Types of stratifications:

1. Caste : based on ascribed status. People who fall under this class are usually born into this class. They inherent from pass family members. A good example of this Prince William.

2. Class : based on achieved status. People who fall under this class have to work hard. Oprah Winfrey is an example.

   
   

   I think it is possible for one to move their family from a poor background to the upper class. However this requires consistent hard work and sacrifices. This will take many years however if everyone in the family has the same ambitions and motivation. I have seen the movement in my family where my grandmother had studied from primary to school but was not able to finish her high school studies. She got married and had 7 kids, a farm and was a housewife. My mother was able to complete her high school studies and did not complete her college studies. She has a house, car, 3 kids and some investments. I have completed more than one courses and currently working on other qualification. I have worked for companies and currently working on getting my own house and car.

   Our social backgrounds do have an impact on the our success and the classes that we find ourselves in. We all had to work really hard to get we are right now and where we are at the moment is not where we want to be. Maybe 3 to 4 generations to come they will fall under the ascribed status.

   
   

   
   

• Poverty ensures that the "dirty work" will be done. Most of the time people in the upper class have less time to do things such as housekeeping. The poor people can do this in exchange of wages.

• Poor people contribute to large taxes which is good for the country because the country needs those taxes to for example build roads and schools.

• Poverty creates jobs.

• Upper class people are able to "recycle" goods by handing them to poor people preventing wastage.

• We need the poor to reserve our culture.

• In order for the rich is have power they need people below them .

• Poor are able to adapt to change and it makes it easier to move them around.

I must say, all the reasons that he mentioned make sense. I have always associated poverty with negative functions. However I firmly believe that no one should be living in poverty. He tried his best to kind of pursue the reader to see poverty in a positive way however it is will be difficult to do so especially to people who have or are currently living in poverty. I assume that the writer might have not lived in poverty and does not understand poverty. It seems like the writer is just motivating the upper class to "use" the poor class to generate their wealth and the lower has to be the one that has to understand and "clean" up. What makes it worse is that society has categorized certain jobs as for the poor. No has to clean up anyones mess . Each person to their own mess.

Because of my skin color and family back ground. I fall under the black race. Both sides of my family there is never been a trace of other races. My great grandmothers lived long enough to share their backgrounds and inform me about my ancestors. From what I have heard and seen, there is no race of other races in my family. However I think we did some scientific research we will find some traces of other races. I usually use surnames to determine a persons race. Most South African Black surnames are associated with nature for example, my fathers surname is Ngwenya which means crocodile therefore he must be black. Most white South Africans I know are names after places or very similar to British and German surnames.

When it comes to ethnicity this becomes very diverse because regardless of our skin colors are beliefs and values differentiate us. I associate my self with the Nguni tribe. We speak different languages and practice certain ceremonies different. 5 different cultures make me. the Zulus, Ndebeles, Swati, Xhosa and Sotho.

When it comes to classifying people with mixed races and ethnicities I think its best we as an individual as. I have friends who are from mixed races that are very light in complexion but classify themselves as blacks. I think its entirely up to a person to choose which race they fall under.

With the Genz Z generation we can see a lot of diversity. There has been an increase in interracial marriages.This how the current generation is trying to bury the racism history and build mutual respect for people of different races and ethnicities.

Sexuality is a persons's capacity to experience sexual feelings and attractions.

Sexual orientation is the physical, emotional, mental and sexual attractions to a particular sex. In the time we live in it we find it very challenging to identity ones sexuality. Ones sexuality can change anytime and their sexuality is not based on their past sexual encounters. The acceptable sexual orientation that most countries believe is normal is heterosexual. However there has been an increase in other types of sexual orientations that the society has started to accept. The has been an increase in gay and lesbian marriages in churches and other movements that emphasis the importance of accepting and respecting other peoples sexual orientations.

Heterosexism : a system of beliefs, attitudes and institutional structures that discriminates against people who are not heterosexual.

Myths about homosexuality :

1) Promiscuity:being sexual with a lot of people.Society (Heterosexuals) believes that gays and lesbians are promiscuity. This is not driven by sexual orientation. It is driven by gender.

2) Butch/ Femme: if to men or women in a relation. One moat be a man and one must be a female.

The acceptance of homosexuality has been a long and challenging one. Some people from religious background find it difficult to accept. Homosexuality was referred to as divine Behavior. When things were not socially accepted they were associated with witchcraft. As time went by the it was associated as a mental disease. Now we have accepted it as normal way of living .

Family: a group of people related by blood, marriage or adoption who usually live together. It is socially constructed.

Three types of families:

1. Family orientation: family that adopted , raise or born into

2. Family of procreation : choosing to have kids or adopt kids.

3. Family of affinity : group of people who live together either related or not that live together.

illegitimate children: children born out of marriage.

Trip-Partite instistute: 3 parts, mother, father and children.

Marriage is mostly knows as social institute.

Marriage is a religious

Marriage is a legal institution.

Structial functions : Functions of a family

1) Agent of socialization- Primary

2) Social placement/ Stratification

3) Regulation of Sexual Activity

• Incest Tabo : being sexual with a family member.

Reasons they exist:

• They exist because they decrease family jealousy.

• increase exogamy( marrying outside) creating a web of connections in society.

• The family perpetuates inequality.

Homogamy : Perpetuates and class inequality

Types of marriages

Arranges marriages: choosing patterns done by elder because marriage was very important to them and they would not allow feelings and other issues to interfere.

This is mostly done by royal families and very strict cultural societies. They benefited both families and created strong bonds. According to studies people in arranged are as content as people in chosen relationships. It is not time consuming to find the perfect match and saves you from heart breaks.

Chosen partners: Get many options. It's based on an individuals feeling and what they portray as "the one". The individual does not have to consult anyone but might seek some approval from family members.

Monogamy : one marriage. One marriage pattern at a time. Only get married once in your life time.

Polygamy: Marrying more than one person

Types of polygamy:

1) Polygyny: one husband with multiple wives

2) Polyandry: One wife with multiple husbands

Us/Europe/Japan - 2 kids per family

US in 1800/Stc America/Asia - 4 kids per family

Africa- 5 kids per family

• Social :

  increases independency

  Easier to get

  much more acceptable

  Romantic love

  More likely to marry

  less social support for marriage

• Personal risk factor:

  Addiction

  Young

  Poor

  unplanned pregnancy

  Divorced before

  
  

Deviance- violations of social norms.

Socially constructed

Examples of deviant behaviors, drinking snd driving , public drinking

Stractural function

- functions of deviance( usually associated with negative behavior

advantages:

• It strengthens cultural norms and values.

• deviance clarifies more boundaries.

• Promotes social unity bring the non deviants together.

• encourages social change.

S.F Merton- Structural Strain Theory. He looks at an individuals whole life.

cultural goals

Accepted cultural means.

If you accept the cultural goals and accept cultural means = conforming/ No- deviant

If you accept the cultural goals and reject cultural means = Innovation

If you reject cultural goals and accept the cultural means = Ritualism

If you reject the cultural goals and reject cultural means = retreatism

There are some people who suggest other cultural goals and suggest other cultural means = Rebellion.

1. "I'm Mexican "

2. " I know because of my parents, where they were born."

3. " I learned from my parents."

4. " ask about their parents grandparents and where they were born."

5. " Ask where their parents were born."

Participant 2

1. "Black"

2. " I identify with the black culture, traditions and values. I was born and bred in a black community and society therefore I have experienced life as a black person."

3. " I learnt through the Apartheid era which was a period of institutionalized racial segregation and discrimination in South Africa. I was told that "white" people are superior and even post apartheid."

4. " Physical characteristics such as skin color, hair texture or facial features can be indicative of their race."

5. " Through behavioral characteristics such as accent, dialect, language . Or even music , clothing, food and spiritual practices

Participant 3

1. "African American/Black"

2. "Its a social construct that was assigned."

3. "I learned early on about black :white"

4. "As a physician, it is rarely pertinent for me to know what race a person is as it is not a biologically meaningful catergory;"

5. "By my skin color."

Part"icipant 4

1. African American"

2. " From observing my parents grandparents."

3. " Growing up in the midwest, we were classified as black. The message from school was that black was inferior to white."

4. "Physical observations, skin colour, hair texture and facial features."

5. " Primarily by observing skin color"

Participant 5

1. "Black"

2. " I used to identify as an African American but in this country that technically is reserved for someone born in Africa who muse to the Unites States and becomes a citizen.

3. " Most of my early experiences learning about race came from my parents. That allowed me to better navigate my experiences with race outside of my family. The first time I realized I was different from my white friends was in 3rd grade. I remember seeing my brown hand next to their white hands, while sitting together at a table."

4. " I try to think about others with regard to their ethnicity , rather than their race. Race is often decided by visual cues but two people can look similar but come from very different cultures, speak different languages and old very different beliefs.

5. " I'm sure it's different for everyone but probably by how I look, speak, act and dress.

From the responses above, I can say that race means the group that one belongs according to the society. When we say that race is socially constructed we mean that society has create and divided people according to groups that it feels it feels like they belong to. Society has used skin color, cultures, facial features etc to group people and classify as in belong to a particular group. For example , my skin colour is brown, my eyes are brown, my hair texture is 4C so according to society I am black / African American to others.

• Primary deviance leads to labeling which also leads to secondary deviance.

• Retrospective labeling

• Self-Fulfilling prophecy studies show that if you start believing something about yourself it tends to come true

• Other -fulfilling prophecy - other peoples beliefs about us will change our behavior.

Szasz - The myth of Mental Illness

he says that mental illness does not exit. It is say society labels people mentally ill to strengthen their own boundaries.

Social construction of deviance

• Deviance changes due to different cultures times etc.

1) The norms, laws reflect the interest of the elite.

2) The site can always resist the deviant labels.

3) Links between capitalism and deviance.

Resocialization :

• Total institution: Goffman

  sending a person to a place that will change them into a totally different person. example is prison, Asylums, Military. Also residential Rehab, Monasteries, convents.

  - In total institutions there are daily routines.

  - standardized clothing and living course.

  - daily life is supervised.

  - Formal rules guide your behavior.

Steps to change you :

1. Erode your current identity.

   • name

     
     

2. Build a new identity using rewarded punishment.

   • time out

   • extra chores

   • get better sentence due to good behavior.

   
   

Eder goes on to write about what boys find as attractive in girls. Most of which are what boys see on girls that make them sexually appealing. Gossip is another way girls express their insecurities with bodies. The conversations that some girls have about their bodies is to justify their feelings about their insecurities. I relate to this because I went to an all girls primary and high school. Friendships were about what people have in common in terms of appearance and status. Through gossip I would find out how people viewed my body and sometimes felt comfortable around a certain group. As a female I think society especially media has influenced females appearances tremendously. It is easy for one to trend because they were wearing a wig incorrectly.I think things are slowly changing. We are slowly becoming content that werewolf never have the perfect appearance and due to different social backgrounds, appearances and attractiveness will be viewed differently.

In verbal fights men always want to make sure that they win the argument because it may portray them as weak if they do not defend themselves. On the other hand women tend see it as a personal attack and being to question and criticizing their ideas. When receiving praises women want positive comment and reassurance. Women and menses elf humor differs. Men's tense of humor tends to be teasing and mocking while women sense of humor tends to be self-mocking. it common fro women and men to misunderstand each other's joke. Tanner closes off the article by stating that there is no "right" way to communicate. It requires parties to understand each others differences and find a common ground to communicate.

Power Elite

• small group of people that controls.

Pledge - an oath taken

Allegiance - loyalty

Republic - supreme power/government

Indivisible - unity or undivided

Liberty - state of being free with society

A family orientation refers to a family a person is born in and family procreation refers to family formed through marriage.

The generally accepted family structure in most counter world wide contains a mother, father and kids.This is known as the nuclear family. Due to the changes on society and other reasons this has changed. There has been an increase of single parents, foster parents and blended families. Although this not seem normal to other people this is becoming the new normal. I had a school mate that was a foster child. Her parents were lesbians. At that time it was difficult for me to understand because I come from a family that consists of parents that are in a heterosexual relationship. She was sometime treated differently because of her family structure. As time went by same sex marriages started to be recognized. Today I fully understand how one can come from a different family structure but be "normal".

Marriage is a very important thing in my family. At some point in my life I am expected to get married. With the high divorce rates in the era we live in I sometimes get demotivated. However, coming from a family with a lot of members that are married I see the significance it carries and its value. One of my uncles is in a same sex marriage. This was very difficult for my family members to digest but for me it was easy. We are expected to be in opposite sex marriages. He was able to stand the criticism and rejection from some of our family. What I learnt is that at times you need to go against what the society has labeled the "normal way" if it costs your happiness. It does not make sense to be in a heterosexual marriage to meet the social standard while you are truly content and happy in a homosexual marriage.

I think if we could break the social norms about different genders it will be easy for society to accept women in male dominant industries. Yes, some women will not be able to fully complete tasks like men however they provide skills that are needed. We need to understand that due to nature, not the social norms, women and men will different. Hence we still have more leave days and could be less productive on some days. I think acceptance is one of the challenges that men in military face. The fact that women can accomplish the same tasks as them intimidates it them instead of motivating them. After reading this article I am very proud of all the women in the military, the challenges and social criticism they face/faced is a lot. As a society we need to start developing norms that will accommodate all genders and provide equal privileges. We as women should also come to accept that some tasks may be challenging for us because of nature. Some men do not mean to be gender bias it is just how nature is. The only thing that is limiting women is nature not the social constructed norms and beliefs.

Behavior can be labeled deviant depending on the location, audience and other factors.

To limit negative deviant behavior society has developed social control. These controls. Sanctions are means of enforcing rules.

Different type of Sanctions:

• Positive sanctions- rewards given for conforming to norms.

• Negative norms - violating norms.

Sanctions can also be classified by sociologist as formal and informal.

• informal sanction: merge to face-to-face interactions

• formal sanctions : ways to officially recognize and enforce norm violation.

  
  

Theoretical perspective on deviance and crime

• According to the social disorganization theory, crime is likely to occur in communities that do not have social control.

• According to Emile Durheim, deviance is needed in order for a society to become successful.

• According to Robert Merton, accepted social goals define whether a person conforms or deviates.

Conflict theory

• Factors that contribute to crime and deviances. One of the main factors that are different economic classes.

It is believe that people in the lower class are the ones who commit the most crime. This could be due to unemployment and no access to some resources.

Crime : negative deviance that and violation of established norm.

Types of Crime:

• Violent crimes: based on the use of force or threat of force e.g murder. rape.

• Non-violent crimes: destruction or theft of property but do not use threat or violence. e.g property crimes.

• Street crime : crimes organized committed by ordinary people against other people or organizations.

• corporate crime: committed by white collar workers in a business environment.

• victimless crimes: crime committed where no one is harmed.

Types of Education:

• Informal : learning about norms, cultural values, expected behavior by participating in a society.

• Formal : learning the academic facts and concepts through a formal curriculum.

Theoretical Perspective on education

• Functionalism

- education is important according to society.

• manifest function : intended functions of social processes and polices that are designed to be beneficial.

• Latent function : functions that are not intended but are still beneficial to society.

Issues in Education

• Equality

• accommodation of students with disabilities

• Transportation of students to schools

• Different views on standardized testings

• Being able to attend a school of your choice.

S.F Functions of Education

1) Social Stratification

2) Social Mobility

3) Social integration- bringing different people together.

4) Transmission of Knowledge.

5) Research and development

6) Keep unemployment low, childcare, find a mate

S.C

1) Education benefits capitalism

2) Hidden Curriculum

3) Tracking - grouping student based other ability

4) Inequality between schools.

Education in particular colleges turns social privilege into personal merit.

Society has constructed human body as something that has to be respected nd made it taboo to eat. We have given the human body meaning. The survivors were able to eat the human bodies first changing the meaning and symbolic meaning of the bodies.Different situation make us change the meaning of something. For the survivors they had to change their perspective of the human body from a friend to edible meat. They were able to do so because they did as group and the new definition was suitable in the situation they were in.

When we start giving a new meaning to things or viewing things different we slowly become accustomed to it. It usually take time but eventually and due to the need we get used to it. That's why the survivors were able to eat larger parts and different parts of the bodies. They start out by eating smaller pieces , some were rejecting the offer. As time went by they became accustomed to their new way of surviving and some even offered their own bodies. Henslin article shows us how we can change a norm or belief due to circumstance. The transition is challenging however it is doable.

This norm has been there for quite a long time. Most Southern African countries I have visited relate to this norm. It was a norm established by our ancestors creating a more appropriate and way to address people who are older than you.

Depending on the environment and situation that moment I may say his name when I'm introducing him to people or work place because not everyone will know who my dad is they would need his name.

Calling my dad with his first name seems a bit disrespectful to me. Some people may do it but not me. When I call him dad or when other people refer to him as Babaka Trish ( which means Trish's father) I feel like they are giving him respect.