospholipids can move whithin in phospholipid bilayer by lateral movement or flip-flop.
2. The type of hydrocarbon tails in phospholipids affects the fluidity the plasma membrane 

The membrane remains fluid to a lower temperature if it is rich in phospholipids with unsaturated hydrocarbon tailstails

Companion Cell (Transfer Cells)
-important for the survival of sieve tubes
-are metabolically active and carry out cellular respiration to produce energy for the living cells and to allow the photosynthesis products to be transported by the sieve tubes
-cytoplasm of companion cells and the sieve tubes are connected through plasmodesmata

Fibres
-dead sclerenchyma tissues that are found between the sieve tubes
-provide mechanic support

Parenchyma Cells
-found in between the sieve tubes
-store food such as starch, oil, fats, other nutrients 

💮 Centriole grow out from a centrosome
💮A pair of cylindrical structure located within the centrosome of an animal cell
💮 Centriole is made up of microtubule
💮Composed of nine sets of triplet microtubules arranged in ring
💮Centriole is organelle without membrane

✳️Organize microtubule assembly during cell division especially in animal cell

🌺The region near the nucleus where the cell's microtubules are initiated
🌺An animal cells has a pair of centrioles within its centrosome

A typical bone has an outer layer of compact bone surrounding spongy bone.

STRUCTURE:

•Consists of bone matrix which is made up of collagen fiber and inorganic material that secreted by osteoblast.

•The combination of hard mineral and flexible collagen makes bones harder than cartilage. 

•Osteoblast function to secrete bone matrix.

•Osteoblast become less active when they matured (matured osteoblast is called as osteocytes). 

•Osteocytes function to maintain the bone matrix.

•It is made up of numerous cylinders.

•Each cylinder is called as Haversian system or osteon.

•Each Haversian system is made up of concentric  circles called lamellae.

•Each Haversian canal containing  blood vessel (artery and  vein) and nerve.

•Fine channels called canaliculi contain cytoplasmic strands which connect lacunae to each other.

•Volkmann canals connect the Haversian of adjacent osteons to each other.

 

• Form skeletal structure in most vertebrates

1) Give body shape and provide framework for support e g. skeleton

2) Act as reservoir for calcium and phosphorus

3) Support and protect the internal organ

4) Allow skeletal muscles attach to bones

2)HYALINE CARTILAGE:

-glass-like (hyaline) but translucent cartilage found on many joint surfaces.

Trachea and bronchi, End of some(long) bones, Invertebral disc of backbone, Tip of nose Outer ear,

Connect the ribs to sternum,

COMPOSITION

·  Cell Chondrocyte
·  Matrix Soft & Elastic Matrix (Chondrin)
·  Fiber Collagen

Structure

·Protected By Outer Perichondrium Layer Perichondrium Layer produce Chondroblast.Chondroblast later become Chondrocyte (cartilage cell in general) enclosed in a
space->lacunae which surrounded by a capsule
1.Chondrocytes near the outer cell flatten in shape but the inner region are angular
2.Chondrocyte are enclosed in lacunae
3.Each lacuna has 1/2/4 chondrocyte
4.Chondrocyte secrete soft & elastic matrix – Chondrin, and Chondrocyte is embedded in chondrin.

o Chondrin?
o Made up of chondroitin sulphate (secreted by Chondrocyte) and collagen fibers
Semi-transparent materials which give soft and elastic characteristic
·There are no blood vessels, nerves and lymph penetrate within matrix of cartilage.Cartilage obtain Oxygen and nutrients by diffusion from the surrounding blood vessels (diffuse from Perichondrium through the matrix)

Function

· Soft and elastic matrix gives flexible support to the body
· Cover end of bones and reduce friction between joints
· Form embryonic skeleton in many bony vertebrates
· Form skeleton of cartilaginous fish
· Elastic and compressible tissue （cushioning properties ）

Comparison Between Hyaline Cartilage and Bone

--Hyaline Cartilage

Cartilage Cell is called Chondroblast
Lacunae are not connected to each other
Chondroblasts are scattered and contained in a space called capsular lacuna
Matrix is compressible and elastic/flexible
No blood vessel, lymph vessel and nerve fibres (present only inside the Perichondrion layer)
Have collagen and elastin fibrils
Function to reduce friction between joints during movement
Matrix composed of chondroitin sulphate and collagen fibers
Each lacuna has 1/2/4 chondrocytes

-- Bone
Bone cells is called osteoblasts
Lacunae are connected to each other by canaliculi
Osteoblasts contained in lacunae and are arrange in concentric layer called lamellae
  Matrix is very strong, compact and hard calcified
Have blood vessel, lymph vessel and nerve fibres in the Harvesian canal
  Have only collagen fibrils
  Function is to provide mechanical support, to protect internal organ
Matrix is composed of mineral salts and fiber
  Each lacuna has 1osteocytes




3)WHITE BLOOD CELL (LEUCOCYTES)


-Colorless, Have nuclei and mitochondria, Irregular shape
-Found in bone marrow and lymph nodes 

Function: Fight functions in various ways to protect the body from diseases 

2 TYPES：AGRANULOCYTE & GRANULOCYTE

GRANULOCYTES 

-Have an irregularly lobed nucleus (Polymorph shape, 
S-shaped or double lobed) and granular cytoplasm
-Amoeboid 
-Mature in bone marrow

1.Neutrophil (phagocytes)
-Most abundant of the leucocytes 
-Multi-lobed nucleus and granules 
-Carry out phagocytosis to engulf and digest invading bacteria and dead cells 
2.Eosinophil 
-Have a double-lobed nucleus and granules 
-Regulate the allergic response
3.Basophil
-Have S-shaped nucleus and granules 
-Secrete histamine which is involved in inflammation of damaged tissues and allergic reaction 
-Produce heparin (anti-clotting protein) which helps to prevent blood clotting

AGRANULOCYTES 

-Non-granular cytoplasm, smooth rounded or bean-shaped nucleus 
-Mature in lymph nodes
1.Lymphocyte
-Smallest type of leucocytes 
-Large spherical nucleus with little cytoplasm 
-Formed in lymph nodes of the lymphatic system 
-Produce immune response against foreign substances 
-Specialised as B-lymphocytes 

Produce antibodies to destroy pathogens or to neutralise toxin 

-T-lymphocytes
Destroy infected cell

2.Monocyte
-Largest type of leucocytes 
-Has kidney-shaped (bean-shaped) nucleus 
-Formed in bone marrow 
-Phagocytes= Carry out Phagocytosis to engulf and digest invading bacteria and dead cells 

 

DIFFERENCE WHITE BLOOD CELL (LEUCOCYTES) AND RED BLOOD CELL (ERYTHROCTES) 

--WBC 

Presence of nucleus 
Function in defence system 
Irregular / amoeboid shape  

-- RBC
  Absence of nucleus 
  Function in transport system 
  Biconcave / Fix shape