https://padlet.com/matthew_lucid/1txvo3uv09cx Assignment 2 preperation en-us 2017-03-16 10:48:35 UTC 2023-01-21 16:47:36 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/icons/Hearts.png dylanjt20007 https://padlet.com/matthew_lucid/1txvo3uv09cx/wish/160483392 What is it? Cardiac hypertrophy is the thickening of the heart muscle which results in a decrease in size of the chamber of the heart, including the left and right ventricles. A common cause of cardiac hypertrophy is high blood pressure and heart valve stenosis. 
Sporting example? An athlete that will need a stronger heart is a 5000m runner, more blood will pumped around the body and more oxygen will spread out into the muscles so they will be able to run at the high intensity levels for such a long time. He'll be able to this because the cardiac output will be stronger because the heart muscle is stronger, this could lead from the certain training methods he is using in his fitness program. 
On the left is the cardiac muscle of a normal person this shows that the muscle isn't as big which shows that not as much blood is forcing through, however the cardiac muscle on the right is an athletes muscle this shows that the muscle mass is greater and has a stronger contraction which shows that the force of blood is increased. Even though we found the information of rats excising for 2 hrs for 8-10 weeks it shows that they produced an increase of 10 percent in weight of the heart to the body.]]> 2017-03-16 11:18:41 UTC https://padlet.com/matthew_lucid/1txvo3uv09cx/wish/160483392 alfiegoff https://padlet.com/matthew_lucid/1txvo3uv09cx/wish/160483512 Cardiac output increases as a result of an increase in stroke volume or heart rate, it can also increases due to regular exercise. This means that over a prolonged period of exercise, the heart rate increases as the heart becomes stronger. This leads to the heart being able to pump more oxygenated blood around the body making the muscles get oxygen faster making them more efficient. It causes the waste products to be removed even quicker which also leads to the efficiency of the muscles. The higher efficiency of the muscles means they have to use less energy and effort during exercise meaning they take less time to recover.
 A Tour de France cyclist would be a good example because they have to recover overnight to go again for the next stage the next day. They also endure extreme fatigue and can cycle up great inclines causing muscles to tire more. ]]> 2017-03-16 11:19:28 UTC https://padlet.com/matthew_lucid/1txvo3uv09cx/wish/160483512 annapeel https://padlet.com/matthew_lucid/1txvo3uv09cx/wish/160483705 Aerobic fitness refers to your ability to transport and use oxygen this is measured in V02 max. V02 max is the maximum amount of oxygen you use during intense exercise. Aerobic fitness will increase if an athlete performs resistance training regularly. For example if you do weight training and you gradually increase the number of sets and reps there will be an increase in aerobic fitness. Over time your heart and lungs will become more effective as you will not need as much oxygen to complete the activity this will make exercise easier. Aerobic fitness has a lot of positive effects on the body such as reducing health risks and maintaining a healthy body also, managing conic conditions and boosting your mood. People who exercise aerobically may live  longer that those what don't. as you can see in the table below, over a period of 8 weeks, the athletes aerobic capacity is increasing as his heart and lungs are both getting stronger so he is a lot fitter at the end of the 8 weeks than he was at the beginning.  ]]> 2017-03-16 11:20:40 UTC https://padlet.com/matthew_lucid/1txvo3uv09cx/wish/160483705 Rooky https://padlet.com/matthew_lucid/1txvo3uv09cx/wish/160483776 once you begin cardiovascular exercise or any exercise your resting heart rate would decrease this is because the more you work on large muscles groups for a long period of time you would strengthen your heart it would become more efficient by increasing the stroke volume which is the amount of blood pumped in one contraction. the resting heart rate would decrease as more blood is being pumped out of the heart each beat, then fewer beats are needed so then takes the stress off the heart. then this is why cardiovascular exercise is recommended. 
the average resting heart rate for a elite athlete is as low as 40 beats per minute a
  ]]> 2017-03-16 11:21:10 UTC https://padlet.com/matthew_lucid/1txvo3uv09cx/wish/160483776 dylantaylor98 https://padlet.com/matthew_lucid/1txvo3uv09cx/wish/160483858 Capillary density is the number of capillaries that supply nerves to the muscles. When you exercise your capillary density will increase, this is known as capillarisation. When you exercise your capillary density will increase, Your capillaries provide your working muscles with oxygen rich blood and remove carbon dioxide. Your capillary density will increase by 5-20% when you exercise regularly. This means that there is more blood flow which means that more oxygen can be pumped to the working muscles. 

]]> 2017-03-16 11:21:41 UTC https://padlet.com/matthew_lucid/1txvo3uv09cx/wish/160483858 josh_young https://padlet.com/matthew_lucid/1txvo3uv09cx/wish/160484016 This is made up of two components, heart rate and stroke volume. Heart rate is the number of times the heart beats every minute. Stroke volume is the quantity of blood pumped out of the left ventricle with every heart beat.
HR x SV = Q
Working muscles increase stroke volume by sending higher amounts of blood volume back towards the lungs for oxygen. Therefore, cardiac output rises during exercise due to increased stroke volume and heart rate. For example when a football player is in a match their cardiac output will increase because of the high intensity exercise they are doing. This is useful to them because an increased cardiac output allows them to exercise for a longer time, allowing them to cover more ground during a match.

]]> 2017-03-16 11:22:34 UTC https://padlet.com/matthew_lucid/1txvo3uv09cx/wish/160484016 andyknotty https://padlet.com/matthew_lucid/1txvo3uv09cx/wish/160484352 Blood volume is blood cells and plasma. The red blood cells transport oxygen so during exercise you need more oxygen so more white blood cells are needed. Plasma is a yellow liquid that carries red blood cells. Increased blood volume means there is more blood going to the heart and it means there is an increase in how much blood the heart beats per beat. Exercise increases the amount of red blood cells in the body so this leads to an increase blood volume. The typical average blood volume is 5 Litres but an athletes can be between 6-8 Litres.

An example would be a Tour de France cyclist because they have more blood cells going round the body so they can have plenty of oxygen going to the working muscles.

]]> 2017-03-16 11:24:27 UTC https://padlet.com/matthew_lucid/1txvo3uv09cx/wish/160484352 jamesmooney1 https://padlet.com/matthew_lucid/1txvo3uv09cx/wish/160484773 decreased resting blood pressure is a blood pressure that is lower at rest than an average person. This happens over a long period of exercising, an elite athlete would have a lower resting blood pressure than someone who doesn't exercise. Average people would have a higher resting blood pressure maybe due to the lifestyle choices and lack of exercise. Poor lifestyle could be things such as smoking, drinking, and having a poor diet. Also cholesterol levels affect the heart rate as it blocks your arteries. However if you begin exercising over a long period of time the blood stream will become healthier and the cholesterol will start to be chipped away and the arteries passage way would be clearer over periods of exercising. When the arteries are blocked with cholesterol there is more pressure on them, but when they become clear there is less pressure.
normal persons resting blood pressure average would be 120/80, however an elite athlete resting blood pressure is 4 to 9mmhg.
A practical example of a physiological response is mo farah, for example he will have a low blood pressure because he has a lower resting heart rate, therefore lower pressure on the artery walls. 

]]> 2017-03-16 11:26:52 UTC https://padlet.com/matthew_lucid/1txvo3uv09cx/wish/160484773 joe_young742 https://padlet.com/matthew_lucid/1txvo3uv09cx/wish/160485143 Increase in stoke volume is the amount of blood that is pumped out of the left ventricle in the body with each heartbeat. Depending on how much exercise you do, depends on the amount of increase in stroke volume because the body needs more oxygen and nourishment which is received from the blood. Also depending on the type of exercise you do.  For example, during an upright physical activity like jogging, stroke volume increases from about 50 mL at rest to 120 mL at maximal exercise intensity. In a trained Olympic runner, stroke volume can increase from 80 mL at rest to 200 mL during maximal exercise intensity as the heart pumps more efficiently.
Your stroke volume can platue during exercise, as there is a limit to how much blood your body can pump during exercise. 

You can calculate stroke volume through using measurements in ventricle volume from echocardiogram and subtracting  the  volume of blood at the end of each beat, for an athlete this number will increase. 
Increased stoke volume occurs due to cardiac hypertrophy therefore the heart can contract more powerfully.

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