Skinner speaks about a machine that has been developed by S. L. Pressey in a "multiple-choice" style, where students will be able to get immediate feedback on whether this problem is right or wrong. Skinner then goes on to express his desire to continue the development of this machine to change the programming, so the machine can learn certain behaviors.

Skinner had one concern that I find important to bring up. The concern asks, "Will students become overly dependent on the machines and be unable to learn with traditional devices such as textbooks?" (Skinner, 46).

Evans, James. MULL: Modern Uses of Logic in Law, vol. 1, no. 2, 1959, pp. 45–46. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/29760814.

Suppes ultimately found this newfound tool to be successful. With kinks here and there it proved itself to be a useful tool moving forward in the field of education.

One concern Suppes had was he did, "not want to attempt to forecast all the dimensions of development, but just to concentrate on that concerned with instruction"(Suppes, 37).

Suppes, Patrick. “Computer-Assisted Instruction At Stanford.” Escholarship.Org, 1971, escholarship.org/content/qt2t18k22q/qt2t18k22q_noSplash_5979d452fd15802b482eb423ac3c3b74.pdf?t=s9tscx.

However Cuban also talks extensively about the concerns he has regarding technology and education. Specifically going into the policy questions. Cuban proposes the question, "Should we provide every student with access to a computer for a minimal time period, to ensure some degree of literacy?"(Cuban, 83).

Cuban, Larry. Teachers and Machines: The Classroom Use of Technology since 1920. Teachers College Press, 1986.

https://archive.org/details/teachersmachines0000cuba/page/n1/mode/1up

However, Cloete speaks on opportunities that technology provides teachers. Specifically, "One of the certain gains of the advent of technology in education is that it stimulated much-needed in-depth discussions and caused teachers to rethink their pedagogical models."("Technology and Education", Cloete). Technology not only affects students but also affects the teachers who are having to adapt.

Cloete, Anita L. "Technology and education: Challenges and opportunities." Hervormde Teologiese Studies, vol. 73, no. 3, 2017. ProQuest, http://jcu.ohionet.org/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/technology-education-challenges-opportunities/docview/2081665710/se-2, doi:https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v73i4.4589.

Green defines the digital divide as "the gap that exists between those groups in the United States who have good access to technology and those who do not"(Green, 2000). This article talks about socioeconomic status, specifically between White, African American, and Hispanic races. These things are important to consider when looking at technology through the years.

This is an important factor when discussing educational technology. I find that it needs to be considered and talked about, the fact that there are socioeconomic statuses, and not everyone may have access to said technology.

“Bridging the Digital Divide in Our Schools – Achieving Technology Equity for All Students.” IDRA, 17 May 2000, www.idra.org/resource-center/bridging-the-digital-divide-in-our-schools/.

The authors write that "Learning technology as a professional undertaking requires staff at all levels to negotiate conflict."("Education technology is political – we need professionals to make it work"). This touches on the concept that there is politics involved in technology.

Highton, Melissa, and Maren Deepwell. “Education Technology Is Political - We Need Professionals to Make It Work.” Wonkhe, 2 Sept. 2019, wonkhe.com/blogs/education-technology-is-political-we-need-professionals-to-make-it-work/.

A culturally responsive pedagogy is "an approach toward teaching designed to engage students intellectually, socially, emotionally, and politically by using cultural referents to develop knowledge, skills, and attitudes"("Culturally Responsive Applications of Computer Technologies in Education", 2009).

Frederick, Rona, et al. “Culturally Responsive Applications of Computer Technologies ...” William & Mary, Sept. 2009, scholarworks.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1177&context=educationpubs.

O'Brian writes about a project a fourth-grade class is doing, using their computers to design a new traffic pattern for a problematic traffic plan that already exists. This leads him to say that "such use of technology needs to become an essential part of students' preparation for life in a digital society"(O'Brian, 2008).

O’Brien, Joseph. “Technology: An Integral Part of Students’ Learning and Lives.” Making the Most of Technology, Dec. 2008, www.socialstudies.org/system/files/publications/articles/se_7207383.pdf.

Schleicher talks about the importance of students being able to navigate through a complex "digital landscape". He brings up information overload, plagiarism, fraud, and even online bullying. He then moves on to talk about student performance with computers being mixed at best. To then touch on the fact that teachers need training to "technology provide great platforms for collaboration in knowledge creation"(Schleicher, 2015).

Schleicher, Andreas. “School Technology Struggles to Make an Impact.” BBC News, BBC, 14 Sept. 2015, www.bbc.com/news/business-34174795.

What I will be focusing on in this blog is the benefits. Starting off, this blog touched on the advances of technology and how it drives global and digital transformation. Also brings up that "The COVID-19 pandemic is quickly demonstrating why online education should be a vital part of teaching and learning"("How Important Is Technology in Education? Benefits, Challenges, and Impact on Students", 2020). Last point, is that technological tools in a classroom make learning more lively and inclusive.

“How Important Is Technology in Education?: American University.” School of Education Online, 25 June 2020, soeonline.american.edu/blog/technology-in-education/.

First and foremost technology has become a huge part of everyone's way of life. By following the trend higher education is shaped. Sharma states that technology enriches the education experience for students, improves teaching practice for educators, and optimizes the management and operations of institutions.

Sharma, Ajay. “Role of Technology in Higher Education.” BW Education, 4 May 2023, bweducation.com/article/role-of-technology-in-higher-education-475294.

For example, "Teachers can create short audio or video clips to supplement and extend classroom instruction"(Robinson, 2022). Along with this, she recommends self-reflection activities, a way to provide choice, and finally to spark students' creativity.

Robinson, Avra. “Effective Uses of Technology in Elementary School.” Edutopia, George Lucas Educational Foundation, 21 Jan. 2022, www.edutopia.org/article/effective-uses-technology-elementary-school/.

I found it intriguing that this article starts by saying, "Providing computer literacy has become an important goal in some secondary schools"("Potential and Limits of Computers in Schools", 1980). That this new tech is a goal. This article also talks about teachers hesitencys, that they were scared they were going to be replaced by machines. The article finished off by stating, "To realize the full potential of microcomputers, schools should provide either preservice or in-service courses for teachers in computer-assisted instruction, computer-managed instruction, microcomputer programming, and computer applications"("Potential and Limits of Computers in Schools", 1980).

Joiner, Lee  Marvin, et al. “Potential and Limits of Computers in Schools.” N.A., PDF - Copyright © 1980 by the Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, files.ascd.org/staticfiles/ascd/pdf/journals/ed_lead/el_198003_joiner.pdf.

First and foremost, an important concept is brought up, "technology has impacted almost every aspect of life today, and education is no exception"(Purdue University, 2024). Along with this examples of technology in education are provided. The fact that technology has expanded out access to education, opportunities for communication and collaboration have been expanded and lastly technology has begun to change the roles of teachers and learners.

It is amazing how far we have come, in integrating technology in our everyday learning. I am beyond excited to see what the future holds. As of now, education is getting rewritten. I'm excited to play a role in how it ultimately turns out.

“How Has Technology Changed Education?” Purdue University College of Education, 1 Jan. 2024, education.purdue.edu/2024/01/how-has-technology-changed-education/.

Mrs. Taggart taught at an inner-city high school in San Diego. Choosing to improve her teaching, she thought it would be cool for the students to create visual stories using the computers provided at school. She goes on to say, "Since I integrated technology into my daily teaching, I've seen a dramatic change in my students' writing"(Taggart, 1994).

I found this to be a cool example of a teacher integrating successful educational technology. A real-life experience.

Taggart, Linda. “Student Autobiographies with a Twist of Technology.” Ascd, 1 Apr. 1994, ascd.org/el/articles/student-autobiographies-with-a-twist-of-technology.

This essay will touch on 15 different sources across the internet. The earliest date is 1958 and the most present is 2024. Within these sources, many topics are discussed. Looking at the first four years on the timeline, they all touch on similar topics, the way technology started to be used in the field of education, in some of its earliest forms. The year 1958 talks about a machine that was developed to give students real-time right and wrong answers. Many concerns come from this, one being along the lines of students becoming overly dependent on machines, how will this affect them? The year 1971 touched on the creation of computer-assisted instruction. The role this technology can play in the future of education will be monumental. Even addressing some of the potentials and limitations of computers in schools, the year 1980, really looked at this form of technology and how it can be utilized in education.  Teachers and Machines was year 1986, this book dove into the relationships between technology and learning in classrooms. 

I found my source for the year 1994 to be very interesting. A real-life example of an old school teacher first integrating educational technology into her classroom. Ultimately finding herself successful and surprised. 

Source from the year 2000, spoke about the digital divide, and expanding on socioeconomic statuses. The year 2008 dove into the idea that technology is all around us. It has become a part of our lives and should be acknowledged in an educational setting. The year 2009 touched on culturally responsive pedagogy in response to technology in the classroom. 

The next four years touch on the struggles we have seen with educational technology. Year 2015 the source discussed how technology was a struggle to implement in their school. There was not much impact to be seen. Then comes the challenges and opportunities year 2017. This source goes into the concept of technology being embedded into us, as a medium, and understanding technology in our culture contributes to its use in classrooms. The year 2019 brings in concepts of political influence. That our politicians tend to play a role in affecting educational technology. 

Three more sources now touch on its uses. In the year 2020, this source spoke of the effects of the pandemic, and how technology in education was forced to adapt. The years 2022 and 2023 go a little hand in hand. One source talks about the uses of technology in elementary schools and the other the roles in higher education. The final source in the year 2024 poses the question, How has technology changed education?

The issue with educational technology is, that it is always changing. As we evolve as human beings, we create new and more innovative technology. Boundaries are always being pushed. This tech is becoming more and more woven into our daily lives. Technology is a topic that will never go away or be pushed aside. It makes itself known. The same can be said about education. There are laws requiring the attendance of students in education. It is especially relevant to me, an aspiring teacher. This is my passion, my end goal. I believe that these two things should and need to go hand in hand. Educational technology has so many windows and perspectives. It is important to consider them all. 

I really love each source I was able to pick out, each representative of a different aspect of education regarding technology. Please enjoy!