A106 lesson 9 mindmap recap by SALSABEEL BINTE MOHAMAD HISAM https://padlet.com/22024339_2/1tn2mw00svxpjho3 en-us 2024-01-10 03:24:03 UTC 2024-01-10 23:39:52 UTC hello@padlet.com Alkene - addition reactions (I) 22024339_2 https://padlet.com/22024339_2/1tn2mw00svxpjho3/wish/2843695593 oxidation (mild)


  • alkene reacts with cold, dilute aqueous potassium permanganate, KMnO4.

  • alkenes are oxidized to alkanediols (diols)

  • Hydroxyl (-OH) are added across the C=C double bond

]]> 2024-01-10 04:02:07 UTC https://padlet.com/22024339_2/1tn2mw00svxpjho3/wish/2843695593 Alkanes 220007791 https://padlet.com/22024339_2/1tn2mw00svxpjho3/wish/2843697827 Free Radical Substitution:


Initiation: Homolytic fission occurs when UV light or heat is introduced. The energy generated is used to break the bonds to form free radicals, which are extremely reactive.

Cl - Cl --> 2 Cl. (Two chlorine free radicals)


Propagation: The chlorine free radical will react with methyl by taking one of the hydrogen atoms. This results in a methyl radical.

CH4 + Cl. --> CH3. + HCl


Termination: The reaction will only end when two chlorine radicals react with each other.

Cl. + Cl. --> Cl2

]]> 2024-01-10 04:05:15 UTC https://padlet.com/22024339_2/1tn2mw00svxpjho3/wish/2843697827 Alkene - addition reactions (I) https://padlet.com/22024339_2/1tn2mw00svxpjho3/wish/2843699056

  • hydrogenation - alkene + H2 --> alkane

    (in presence of metal catalysts: Pd, platinum, or Ni)


  • halogenation - alkene + Br2/Cl2/F2 etc. -->halogenoalkane

  • hydrohalogenation* - alkene + HBr/HCl/HF etc. --> halogenoalkane

  • hydration* - alkene + H2O --> alcohol


    • *example of electrophilic addition

    ]]>     2024-01-10 04:06:56 UTC https://padlet.com/22024339_2/1tn2mw00svxpjho3/wish/2843699056     Alkene - addition reactions (III) 22024339_2 https://padlet.com/22024339_2/1tn2mw00svxpjho3/wish/2843702610 oxidation (strong)


    • alkenes react with hot concentrated potassium permanganate, KMnO4 and break the double bond in the alkenes completely

    • products may include carboxylic acids/ketones

    • this depends on the location of C=C double bond, CO2, and H2O


    ]]>     2024-01-10 04:11:30 UTC https://padlet.com/22024339_2/1tn2mw00svxpjho3/wish/2843702610     Alkanes 22024339_2 https://padlet.com/22024339_2/1tn2mw00svxpjho3/wish/2843703153 2024-01-10 04:12:14 UTC https://padlet.com/22024339_2/1tn2mw00svxpjho3/wish/2843703153 Alkenes 22024339_2 https://padlet.com/22024339_2/1tn2mw00svxpjho3/wish/2843703264 2024-01-10 04:12:23 UTC https://padlet.com/22024339_2/1tn2mw00svxpjho3/wish/2843703264 Alkyl Halides 22024339_2 https://padlet.com/22024339_2/1tn2mw00svxpjho3/wish/2843703563 2024-01-10 04:12:48 UTC https://padlet.com/22024339_2/1tn2mw00svxpjho3/wish/2843703563 hydrolysis 22024339_2 https://padlet.com/22024339_2/1tn2mw00svxpjho3/wish/2843705223 alkyl halides can be converted to alcohols using water or hydroxide as the nucleophile

    ]]>     2024-01-10 04:14:52 UTC https://padlet.com/22024339_2/1tn2mw00svxpjho3/wish/2843705223     Formation of Nitriles 22024339_2 https://padlet.com/22024339_2/1tn2mw00svxpjho3/wish/2843706624

  • converted to a nitrile by heating unde a reflex with a solution of sodium or potassium cyanide (NaCN or KCN) in ethanol

  • halogen is replaced with a -CN group and nitrile is produced

  • useful to increase the length of carbon chain

    • ]]>     2024-01-10 04:16:42 UTC https://padlet.com/22024339_2/1tn2mw00svxpjho3/wish/2843706624     Formation of amines 22024339_2 https://padlet.com/22024339_2/1tn2mw00svxpjho3/wish/2843711499

  • heated with a concentrated solution of ammonia in ethanol

  • carried out in a sealed tube to prevent the escape of ammonia

  • mixture of all the products are obtained

  • to get quaternary ammonium ions, large excess of bromoethane is use

  • very large excess of ammonia prevents formation of secondary (etc) amines.

    • ]]>     2024-01-10 04:22:29 UTC https://padlet.com/22024339_2/1tn2mw00svxpjho3/wish/2843711499     react with Cl2 or Br2 in th presence of uv light by free radical substitution 22024339_2 https://padlet.com/22024339_2/1tn2mw00svxpjho3/wish/2843714196 2024-01-10 04:26:07 UTC https://padlet.com/22024339_2/1tn2mw00svxpjho3/wish/2843714196 react with hydrogen halide (HX) by electrophilic addition 22024339_2 https://padlet.com/22024339_2/1tn2mw00svxpjho3/wish/2843715035

  • HX atoms are added across the C=C double bond of the alkene to produce a halogenoalkane

    • ]]>     2024-01-10 04:27:16 UTC https://padlet.com/22024339_2/1tn2mw00svxpjho3/wish/2843715035     Alkane - Oxygen 220007791 https://padlet.com/22024339_2/1tn2mw00svxpjho3/wish/2843719125 Alkanes + Oxygen (Sufficient) --> Carbon dioxide + Water

    2 C2H6 +   7O2 -->   4CO2 +   6H2O


    Alkanes + Oxygen (Insufficient) --> Carbon monoxide + Water


    ]]>     2024-01-10 04:32:33 UTC https://padlet.com/22024339_2/1tn2mw00svxpjho3/wish/2843719125     Alkanes + Chlorine/bromine 220007791 https://padlet.com/22024339_2/1tn2mw00svxpjho3/wish/2843728856 Ethane + Bromine --> Bromoethane + Hydrogen bromide

    (In the presence of UV light)

    ]]>     2024-01-10 04:44:54 UTC https://padlet.com/22024339_2/1tn2mw00svxpjho3/wish/2843728856     Alkene - combustion reaction 220007791 https://padlet.com/22024339_2/1tn2mw00svxpjho3/wish/2843742169 Combustion: In excess oxygen

    C2H4 + 3O2 --> 2CO2 + 2H2O


    Incomplete combustion:

    C2H4 + 2O2 --> 2CO + 2H2O

    C2H4 + O2 --> 2C + 2H2O

    ]]>     2024-01-10 05:02:32 UTC https://padlet.com/22024339_2/1tn2mw00svxpjho3/wish/2843742169     Alkene - electrophilic substitution mechanism https://padlet.com/22024339_2/1tn2mw00svxpjho3/wish/2844839050

  • Step 1: pi electrons from C=C bond attacks the electrophile (E+) to form a carbocation


  • Step 2: Nucleophile (Nu:-) attacks the carbocation to form the product

    • ]]>     2024-01-10 23:05:11 UTC https://padlet.com/22024339_2/1tn2mw00svxpjho3/wish/2844839050