Week 2: Who has the principle responsibility for the 'health of the people'? by jenna lopez https://padlet.com/jennachiapas/1skwtv99pbgt Start the lecture discussion here! en-us 2018-09-24 14:49:37 UTC 2018-10-04 23:47:10 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/icons/Balance.png And what does this mean for the greatest determinants of health? jennachiapas https://padlet.com/jennachiapas/1skwtv99pbgt/wish/285064100 2018-09-24 14:56:08 UTC https://padlet.com/jennachiapas/1skwtv99pbgt/wish/285064100 You can link you comments together by right clicking on them jennachiapas https://padlet.com/jennachiapas/1skwtv99pbgt/wish/285064932 2018-09-24 14:57:04 UTC https://padlet.com/jennachiapas/1skwtv99pbgt/wish/285064932 https://padlet.com/jennachiapas/1skwtv99pbgt/wish/288124630 According to Thomas Rogge, poverty and ill health in poorer countries are a direct result of the political and economic choices of richer countries/institutions. They should therefore take some responsibility  for 'the health of the people'.]]> 2018-10-02 13:57:27 UTC https://padlet.com/jennachiapas/1skwtv99pbgt/wish/288124630 Ill health is partly determined by the unbalanced status quo which ruling elites maintain through control over global finance, political systems and access to intellectual property (Rogge). And in many cases this contributes toward a deprivation of 'human capabilites'; which prevents individuals from leading healthy lives (Sen & Nussbaum). https://padlet.com/jennachiapas/1skwtv99pbgt/wish/288127091 2018-10-02 14:00:55 UTC https://padlet.com/jennachiapas/1skwtv99pbgt/wish/288127091 i think therefore that some of the greatest determinants of health are beyond an individual or even a local scale, and lie in a just politial system, stable ecomomy and trans-national (global?) support networks. For example an individual living in a peacful wealthy country with strong international relations is far more likely to have good health than someone living in a unstable, corrupt country with poor international relations. https://padlet.com/jennachiapas/1skwtv99pbgt/wish/288134991 2018-10-02 14:12:04 UTC https://padlet.com/jennachiapas/1skwtv99pbgt/wish/288134991 Responsibility for health should be a collaborative effort among individuals and the societies in which they live. Individuals should care for their own health and help to pay for their own healthcare, and societies should promote health and help to finance the costs of healthcare. https://padlet.com/jennachiapas/1skwtv99pbgt/wish/288391890 (D.B Resnik) ]]> 2018-10-02 21:33:01 UTC https://padlet.com/jennachiapas/1skwtv99pbgt/wish/288391890 https://padlet.com/jennachiapas/1skwtv99pbgt/wish/288660861 The constitution of the World Health Organisation states that the responsibility of the health of the public is reliant on the co-operation of the individual and the government of a country. Individual health measures can be implemented to ensure well-being, such as healthy eating and exercise, however, it is the responsibility of the government to provide both an adequate health system and sufficient social measures, as only then can their people achieve a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being.  (WHO 1946) 

]]> 2018-10-03 14:30:50 UTC https://padlet.com/jennachiapas/1skwtv99pbgt/wish/288660861 I think that it is not just a sole nation or regions responsibility to ensure good health, but the co-operation between nations and transnationally that can achieve our ultimate goal. Due to the influence and effects of huge corporations it is essential that they ensure good health is considered in their business. https://padlet.com/jennachiapas/1skwtv99pbgt/wish/288677679 2018-10-03 14:54:24 UTC https://padlet.com/jennachiapas/1skwtv99pbgt/wish/288677679 It is also the responsibility of a nation to ensure their society has the right tools and policies in place to optimise their chances of improving public health. In Sweden, their strategy aims “tocreate social conditions that will ensure good health forthe entire population” (Hogstedt https://padlet.com/jennachiapas/1skwtv99pbgt/wish/288680596 2018-10-03 14:58:44 UTC https://padlet.com/jennachiapas/1skwtv99pbgt/wish/288680596 https://padlet.com/jennachiapas/1skwtv99pbgt/wish/288738163 Evans et al describe three leading determinants of health within a population as genetics, the environment, and lifestyle factors. The ownership of control an individual possesses over these three factors is however not equal. While genetics is overall considered to be out of an individuals control, environment and lifestyle factors are not as clearly attributed. The physical and social circumstances in which an individual lives is perhaps increasingly in their control as they age, however some individuals, such as children, hold little if no control over this. Lifestyle is the social determinant that the individual holds most control over and it is often these ‘downstream’ choices that government policy uses to solve health disparity. (Principles of health economics and Policy by Abel Olsen) However this is made under the assumption that market forces work under consumer sovereignty, and furthermore that consumer sovereignty can exist in a capitalist economy. For example,  Anaf et al found that it is more likely for a McDonalds to be found in an area of lower socio-economic status. This asks the question whether the choice to consume  unhealthy food lies with the individual or with the multinational corporation who landed there. ]]> 2018-10-03 16:17:33 UTC https://padlet.com/jennachiapas/1skwtv99pbgt/wish/288738163 https://padlet.com/jennachiapas/1skwtv99pbgt/wish/288738908 I think the responsibility for the determinants of health belong to those who control these determinants. Obviously, not all health determinants have accountability and these determinants will vary greatly between nations. However,  factors such as trade liberalisation has shifted power away from the individual and into the bargaining hands of Trans-national Corporations, often to the detriment of the health of the people. It thus follows that the responsibility of these social determinants of health should belong to the organisations who hold the power and the policy makers who enable it.   

]]> 2018-10-03 16:18:38 UTC https://padlet.com/jennachiapas/1skwtv99pbgt/wish/288738908 I think you can justify that the responsibility of the 'health' of a population relies on domestic political stability, particularly as the WHO definition seems to imply an overall kind of health manifesting from people feeling motivated. However health inequalities will always be influenced from factors beyond domestic policies. Economic growth of the global north and transnational corporations augment the inequalities and arguably do not equip the global south with sustainable autonomy to promote health. https://padlet.com/jennachiapas/1skwtv99pbgt/wish/288892304 2018-10-03 21:01:53 UTC https://padlet.com/jennachiapas/1skwtv99pbgt/wish/288892304 https://padlet.com/jennachiapas/1skwtv99pbgt/wish/289039720 The various determinants of health encompass a variety of different factors that are under the control of various people or bodies acting on local, national and supranational levels. 
Thus, as suggested by Sanders et al, we must tackle these determinants by action on each of these levels (Sanders et al., 2010). Individuals must take responsibility for their health and do what they can to achieve good health by improving their diets and avoiding smoking, for example. However, we cannot ignore the role that transnational corporations have had in the development and further fuelling of these behaviours; they too must take responsibility for their role in the health of the people (Baum and Sanders, 2011). With non-communicable diseases making up 63% of deaths globally (WHO, 2013) this further stresses the responsibility of TNCs and by proxy the various governments in control of the policies and trade agreements enabling TNCs. 
]]> 2018-10-04 10:18:05 UTC https://padlet.com/jennachiapas/1skwtv99pbgt/wish/289039720 The WHO constitution of 1946 states that “the highest attainable standard of health” is a fundamental human right. This implies that governments have the main responsibility in fulfilling this right by providing adequate healthcare without any discrimination. They should also ensure that their population has access to the factors that become determinants of health such as clean water and sanitation, housing and education (WHO, 2017). https://padlet.com/jennachiapas/1skwtv99pbgt/wish/289194012 2018-10-04 15:12:38 UTC https://padlet.com/jennachiapas/1skwtv99pbgt/wish/289194012 Following on from this post, Article 26 in the Declaration of HR states that 'everyone has the right to education' (WHO 1946). It is the states responsibility to educate people in order to improve health of the community. The State should be enforcing good health policies in order to improve health of the nation. That way a top-down approach will improve 'health of the people' https://padlet.com/jennachiapas/1skwtv99pbgt/wish/289199924 2018-10-04 15:21:38 UTC https://padlet.com/jennachiapas/1skwtv99pbgt/wish/289199924 https://padlet.com/jennachiapas/1skwtv99pbgt/wish/289281549 It is clear that in our increasingly globalized world, countries—and especially low- and middle-income countries—need to respond to social determinants by simultaneously addressing local, national and supranational factors (Sanders et al., 2010). Thus, local intersectoral action, action at national level to ensure ‘health in all policies’ and action at supranational level to regulate the health-harming effects of trade, especially in unhealthy foods, tobacco and alcohol, are urgently necessary (Labonte et al., 2011). In addition, the work of the Globalisation Knowledge Network of the CSDH identified that global governance structures are either lacking or too weak to effectively ensure that global trade and economic policy is implemented in a way that protects health and encourages health equity (Lee et al., 2009). The need for effective global governance structures is particularly important in a world in which the power of non-state actors is increasing and that of nation states decreasing.


]]> 2018-10-04 17:20:31 UTC https://padlet.com/jennachiapas/1skwtv99pbgt/wish/289281549 I think that there needs to be a collaboration of effort between an individual who is well informed about how to look after their own health, and the government. At the moment too much power is in the hands of trans-national corporations. They are money making schemes and not interested in promoting healthy living. The government has an obligation to take back some power from these organizations in order to help people make better choices for their own health. https://padlet.com/jennachiapas/1skwtv99pbgt/wish/289420319 2018-10-04 23:43:41 UTC https://padlet.com/jennachiapas/1skwtv99pbgt/wish/289420319