https://padlet.com/mferrer15/1pu9l6re7toiibzl Mya Ferrer, Colin Rader en-us 2022-08-22 19:03:05 UTC 2022-08-24 18:58:09 UTC hello@padlet.com mferrer15 https://padlet.com/mferrer15/1pu9l6re7toiibzl/wish/2267814859 Green fluorescent protein (GFP) is isolated by Osamu Shimomura, who shares the Nobel Prize in 2008 for the discovery of this protein. GFP protein is naturally found in jellyfish. ]]> 2022-08-22 19:15:09 UTC https://padlet.com/mferrer15/1pu9l6re7toiibzl/wish/2267814859 crader11 https://padlet.com/mferrer15/1pu9l6re7toiibzl/wish/2267816822 Mature cells first reprogrammed into pluripotent stem cells. In 2006, by an astonishingly simple procedure, Shinya Yamanaka proved that introduction of a small set of transcription factors into a differentiated cell was sufficient to revert the cell to a pluripotent state. ]]> 2022-08-22 19:17:12 UTC https://padlet.com/mferrer15/1pu9l6re7toiibzl/wish/2267816822 mferrer15 https://padlet.com/mferrer15/1pu9l6re7toiibzl/wish/2267817353 Chinese use moldy soybeans to treat boils, the first use of an antibiotic. Scientists now believe that the fungus that produces penicillin may have been the mold present in the soybean curds. ]]> 2022-08-22 19:17:45 UTC https://padlet.com/mferrer15/1pu9l6re7toiibzl/wish/2267817353 crader11 https://padlet.com/mferrer15/1pu9l6re7toiibzl/wish/2267820423 James Watson and Francis Crick elucidate the structure of DNA. What led to this discovery was in 1869 because it was the year in which Swiss physiological chemist Friedrich Miescher first identified what he called "nuclein" inside the nuclei of human white blood cells which led to the discovery of the double helix.]]> 2022-08-22 19:21:05 UTC https://padlet.com/mferrer15/1pu9l6re7toiibzl/wish/2267820423 mferrer15 https://padlet.com/mferrer15/1pu9l6re7toiibzl/wish/2267820521 The first draft of the complete human genome is released. The draft sequence covered more than 90 percent of the human genome. One surprise is that the estimated number of genome was lower than expected, just 30,000 - 35,000. ]]> 2022-08-22 19:21:11 UTC https://padlet.com/mferrer15/1pu9l6re7toiibzl/wish/2267820521 mferrer15 https://padlet.com/mferrer15/1pu9l6re7toiibzl/wish/2267824427 CRISPR-Cas9 system first demonstrated as a tool for editing DNA in eukaryotic cells. It was first exploited by Danisco in 2008. The Company used it to improve the immunity of bacrerial cultures against viruses and many food manufacturers now use the technology to produce cheese and yogurt. ]]> 2022-08-22 19:25:09 UTC https://padlet.com/mferrer15/1pu9l6re7toiibzl/wish/2267824427 crader11 https://padlet.com/mferrer15/1pu9l6re7toiibzl/wish/2267825376 The Human Proteome Organization (HUPO) is formed and announces the Human Proteome Project, whose mission is to map the human proteome. Its stated goal is to experimentally observe all of the proteins produced by the sequences translated from the human genome.

]]> 2022-08-22 19:26:12 UTC https://padlet.com/mferrer15/1pu9l6re7toiibzl/wish/2267825376 crader11 https://padlet.com/mferrer15/1pu9l6re7toiibzl/wish/2267828156 U.S. Supreme Court rules that naturally occurring genes cannot be patented. Human genes cannot be patented because they are a "product of nature," meaning that they cannot be claimed as a human invention.]]> 2022-08-22 19:29:18 UTC https://padlet.com/mferrer15/1pu9l6re7toiibzl/wish/2267828156 mferrer15 https://padlet.com/mferrer15/1pu9l6re7toiibzl/wish/2267828527 The CRISPR DNA locus is first characterized when an unusual repetitive DNA sequence, which subsequently was defined as a CRISPR, was discovered in the Escherichia coli genome during an analysis of genome involved in phosphate metabolism.

]]> 2022-08-22 19:29:45 UTC https://padlet.com/mferrer15/1pu9l6re7toiibzl/wish/2267828527 crader11 https://padlet.com/mferrer15/1pu9l6re7toiibzl/wish/2267833394 DNA fingerprinting evidence is used for the first time in court. Exonerated recounts how DNA testing was first used to prove a person’s innocence in a criminal trial in England in 1986. Richard Buckland was suspected of murdering two teenage girls who were each found raped and strangled. In one of the cases, Buckland had actually confessed. But, ultimately, DNA testing of evidence from each crime scene excluded Buckland—revealing that Buckland had falsely confessed—and helped identify the actual perpetrator of the two crimes.]]> 2022-08-22 19:33:22 UTC https://padlet.com/mferrer15/1pu9l6re7toiibzl/wish/2267833394 mferrer15 https://padlet.com/mferrer15/1pu9l6re7toiibzl/wish/2267835556 Louis Pasteur proposes that microbes cause fermentation. He presented evidence that all fermentation is caused by microorganisms and that specific microorganisms cause specific kinds of fermentation. Using his work with fermentation, Pasteur was able to devise a process, now known as pasteurization, to kill microbes and preserve certain products. ]]> 2022-08-22 19:35:32 UTC https://padlet.com/mferrer15/1pu9l6re7toiibzl/wish/2267835556 crader11 https://padlet.com/mferrer15/1pu9l6re7toiibzl/wish/2267838474 FDA approves its first plant-based recombinant drug, Eleyso for treating Gaucher disease. Elelyso an enzyme was produced in carrot cells by Israel-based Protalix Biotherapeutics Inc.]]> 2022-08-22 19:38:46 UTC https://padlet.com/mferrer15/1pu9l6re7toiibzl/wish/2267838474 mferrer15 https://padlet.com/mferrer15/1pu9l6re7toiibzl/wish/2267840072 The first biotechnology drug, recombinant human insulin, is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and marketed under the brand name Humulin. This was the first human insulin for diabetes treatment created using recombinant insulin DNA technology. The first insulin came from cattle and pigs but wasn't perfect. We then turned to using E. Coli bacteria. ]]> 2022-08-22 19:40:36 UTC https://padlet.com/mferrer15/1pu9l6re7toiibzl/wish/2267840072 crader11 https://padlet.com/mferrer15/1pu9l6re7toiibzl/wish/2267844860 Georges Kohler and Cesar Milstein produce the first monoclonal antibodies. They immortalized antibody producing cells by fusing them with tumour cells. Their discovery paved the way for the early commercialization of monoclonal antibody technology.]]> 2022-08-22 19:45:18 UTC https://padlet.com/mferrer15/1pu9l6re7toiibzl/wish/2267844860 mferrer15 https://padlet.com/mferrer15/1pu9l6re7toiibzl/wish/2267846576 The US Supreme Court approves the principal of patenting an organism, allowing oil company Exxon to patent an oil-eating bacterium. The Supreme Court therewith established that whether or not an invention is a living thing is irrelevant to the question of its patentability. The provision states that "Whoever invents or discovers any new and useful process, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter, or any new and useful improvement thereof, may obtain a patent thereof, subject to the conditions and requirements of this title."]]> 2022-08-22 19:46:40 UTC https://padlet.com/mferrer15/1pu9l6re7toiibzl/wish/2267846576 mferrer15 https://padlet.com/mferrer15/1pu9l6re7toiibzl/wish/2267852688 Scottish scientist Ian Wilmut creates Dolly the sheep, the first cloned animal from an adult cell. Dolly lived from 1996 to 2003, the first clone of an adult mammal, produced by British developmental biologist Ian Wilmut and colleagues of the Roslin Institute, near Edinburgh Scotland. Dolly's birth marked the milestone in science, dispelling decades of presumption that adult mammals could not be cloned igniting a debate concerning the many possible uses and misuses of mammalian cloning technology. ]]> 2022-08-22 19:52:00 UTC https://padlet.com/mferrer15/1pu9l6re7toiibzl/wish/2267852688 crader11 https://padlet.com/mferrer15/1pu9l6re7toiibzl/wish/2267853455 Bacteria are used to treat sewage for the first time in England. Before this was discovered they used to just throw human waste into rivers like in London and how the streets there were covered in horse dung which is why they called it 'Dirty Old London."]]> 2022-08-22 19:52:45 UTC https://padlet.com/mferrer15/1pu9l6re7toiibzl/wish/2267853455 crader11 https://padlet.com/mferrer15/1pu9l6re7toiibzl/wish/2268312814 Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer use restriction enzymes and ligases to express a foreign gene in bacteria. In this experiment they chose a bacteria with a bad history known as E Coli that causes such things as  bad stomach cramps, vomiting, and diarrhea.]]> 2022-08-23 04:31:33 UTC https://padlet.com/mferrer15/1pu9l6re7toiibzl/wish/2268312814 crader11 https://padlet.com/mferrer15/1pu9l6re7toiibzl/wish/2268318667 FDA approves Provenge, the first cancer vaccine for prostate cancer. Craig Venter and colleagues create the first synthetic cell. To create the first synthetic cell J. Craig Venter didn't start from scratch he started with cells from a very simple type of bacteria called a mycoplasma.]]> 2022-08-23 04:39:01 UTC https://padlet.com/mferrer15/1pu9l6re7toiibzl/wish/2268318667 crader11 https://padlet.com/mferrer15/1pu9l6re7toiibzl/wish/2268332632 First patients receive CRISPR-based treatment for genetic disorders. Victoria Gray was the first person to get treatment with CRSIPR for sickle cell disease. She lived with the disease for 34 years and with one treatment she is functioning as somebody who does not have sickle cell disease. This finding is bound to help millions over time.]]> 2022-08-23 04:54:04 UTC https://padlet.com/mferrer15/1pu9l6re7toiibzl/wish/2268332632 crader11 https://padlet.com/mferrer15/1pu9l6re7toiibzl/wish/2268338451 Alexander Fleming discovers the antibiotic penicillin. Alexander Flemings research initially was not accepted but continued anyways and his first discovery which led to the finding of penicillin was in 1922, he discovered lysozyme, an enzyme with weak antibacterial properties. Also. the finding of penicillin was accidental from him being a careless lab technician, Fleming returned from a two-week vacation to find that a mold had developed on an accidentally contaminated staphylococcus culture plate.]]> 2022-08-23 05:00:51 UTC https://padlet.com/mferrer15/1pu9l6re7toiibzl/wish/2268338451 crader11 https://padlet.com/mferrer15/1pu9l6re7toiibzl/wish/2268345469 First field trials of genetically modified crop (herbicide-resistant tobacco) in the U.S. and France. The main reason Herbicide tolerant crops were invented was to offer farmers a vital tool in fighting weeds and are compatible with no-till methods, which help preserve topsoil.]]> 2022-08-23 05:08:40 UTC https://padlet.com/mferrer15/1pu9l6re7toiibzl/wish/2268345469 crader11 https://padlet.com/mferrer15/1pu9l6re7toiibzl/wish/2269173307 FDA approves Herceptin, a breast cancer drug targeted to a particular cancer genotype, the first form of personalized medicine. 73.7% of the women who received chemotherapy plus Herceptin were alive without the cancer growing. 62.2% of the women who received chemotherapy alone were alive without the cancer growing.]]> 2022-08-23 19:05:10 UTC https://padlet.com/mferrer15/1pu9l6re7toiibzl/wish/2269173307 crader11 https://padlet.com/mferrer15/1pu9l6re7toiibzl/wish/2269177594 GloFish, the first transgenic fish expressing green fluorescent protein, are launched as pets in the U.S. The fluorescent fish were originally bred by scientists to help detect environmental pollutants in water but, nowadays they are mainly in pet stores and sold to light up peoples aquariams.

]]> 2022-08-23 19:08:47 UTC https://padlet.com/mferrer15/1pu9l6re7toiibzl/wish/2269177594 mferrer15 https://padlet.com/mferrer15/1pu9l6re7toiibzl/wish/2269177992 CHY-MAX, an enzyme used for making cheese, is the first product of recombinant DNA technology to be used in the U.S. food industry. CHY-MAX is more efficient as a coagulant, allowing for both a lower dosage (less International Milk Clotting Units, IMCU per ton of cheeseO and a higher cheese yield. It was then sold to cheese companies in 2007. ]]> 2022-08-23 19:09:11 UTC https://padlet.com/mferrer15/1pu9l6re7toiibzl/wish/2269177992 crader11 https://padlet.com/mferrer15/1pu9l6re7toiibzl/wish/2269181135 Kary Mullis invents the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The polymerase chain reaction is a technique used to make numerous copies of a specific segment of DNA quickly and accurately. PCR is a common tool used in medical and biological research labs.]]> 2022-08-23 19:12:31 UTC https://padlet.com/mferrer15/1pu9l6re7toiibzl/wish/2269181135 mferrer15 https://padlet.com/mferrer15/1pu9l6re7toiibzl/wish/2269181726 The Human Genome Project is launched. The HGP refers to the international 13-year effort, formally begun on October 1990 and completed in 2003, to discover all estimated 20,000-25,000 human genes and make them accessible for further biological study. They aimed to decipher the chemical makeup of the entire human genetic code. The primary work of the project is to develop three research tools that will allow scientists to identify genes involved in both rare and common diseases. ]]> 2022-08-23 19:13:09 UTC https://padlet.com/mferrer15/1pu9l6re7toiibzl/wish/2269181726 crader11 https://padlet.com/mferrer15/1pu9l6re7toiibzl/wish/2269185214 Robert Koch publishes his postulates to determine causal relationships between microbes and disease. Nowadays, Koch's postulates are taught in high school and college classrooms as a demonstration of the rigor and legitimacy of clinical microbiology.]]> 2022-08-23 19:16:38 UTC https://padlet.com/mferrer15/1pu9l6re7toiibzl/wish/2269185214 mferrer15 https://padlet.com/mferrer15/1pu9l6re7toiibzl/wish/2269188459 FDA approves first CAR-T therapies for leukemia and lymphoma. In this approach scientists genetically engineer a patient's own immune cells to make a new protein that can latch onto cancer. This approval also marks the continuing progress in bringing the promise of CAR-T-immunotherapy to more patients with a range of blood cancer types. There are now six CAR T-therapies approved in the US that treat B-cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, multiple myeloma and ALL. ]]> 2022-08-23 19:19:31 UTC https://padlet.com/mferrer15/1pu9l6re7toiibzl/wish/2269188459 crader11 https://padlet.com/mferrer15/1pu9l6re7toiibzl/wish/2269190444 Egyptians use yeast to ferment beer and leaven bread.   Archaeologists excavating in Egyptian ruins found grinding stones and baking chambers as well as drawings of 4,000 year old bakeries and breweries.  Egyptians perhaps may have discovered raised bread accidentally and a theory stated that  yeast spores drifted onto dough that was set aside for a while before baking, which somehow made it into raised bread.]]> 2022-08-23 19:21:36 UTC https://padlet.com/mferrer15/1pu9l6re7toiibzl/wish/2269190444 mferrer15 https://padlet.com/mferrer15/1pu9l6re7toiibzl/wish/2269196307 Bio-Rad develops a test for developing bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE, or mad cow disease. This was the first test to be approved by the US Department of Agriculture for Chronic Wasting Disease, or CWD. This disease for deer and elk is analogous to BSE in cattle. ]]> 2022-08-23 19:26:43 UTC https://padlet.com/mferrer15/1pu9l6re7toiibzl/wish/2269196307 mferrer15 https://padlet.com/mferrer15/1pu9l6re7toiibzl/wish/2269201937 The term “biotechnology” is used for the first time in print by Hungarian Karl Erek, in his book Biotechnologie (abbr.). He defined if as simply the process of using technology to convert raw, biological material into a useful product. ]]> 2022-08-23 19:32:30 UTC https://padlet.com/mferrer15/1pu9l6re7toiibzl/wish/2269201937 crader11 https://padlet.com/mferrer15/1pu9l6re7toiibzl/wish/2269208542 FDA approves recombinant bovine somatotropin (rBST), branded as Posilac, to increase milk production in dairy cows. Bovine Somatotropin is used in most dairy products such as ice cream, butter, cheese and yogurt. In 1999, Health Canada banned Bovine Somatotropin's use and sale in Canada due to concerns over animal health and welfare.]]> 2022-08-23 19:39:55 UTC https://padlet.com/mferrer15/1pu9l6re7toiibzl/wish/2269208542 mferrer15 https://padlet.com/mferrer15/1pu9l6re7toiibzl/wish/2269208751 Human adult skin cells are reprogrammed to have the same properties as embryonic stem cells, for the first time opening the door for personalized stem. Reprogramming adult stem cells into embryonic stem cells could generate a potentially limitless source of immune-compatible cells for tissue engineering and transplantation medicine. Those embryonic stem cells could then be prodded into becoming various cell types like cells to treat diabetes, hematopoetic cells to create a new blood supply for leukemia patient, or motor neuron cells to treat Parkinson's disease. ]]> 2022-08-23 19:40:07 UTC https://padlet.com/mferrer15/1pu9l6re7toiibzl/wish/2269208751 mferrer15 https://padlet.com/mferrer15/1pu9l6re7toiibzl/wish/2269214162 Commercial production of Bacillus thuringiensis as a biopesticide begins in France for control of corn borers. The bacteria was first used to fend off European corn borer, which historically has been a common and very damaging corn pest. This initiated the development of the first commercial Bt based biopesticide, Sporine, which was introduced in 1938. ]]> 2022-08-23 19:45:46 UTC https://padlet.com/mferrer15/1pu9l6re7toiibzl/wish/2269214162 mferrer15 https://padlet.com/mferrer15/1pu9l6re7toiibzl/wish/2269218752 The first genetically modified staple crops are grown by farmers for commercial use. They were first introduced with the Flavr Savr tomato which had been genetically modified to slow its ripening process delaying softening and rotting. The farming has massively increased since the mid 1990s and in 1996 just 1.7 million hectares were planted with GM crops globally but in 2015, 179.7 million hentares of GM crops were grown. ]]> 2022-08-23 19:50:14 UTC https://padlet.com/mferrer15/1pu9l6re7toiibzl/wish/2269218752