·    Thomas Hobbes’ Leviathan: Humans exist in a primitive “state of nature” and consent to government for self-protection.

·    John Locke’s Two Treatises on Government: People are sovereign and consent to government for protection of natural rights to life, liberty, and property.

·    Montesquieu’s The Spirit of Laws: The best form of government includes a separation of powers.

·    Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s The Social Contract: Government is a contract between rulers and the people.

·    Voltaire: Religious toleration should triumph over religious fanaticism; separation of church and state.

·    Political philosophies of the Enlightenment fueled revolution in the Americas and France.

·    Thomas Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence incorporated Enlightenment ideas.

The Constitution of the United States of America and Bill of Rights incorporated Enlightenment ideas. 

·    Influence of Enlightenment ideas

·    Influence of the American Revolution

·    Johann Sebastian Bach: Baroque composer

·    Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: Classical composer

·    Voltaire: Philosopher

·    Miguel de Cervantes: Novelist

·    Eugène Delacroix: Painter (transition to the Romantic School of the nineteenth century)

·    Painting depicted classical subjects, public events, natural scenes, and living people (portraits).

·    New forms of literature evolved, such as the novel (e.g., Cervantes’ Don Quixote).

 

·    All-weather roads improved year- round transport and trade.

·    New designs in farm tools increased productivity (agricultural revolution).

Improvements in ship design lowered the cost of transport. 

·    Slaves in Haiti rebelled, abolished slavery, and won independence.

·    Father Miguel Hidalgo started the Mexican independence movement.

·    French, Spanish, and Portuguese colonies gained independence.