Higher revision 1 by https://padlet.com/sophiegreen2098/1pfpmc189qwajpc6 en-us 2025-10-06 12:57:54 UTC 2025-10-06 13:41:56 UTC hello@padlet.com Stem Cells https://padlet.com/sophiegreen2098/1pfpmc189qwajpc6/wish/3619995722 Stem cells are unspecialised cells which have the capacity to differentiate or self renew

]]> 2025-10-06 13:37:02 UTC https://padlet.com/sophiegreen2098/1pfpmc189qwajpc6/wish/3619995722 Two types of stem cell https://padlet.com/sophiegreen2098/1pfpmc189qwajpc6/wish/3619996530 Embryonic and tissue

]]> 2025-10-06 13:37:30 UTC https://padlet.com/sophiegreen2098/1pfpmc189qwajpc6/wish/3619996530 https://padlet.com/sophiegreen2098/1pfpmc189qwajpc6/wish/3619996872 A promoter region of DNA initiates transcription.

]]> 2025-10-06 13:37:41 UTC https://padlet.com/sophiegreen2098/1pfpmc189qwajpc6/wish/3619996872 DNA https://padlet.com/sophiegreen2098/1pfpmc189qwajpc6/wish/3619997990 DNA has a double helix, antiparallel structure because one side goes from the 3’ to 5’ end, and the other goes from the 5’ end to the 3’ end

]]> 2025-10-06 13:38:18 UTC https://padlet.com/sophiegreen2098/1pfpmc189qwajpc6/wish/3619997990 RNA Splicing https://padlet.com/sophiegreen2098/1pfpmc189qwajpc6/wish/3619998119 The process that removes introns from a primary transcript of mRNA

]]> 2025-10-06 13:38:22 UTC https://padlet.com/sophiegreen2098/1pfpmc189qwajpc6/wish/3619998119 https://padlet.com/sophiegreen2098/1pfpmc189qwajpc6/wish/3619998143 RNA polymerase moves along DNA unwinding the double stranded helix and breaking the hydrogen bonds between bases

]]> 2025-10-06 13:38:23 UTC https://padlet.com/sophiegreen2098/1pfpmc189qwajpc6/wish/3619998143 Framshift mutations https://padlet.com/sophiegreen2098/1pfpmc189qwajpc6/wish/3619998317 Insertion and deletions are examples of frameshift gene mutations

]]> 2025-10-06 13:38:29 UTC https://padlet.com/sophiegreen2098/1pfpmc189qwajpc6/wish/3619998317 Differentiation https://padlet.com/sophiegreen2098/1pfpmc189qwajpc6/wish/3619998354 Process where cells express certain genes to produce proteins characteristic of that cell type.

]]> 2025-10-06 13:38:30 UTC https://padlet.com/sophiegreen2098/1pfpmc189qwajpc6/wish/3619998354 https://padlet.com/sophiegreen2098/1pfpmc189qwajpc6/wish/3619998728 Insertion n deletion are frameshift mutations

]]> 2025-10-06 13:38:44 UTC https://padlet.com/sophiegreen2098/1pfpmc189qwajpc6/wish/3619998728 https://padlet.com/sophiegreen2098/1pfpmc189qwajpc6/wish/3620000196 RNA nucleotides pair with the appropriate exposed bases of the DNA template, the base on each RNA nucleotide pairs with its complimentary DNA base.

]]> 2025-10-06 13:39:27 UTC https://padlet.com/sophiegreen2098/1pfpmc189qwajpc6/wish/3620000196 https://padlet.com/sophiegreen2098/1pfpmc189qwajpc6/wish/3620000564 PCR:

-mix template DNA,primers, nucleotides and taq polymerase

-heat to 92-98°c to separate strands

-bind primers at 50-65°c

-heat to 70-80°c to complete complementary strand


]]> 2025-10-06 13:39:39 UTC https://padlet.com/sophiegreen2098/1pfpmc189qwajpc6/wish/3620000564 Germline cells https://padlet.com/sophiegreen2098/1pfpmc189qwajpc6/wish/3620001210 They are gametes and the stem cells that divide to produce gametes.

]]> 2025-10-06 13:39:56 UTC https://padlet.com/sophiegreen2098/1pfpmc189qwajpc6/wish/3620001210 Types of Substitution https://padlet.com/sophiegreen2098/1pfpmc189qwajpc6/wish/3620001726 Missense, nonsense, splice site mutations

]]> 2025-10-06 13:40:12 UTC https://padlet.com/sophiegreen2098/1pfpmc189qwajpc6/wish/3620001726 https://padlet.com/sophiegreen2098/1pfpmc189qwajpc6/wish/3620001854 RNA polymerase joins the nucleotides together with a string chemical bond to form a new sugar-phosphate backbone

]]> 2025-10-06 13:40:16 UTC https://padlet.com/sophiegreen2098/1pfpmc189qwajpc6/wish/3620001854 https://padlet.com/sophiegreen2098/1pfpmc189qwajpc6/wish/3620001956 Diploid cells have 23 homologous chromosomes

]]> 2025-10-06 13:40:20 UTC https://padlet.com/sophiegreen2098/1pfpmc189qwajpc6/wish/3620001956 Gene expression influences https://padlet.com/sophiegreen2098/1pfpmc189qwajpc6/wish/3620001972 Gene expression can be influenced by intra cellular, factor from within the cell, and extra cellular factors which are factors from outside the cell

]]> 2025-10-06 13:40:21 UTC https://padlet.com/sophiegreen2098/1pfpmc189qwajpc6/wish/3620001972 https://padlet.com/sophiegreen2098/1pfpmc189qwajpc6/wish/3620002495 Mutations is a change structure of the genes in an organism

Mutations can occur naturally in a population but there’s an increased change of mutations due to an exposure to mutagenic agents examples are uv radiation x rays and carcinogenic agents

Main groups of mutations are single gene and chromosomal mutations

]]> 2025-10-06 13:40:40 UTC https://padlet.com/sophiegreen2098/1pfpmc189qwajpc6/wish/3620002495 Somatic cell https://padlet.com/sophiegreen2098/1pfpmc189qwajpc6/wish/3620002609 They divide by mitosis to make more somatic cell

]]> 2025-10-06 13:40:44 UTC https://padlet.com/sophiegreen2098/1pfpmc189qwajpc6/wish/3620002609 https://padlet.com/sophiegreen2098/1pfpmc189qwajpc6/wish/3620003850 Sugar at the 3' end

Phosphate at the 5' end

]]> 2025-10-06 13:41:25 UTC https://padlet.com/sophiegreen2098/1pfpmc189qwajpc6/wish/3620003850 Single gene mutations https://padlet.com/sophiegreen2098/1pfpmc189qwajpc6/wish/3620004842 Single gene mutations change the sequence of nucleotides of the dna

]]> 2025-10-06 13:41:55 UTC https://padlet.com/sophiegreen2098/1pfpmc189qwajpc6/wish/3620004842 Nucleotides https://padlet.com/sophiegreen2098/1pfpmc189qwajpc6/wish/3620004891 Nucleotides are made of a deoxyribose sugar (3’), a phosphate (5’) and a A,T,G,C base (dna)

]]> 2025-10-06 13:41:56 UTC https://padlet.com/sophiegreen2098/1pfpmc189qwajpc6/wish/3620004891 Base pairing https://padlet.com/sophiegreen2098/1pfpmc189qwajpc6/wish/3620004931 Adenine - thymine

Guanine - cytosine

]]> 2025-10-06 13:41:57 UTC https://padlet.com/sophiegreen2098/1pfpmc189qwajpc6/wish/3620004931 Replication of DNA https://padlet.com/sophiegreen2098/1pfpmc189qwajpc6/wish/3620005815 First dna uncoils and unwinds

Hydrogen bonds break

DNA strand separates

Primers allows dna polymerase to start attaching free nucleotides

Etc…

]]> 2025-10-06 13:42:28 UTC https://padlet.com/sophiegreen2098/1pfpmc189qwajpc6/wish/3620005815