Timeline of Microbiology (Part II) by House Prions https://padlet.com/MIC22014_HousePrions/1q1s121jygx2e341 Golden age + Modern age en-us 2021-03-22 00:14:45 UTC 2024-11-09 02:12:35 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet.net/icons/png/1f52c.png 1921: Fleming on lysozymes MIC22014_HousePrions https://padlet.com/MIC22014_HousePrions/1q1s121jygx2e341/wish/1335576950 Alexander Fleming ‘accidentally’ discovers lysozymes. 

According to popular belief, Fleming had accidentally placed some of his mucus onto a Petri dish, which was then put aside and ignored. Upon inspection 2 weeks later, bacteria growth was observed to be reduced in areas where the mucus was.

reference:
]]> 2021-03-22 00:18:52 UTC https://padlet.com/MIC22014_HousePrions/1q1s121jygx2e341/wish/1335576950 1923: MIC22014_HousePrions https://padlet.com/MIC22014_HousePrions/1q1s121jygx2e341/wish/1335580521 Close to a hundred years ago, authored by Prof. David Hendricks Bergey, the first edition of Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology was first published.

reference:]]> 2021-03-22 00:20:18 UTC https://padlet.com/MIC22014_HousePrions/1q1s121jygx2e341/wish/1335580521 1928: Griffith's experiments MIC22014_HousePrions https://padlet.com/MIC22014_HousePrions/1q1s121jygx2e341/wish/1335583221 Frederick Griffith conducts a series of experiments that shows bacterial transformation. This will not be fully understood until later on.

reference:]]> 2021-03-22 00:21:31 UTC https://padlet.com/MIC22014_HousePrions/1q1s121jygx2e341/wish/1335583221 1929: Fleming's penicillin MIC22014_HousePrions https://padlet.com/MIC22014_HousePrions/1q1s121jygx2e341/wish/1335588421 Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin, effective against gram-positive bacteria, by accident as he was conducting his studies that involves the staphylococcal bacteria. It was only in later years that Fleming has realized what truly is the thing he discovered and how it will become useful even in the future.

reference:]]> 2021-03-22 00:23:42 UTC https://padlet.com/MIC22014_HousePrions/1q1s121jygx2e341/wish/1335588421 1931: MIC22014_HousePrions https://padlet.com/MIC22014_HousePrions/1q1s121jygx2e341/wish/1335592198 Cornelius Van Niel shows that to not produce oxygen, or anoxygenic photosynthesis, some bacteria instead use reduced compounds as electron donors.

reference:
Whitmarsh, J., Govindjee. (1999). Concepts in Photobiology: Photosynthesis and Photomorphogenesis - The Photosynthetic Process. Narosa Publishing House. Retrieved March 19, 2021 from https://www.life.illinois.edu/govindjee/paper/gov.html ]]> 2021-03-22 00:25:12 UTC https://padlet.com/MIC22014_HousePrions/1q1s121jygx2e341/wish/1335592198 1933: MIC22014_HousePrions https://padlet.com/MIC22014_HousePrions/1q1s121jygx2e341/wish/1335594247 Ernst Ruska invented the first transmission electron microscope by making use of magnetic coils that will serve as the lens of the equipment. This invention enabled scientists to view objects that cannot be seen using light microscope. 

reference:
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1986. (n.d.). Retrieved March 20, 2021, from https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1986/ruska/facts/  ]]> 2021-03-22 00:26:06 UTC https://padlet.com/MIC22014_HousePrions/1q1s121jygx2e341/wish/1335594247 1935: MIC22014_HousePrions https://padlet.com/MIC22014_HousePrions/1q1s121jygx2e341/wish/1335598184 Wendell Stanley studies tobacco leaves affected by the tobacco mosaic virus which he extracted in crystal form.    Gerhard Domagk introduces sulfa drugs, specifically Prontosil, which was effective against many bacterial diseases.

references:]]> 2021-03-22 00:27:52 UTC https://padlet.com/MIC22014_HousePrions/1q1s121jygx2e341/wish/1335598184 1937: Chatton and his classification of microbes MIC22014_HousePrions https://padlet.com/MIC22014_HousePrions/1q1s121jygx2e341/wish/1335601034 Edouard Chatton categorizes organisms into prokaryotes and eukaryotes. However, it was only in 1962 when this insight was brought back to light by Roger Yate Stanier and Cornelius van Niel. 

reference:]]> 2021-03-22 00:29:02 UTC https://padlet.com/MIC22014_HousePrions/1q1s121jygx2e341/wish/1335601034 MODERN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY (1940s-present) MIC22014_HousePrions https://padlet.com/MIC22014_HousePrions/1q1s121jygx2e341/wish/1335605461 2021-03-22 00:30:43 UTC https://padlet.com/MIC22014_HousePrions/1q1s121jygx2e341/wish/1335605461 1941: One gene, one enzyme hypothesis MIC22014_HousePrions https://padlet.com/MIC22014_HousePrions/1q1s121jygx2e341/wish/1335652170 Proposal of George Wells Beadle and Edward Tatum’s hypothesis, the one gene-one enzyme hypothesis, in which there is a production of a single enzyme for every gene.

reference:
Chhetri, D. (2014, May 23). George W. Beadle’s one gene-one enzyme hypothesis. Embryo Project Encyclopedia. ISSN: 1940-5030.  http://embryo.asu.edu/handle/10776/7892. ]]> 2021-03-22 00:48:35 UTC https://padlet.com/MIC22014_HousePrions/1q1s121jygx2e341/wish/1335652170 1943: MIC22014_HousePrions https://padlet.com/MIC22014_HousePrions/1q1s121jygx2e341/wish/1335659233 Max Delbrück and Salvador Luria revealed the inheritance of characteristics in bacteria through their experiment. The Fluctuation Test demonstrated the genetic mutations of bacteria that may occur from virus sensitivity to virus resistance. 

Selman Waksman, Albert Schatz, and Elizabeth Bugie discovered streptomycin, and this was proven to be an effective treatment for tuberculosis.

references:
  • Luria, S. E., & Delbrück, M. (1943). Mutations of bacteria from virus sensitivity to virus resistance. Electronic Scholarly Publishing. 28: 491L511.  
  • Wainwright, M. (1991). Streptomycin: Discovery and Resultant Controversy. History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences, 13(1), 97-124. Retrieved March 20, 2021, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/23330620 
]]> 2021-03-22 00:51:13 UTC https://padlet.com/MIC22014_HousePrions/1q1s121jygx2e341/wish/1335659233 1946-52: Lederberg's findings MIC22014_HousePrions https://padlet.com/MIC22014_HousePrions/1q1s121jygx2e341/wish/1335666687 Joshua Lederberg was the first to describe the conjugation and transduction in bacteria.

reference:
  • Parkinson, J.S. (2016). Classic spotlight: The discovery of bacterial transduction. J Bacteriol 198:2899–2900. doi:10.1128/JB.00635-16. 
]]> 2021-03-22 00:54:04 UTC https://padlet.com/MIC22014_HousePrions/1q1s121jygx2e341/wish/1335666687 1953: structure of the DNA MIC22014_HousePrions https://padlet.com/MIC22014_HousePrions/1q1s121jygx2e341/wish/1335669616 Discovery of the double helix structure of the DNA molecule by James Watson, Francis Crick, and Maurice Wilkins.

reference:]]> 2021-03-22 00:55:08 UTC https://padlet.com/MIC22014_HousePrions/1q1s121jygx2e341/wish/1335669616 1959: Operon theory MIC22014_HousePrions https://padlet.com/MIC22014_HousePrions/1q1s121jygx2e341/wish/1335674940 François Jacob, Jacques Monod, and Andre Lwoff formulated the Operon theory wherein this is a concept regarding the gene regulation by repressor proteins.

reference:
  • Lewis M. (2011). A tale of two repressors. Journal of molecular biology, 409(1), 14–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2011.02.023
]]> 2021-03-22 00:57:04 UTC https://padlet.com/MIC22014_HousePrions/1q1s121jygx2e341/wish/1335674940 1961: Brenner, Nirenberg, Holley, and Khorana on genetics MIC22014_HousePrions https://padlet.com/MIC22014_HousePrions/1q1s121jygx2e341/wish/1335677976 Sydney Brenner discovered messenger RNA (mRNA) and ribosomes as site of protein synthesis. 

Marshall Nirenberg, Robert Holley, and Har Gobind Khorana discovered the first triplet or the genetic code. This is a sequence composed of three bases of DNA that codes for one of the twenty amino acids. 

references:]]> 2021-03-22 00:58:13 UTC https://padlet.com/MIC22014_HousePrions/1q1s121jygx2e341/wish/1335677976 1970: Smith et al: Discovery of restriction enzymes MIC22014_HousePrions https://padlet.com/MIC22014_HousePrions/1q1s121jygx2e341/wish/1335680812 Discovery of restriction enzymes by Hamilton Smith, Daniel Nathans, and Werner Arber. This enzyme cuts the DNA at specific sites. 

reference:]]> 2021-03-22 00:59:21 UTC https://padlet.com/MIC22014_HousePrions/1q1s121jygx2e341/wish/1335680812 1972: Bishop and Varmus on origin of cancer cells MIC22014_HousePrions https://padlet.com/MIC22014_HousePrions/1q1s121jygx2e341/wish/1335683829 John Michael Bishop and Harold Varmus discovered cellular origin of cancer genes known as retroviral oncogenes present in retroviruses. These cancer genes originated from normal cells instead or originating from virus.

reference:]]> 2021-03-22 01:00:30 UTC https://padlet.com/MIC22014_HousePrions/1q1s121jygx2e341/wish/1335683829 1973: Berg's recombinant DNA technology MIC22014_HousePrions https://padlet.com/MIC22014_HousePrions/1q1s121jygx2e341/wish/1335691265 Paul Berg assembled the first DNA molecules that combined genes from different organisms using his recombinant DNA technology. He is known as the Father of Genetic Engineering. 

reference:]]> 2021-03-22 01:03:24 UTC https://padlet.com/MIC22014_HousePrions/1q1s121jygx2e341/wish/1335691265 1974: Kornberg's discovery MIC22014_HousePrions https://padlet.com/MIC22014_HousePrions/1q1s121jygx2e341/wish/1335698625 Roger Kornberg discovered the mechanism transcription in eukaryotes. 

reference:]]> 2021-03-22 01:06:25 UTC https://padlet.com/MIC22014_HousePrions/1q1s121jygx2e341/wish/1335698625 1977: Woese and Archaea MIC22014_HousePrions https://padlet.com/MIC22014_HousePrions/1q1s121jygx2e341/wish/1335704405 Carl Woese discovered Archaea, group of single-celled prokaryotic organisms, that constituted a third domain of life. 

reference:]]> 2021-03-22 01:08:54 UTC https://padlet.com/MIC22014_HousePrions/1q1s121jygx2e341/wish/1335704405 1979: MIC22014_HousePrions https://padlet.com/MIC22014_HousePrions/1q1s121jygx2e341/wish/1335707674 Discovery of the new rapid DNA sequencing techniques by Frederick Sanger and Walter Gilbert. 

Eradication of smallpox. Smallpox was an infectious disease caused by the variola virus. 

references:]]> 2021-03-22 01:10:19 UTC https://padlet.com/MIC22014_HousePrions/1q1s121jygx2e341/wish/1335707674 1981: MIC22014_HousePrions https://padlet.com/MIC22014_HousePrions/1q1s121jygx2e341/wish/1335712751 Development of the scanning tunneling microscope.

Stanley Prusiner discovered and characterized prions.  

Thomas Robert Cech and Sidney Altman discovered the catalytic properties of RNA.

references:]]> 2021-03-22 01:12:41 UTC https://padlet.com/MIC22014_HousePrions/1q1s121jygx2e341/wish/1335712751 1982: Scrapie MIC22014_HousePrions https://padlet.com/MIC22014_HousePrions/1q1s121jygx2e341/wish/1335717613  Stanley Prusiner discovered that prions are causing scrapie, a neurodegenerative disease found in sheep. 

reference:]]> 2021-03-22 01:14:45 UTC https://padlet.com/MIC22014_HousePrions/1q1s121jygx2e341/wish/1335717613 1982-84: Peptic ulcer MIC22014_HousePrions https://padlet.com/MIC22014_HousePrions/1q1s121jygx2e341/wish/1335724571 Barry Marshall and Robin Warren discovered Helicobacter pylori which was found out to be a cause of peptic ulcers

reference:]]> 2021-03-22 01:17:43 UTC https://padlet.com/MIC22014_HousePrions/1q1s121jygx2e341/wish/1335724571 1983-84: Montagnier et al on AIDS MIC22014_HousePrions https://padlet.com/MIC22014_HousePrions/1q1s121jygx2e341/wish/1335727616 Luc Montagnier, Françoise Barré-Sinoussi, and Harald zur Hausen independently discovered human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as cause of AIDS.

reference:]]> 2021-03-22 01:19:02 UTC https://padlet.com/MIC22014_HousePrions/1q1s121jygx2e341/wish/1335727616 1985: Mullis's Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) MIC22014_HousePrions https://padlet.com/MIC22014_HousePrions/1q1s121jygx2e341/wish/1335732813 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was developed and invented by Kary B. Mullis which produces multiple copies of a segment of a DNA in a short period of time. 

reference:]]> 2021-03-22 01:21:16 UTC https://padlet.com/MIC22014_HousePrions/1q1s121jygx2e341/wish/1335732813 1986: First production of vaccine MIC22014_HousePrions https://padlet.com/MIC22014_HousePrions/1q1s121jygx2e341/wish/1335736358 First production of vaccine, specifically a hepatitis B vaccine, via genetic engineering 

reference:]]> 2021-03-22 01:22:42 UTC https://padlet.com/MIC22014_HousePrions/1q1s121jygx2e341/wish/1335736358 1990: First human trials of gene-therapy MIC22014_HousePrions https://padlet.com/MIC22014_HousePrions/1q1s121jygx2e341/wish/1335740626 Start of the first human trials of gene-therapy. It works by modifying the expression of human genes (usually abnormal ones) by introducing new healthy genetic materials to the cells. A genetically engineered vector (carrier of the gene) is injected or administered intravenously to the targeted tissue. 

references:]]> 2021-03-22 01:24:34 UTC https://padlet.com/MIC22014_HousePrions/1q1s121jygx2e341/wish/1335740626 1992: First trials of antisense therapy MIC22014_HousePrions https://padlet.com/MIC22014_HousePrions/1q1s121jygx2e341/wish/1335744858 Start of the first trials of antisense therapy to treat different neurodegenerative and neuromuscular disorders. The approach uses antisense oligonucleotides which are short DNA-like molecules that would selectively hybridize to modify specific mRNA sequences. 

references:]]> 2021-03-22 01:26:20 UTC https://padlet.com/MIC22014_HousePrions/1q1s121jygx2e341/wish/1335744858 1995: MIC22014_HousePrions https://padlet.com/MIC22014_HousePrions/1q1s121jygx2e341/wish/1335747917 Sequenced the genome of bacterium Haemophilus influenzae using whole-genome random sequencing  

reference:]]> 2021-03-22 01:27:41 UTC https://padlet.com/MIC22014_HousePrions/1q1s121jygx2e341/wish/1335747917 1996: MIC22014_HousePrions https://padlet.com/MIC22014_HousePrions/1q1s121jygx2e341/wish/1335750283 Sequenced the genome of archaeon Methanococcus jannaschii using whole-genome random sequencing o   Serves as the connection between bacteria (such as Haemophilus influenzae and Mycoplasma genitalium) and eukaryotic genomes which can be used as basis for in-depth various evolutionary analysis. 

Numerous researchers first sequenced the genome of a eukaryote - the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae from a single reference genome of S288C   

references:
  • Garrett, R. A. (1996). Genomes: Methanococcus jannaschii and the Golden Fleece. Current Biology, 6(11), 1377-1380. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0960-9822(96)00735-x  
  • Engel, S. R., Dietrich, F. S., Fisk, D. G., Binkley, G., Balakrishnan, R., Costanzo, M. C., Dwight, S. S., Hitz, B. C., Karra, K., Nash, R. S., Weng, S., Wong, E. D., Lloyd, P., Skrzypek, M. S., Miyasato, S. R., Simison, M., & Cherry, J. M. (2014). The reference genome sequence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: then and now. G3 (Bethesda, Md.), 4(3), 389–398. https://doi.org/10.1534/g3.113.008995
]]> 2021-03-22 01:28:43 UTC https://padlet.com/MIC22014_HousePrions/1q1s121jygx2e341/wish/1335750283 1997: MIC22014_HousePrions https://padlet.com/MIC22014_HousePrions/1q1s121jygx2e341/wish/1335753328 Discovery of the largest known bacterium Thiomargarita namibiensis by Heide Schulz.  ·         Sequenced the complete genome of the bacterium Escherichia coli o   Scientists uses the genome sequence of E. coli to understand basic chemical reactions of life and uncover the mechanisms of gene action regulation. o   The genome has 4,600,000 base pairs and around 4,000 genes.  

references:]]> 2021-03-22 01:30:02 UTC https://padlet.com/MIC22014_HousePrions/1q1s121jygx2e341/wish/1335753328 1998: MIC22014_HousePrions https://padlet.com/MIC22014_HousePrions/1q1s121jygx2e341/wish/1335755767 Andrew Fire and Craig Mello revealed the process of RNA interference.

reference:
https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2006/advanced-information/]]> 2021-03-22 01:31:03 UTC https://padlet.com/MIC22014_HousePrions/1q1s121jygx2e341/wish/1335755767 2000: Vibrio cholerae MIC22014_HousePrions https://padlet.com/MIC22014_HousePrions/1q1s121jygx2e341/wish/1335759203 Discovery of the unique characteristic of Vibrio cholerae – its genome is divided between two separate chromosomes. o   Multiple chromosomes enable v. cholerae to survive variable environmental conditions.

reference:
  • Rasmussen, T., Jensen, R. B., & Skovgaard, O. (2007). The two chromosomes of Vibrio cholerae are initiated at different time points in the cell cycle. The EMBO journal, 26(13), 3124–3131. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.emboj.7601747
]]> 2021-03-22 01:32:30 UTC https://padlet.com/MIC22014_HousePrions/1q1s121jygx2e341/wish/1335759203 2020: SARS-CoV-2 vaccine MIC22014_HousePrions https://padlet.com/MIC22014_HousePrions/1q1s121jygx2e341/wish/1335761303 Vaccine for Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was developed 

reference:]]> 2021-03-22 01:33:27 UTC https://padlet.com/MIC22014_HousePrions/1q1s121jygx2e341/wish/1335761303 SIGNIFICANCE MIC22014_HousePrions https://padlet.com/MIC22014_HousePrions/1q1s121jygx2e341/wish/1335775302 2021-03-22 01:39:53 UTC https://padlet.com/MIC22014_HousePrions/1q1s121jygx2e341/wish/1335775302