https://padlet.com/amylen5140/1xf5wmr3tcye Genetics en-us 2017-01-11 18:37:08 UTC 2017-01-25 18:58:53 UTC hello@padlet.com amylen5140 https://padlet.com/amylen5140/1xf5wmr3tcye/wish/146611488 RNA= Single strand      DNA= Double strand

RNA moves from nucleus to cytoplasm
DNA is only in the nucleus

RNA is a copy of a single gene
DNA has a sample of all genes
SImilarities 

• AGC 
• Made of nucleotides 

]]> 2017-01-11 18:38:48 UTC https://padlet.com/amylen5140/1xf5wmr3tcye/wish/146611488 amylen5140 https://padlet.com/amylen5140/1xf5wmr3tcye/wish/146611648 Transcription: RNA polymerase binds to a promoter region of a gene. The DNA code is then transcribed into RNA language in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, or in the cytoplasm in prokaryotes. The result is messenger RNA (mRNA) or RNA transcript

1.The DNA unwinds
2. RNA polymerase binds to DNA
3.RNA polymerase begins reading the DNA code and converts it
4.mRNA is processed
5.mRNA leaves the nucleus

-5'----3' direction

Gene= DNA that codes for protein
Central Dogma
(Transcript)(Translate)
DNA--|-RNA--|-Protein--Traits
(nucleotides)  (AA)]]> 2017-01-11 18:39:13 UTC https://padlet.com/amylen5140/1xf5wmr3tcye/wish/146611648 amylen5140 https://padlet.com/amylen5140/1xf5wmr3tcye/wish/146612362 Translation: takes place in the cytoplasm at the ribosomes; RNA transcript (mRNA) codons tell transfer RNA (tRNA) anticodons which amino acids to bring and in what order to make a polypeptide

1.The two subunits of the rRNA join together to form the ribosome
2.The ribosome binds the mRNA 
3.mRNA is read three bases at a time, beginning with the code AUG
4.The tRNA brings in the amino acid to the ribosome
5.The amino acid is added to the growing chain, creating the polypeptide
6. One of three stop codons is reached, and the polypeptide is released from the ribosome]]> 2017-01-11 18:41:06 UTC https://padlet.com/amylen5140/1xf5wmr3tcye/wish/146612362 amylen5140 https://padlet.com/amylen5140/1xf5wmr3tcye/wish/146612985 2017-01-11 18:42:46 UTC https://padlet.com/amylen5140/1xf5wmr3tcye/wish/146612985 amylen5140 https://padlet.com/amylen5140/1xf5wmr3tcye/wish/146613593 Explain how the lac operon is turned ON when lactose molecules are present?
-When lactose is present, it binds to the repressor which changes its shape. The repressor pops off the operator and then RNA polymerase can attach to promoter and then transcribe the structural gene

-One weakness of this model is the fact that it does not represent the action of the lactase molecule. If the model was more accurate, the lactase (sword) would break apart the lactose (your hand)

What is the advantage to having one promoter and one operator associated with three structural genes that produce lactose metabolizing enzymes?
-Only need one signal, or controlling molecule, is needed to turn on all three genes at once instead of 3 more efficient

What would happen if the positions of the promoter and operator were reversed? 
-If they were reversed, then the RNA polymerase would not be blocked by the repressor at the operator site so it would transcribe and the RNA will keep going.

a mutation in the promoter
-Messenger RNA will not be able to bind to promoter and could not transcribe genes
a mutation in the operator
-the repressor might not be able to bind to the operator and the operon would be stuck in the "on" condition 
a mutation in one of the structural genes
-If it was the lactase gene, then lactose could not be broken down
If it was Permease, then not much lactose could enter the bacterium
If it was transacetylase gene, then something else might not work right
a mutation in the regulator gene that produces the repressor protein
-The regulator gene might code for a defective repressor molecule, which then might not be able to bind to the operator.

Regulator Gene: A gene not found next to the operon that makes a repressor protein (regulates gene activity)
Operator: DNA section where repressor binds it is the "on and off" switch
Promoter: DNA section where RNA polymerase binds
Structural Gene: Gene that makes an enzyme or other protein
Repressor protein:  binds to the operator and blocks movement of the RNA polymerase from the promoter to the structural gene.]]> 2017-01-11 18:44:25 UTC https://padlet.com/amylen5140/1xf5wmr3tcye/wish/146613593 amylen5140 https://padlet.com/amylen5140/1xf5wmr3tcye/wish/146613885 Prokaryotes (single-celled, no nucleus) transcription and translation can be done in rapid order in cytoplasm
Eukaryotes (does have a nucleus) gene expression is mainly controlled at the level of transcription 
Epigenetic Control:
Transcription:
Post-Transcription 
Translation: 
Post-Translation
Introns:
Exons: code for a protein
RNA cap and tail
RNA interference:
Protein Structure:
CRISPR:]]> 2017-01-11 18:45:11 UTC https://padlet.com/amylen5140/1xf5wmr3tcye/wish/146613885