Bionics involves development of devices that help in effective integration of biology with electronics so as to achieve a targeted functional outcome.Bionic medical devices make occurrences once considered miracles happen every day.This book mainly describes about the applications of bionics in various fields of research such as organic conducting polymers,bionic hearing,bionic vision,cardiovascular applications,neural prosthetic applications,etc.Bionics plays a major role in organic conducting polymers by using chemicals such as polypyrrole,polyaniline,etc. A bionic ear (or cochlear implant) is an artificial hearing device, designed to produce hearing sensations by electrically stimulating nerves inside the inner ear.The bionic vision system consists of a camera, attached to a pair of glasses, which transmits high-frequency radio signals to a microchip implanted in the eye.

Cybernetics is a transdisciplinary approach for exploring regulatory systems, their structures, constraints, and possibilities. In the 21st century, the term is often used in a rather loose way to imply "control of any system using technology;" this has blunted its meaning to such an extent that many writers avoid using it.

Cybernetics is relevant to the study of systems, such as mechanical, physical, biological, cognitive, and social systems. Cybernetics is applicable when a system being analyzed incorporates a closed signaling loop; that is, where action by the system generates some change in its environment and that change is reflected in that system in some manner (feedback) that triggers a system change, originally referred to as a "circular causal" relationship.

System dynamics, a related field, originated with applications of electrical engineering control theory to other kinds of simulation models (especially business systems) by Jay Forrester at MIT in the 1950s.

https://books.google.co.in/books?id=ZamgBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA312&dq=bionics&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CEkQ6AEwCWoVChMI_Kb08cqIyAIVAhmUCh2AIAEy

Based on the classification of bionics as well as application goals, the present paper attempts to address existing problems in bio fuels through incorporating bionic or biomimetics thinking. Meanwhile, it provides some new ideas into innovative design and future environmental-friendly projects. From macroscopic aspect, the appearance and structure in biosystem can be utilized in type-selection or innovative environmentally friendly design. From microscopic aspect, the mechanism and behavior in biosystem can also be applied in design optimization or improvement. From unconscious to conscious, the application of bionics idea may push the fuels back to the future. This philosophy would help us to build more sustainable, energy-efficient, environmental friendly substances, if we learned from Nature endlessly.

THE RIS OF BIONICS

http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/4606476.pdf?acceptTC=true

For thousands of years, man has been fascinated by intricate and complex patterns of environmental adaptation that he has observed among the living creatures of the earth.

 For example bat can use its great hearing acumen to fly safely during night. Similarly, ant can lift weight a thousand times of its own weight. 

The science of using imagination and skills in attempts to adapt material in its environment to which can be used for development of mankind is called 'bionics'.

Since ages, man has tried to imitate nature. Before  the actual flight taken by Wright Brothers, man tried to  duplicate the flight of birds using real or artificial feath- ers or bat-like fabric attached to a wing-like support.

Bionics is a discipline which deals with both biology and engineering domains.

Certain devices which duplicate or at least apply underlying prin- ciples originally observed as natural functions of animals already serve man to great advantage

Examples include RADAR and other obstacle detection techniques.

Bionics find great scope in medicine, robotics and cybernetics.

Bionics has really taken the mankind many strides ahead

Complexity science attempts to understand the nature of complex systems such as complex adaptive system,complex system,complexity theory

https://www.google.co.in/search?biw=1525&bih=641&noj=1&tbm=isch&q=bionic+eye&revid=2078388737&sa=X&ved=0CCoQ1QJqFQoTCNSPsN-NkMgCFdMEjgodmWsBfA&dpr=0.9

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:James_Watt.jpg

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Honda_ASIMO_Walking_Stairs.JPG

After getting a basic idea about bionics, I started more extensive research on internet. I watched YouTube videos, scrolled through many sites, visited library, till I had obtained sufficient information about my topic

C Karthikeyan, R Krishnan, SA Princy - Journal of Bionic Engineering, 2008 - Elsevier

ABSTRACT

Cellular metabolism is a very complex process. The biochemical pathways are fundamental structures of biology. These pathways possess a number of regeneration steps which facilitate energy shuttling on a massive scale. This facilitates the biochemical pathways to sustain the energy currency of the cells. This concept has been mimicked using electronic circuit components and it has been used to increase the efficiency of bio-energy generation. Six of the carbohydrate biochemical pathways have been chosen in which glycolysis is the principle pathway. All the six pathways are interrelated and coordinated in a complex manner. Mimic circuits have been designed for all the six biochemical pathways. The components of the metabolic pathways such as enzymes, cofactors etc., are substituted by appropriate electronic circuit components. Enzymes are related to the gain of transistors by the bond dissociation energies of enzyme-substrate molecules under consideration. Cofactors and coenzymes are represented by switches and capacitors respectively. Resistors are used for proper orientation of the circuits. The energy obtained from the current methods employed for the decomposition of organic matter is used to trigger the mimic circuits. A similar energy shuttle is observed in the mimic circuits and the percentage rise for each cycle of circuit functioning is found to be 78.90. The theoretical calculations have been made using a sample of domestic waste weighing 1.182 kg. The calculations arrived at finally speak of the efficiency of the novel methodology employed.

SURVEY

A – fossil diesel clients

B – Biodiesel clients

Conclusions This survey gives an insight in the purchasing behaviour of biodiesel consumers and helps to assess the potential of the Carbon Labelling Project. The most dominant result is the high importance of price for fuels. Diesel and biodiesel prices are of highest relevance for any client. Surprisingly the biodiesel clients are even more price sensitive than the fossil diesel clients. Being confronted with a pro climate statement the majority of persons underline their willingness to contribute to climate protection. However, this contribution is strictly limited if it affects their own purse. Only a minority would pay a surcharge for climate friendly fuels. The knowledge about carbon reduction potential of biodiesel is very low, even among biodiesel consumers. This underlines the necessity to extend the educational advertisement of biofuels. Activities like the Carbon Labelling Project are accepted but it takes a long way to get the knowledge to the consumer. On the other hand this study underlines the importance of monetary benefits for biofuels. The consumer is not willing to pay a higher price for biofuels. Currently, only tax exemptions will boost biofuel sales.

For Example; In Germany, taxation of biodiesel which was introduced in August 2006 (after full tax exemption until 2006) has led to a decline in biodiesel sales. This questionable decision contradicts the propagation of B100 as a carbon friendly fuel in Germany.

i) SURVEY A

This was among the people (mainly engineering students of our college) who were quite proficient in bionics or in topics related to bionics.The main objective of this survey was to know how informed the people were about applications of bionics.

Some of the sample respondents had eye related problems and were regularly consulting Optometrist. So I briefed them about the bionic eye as well and asked them to be part of the survey SURVEY A

ii) SURVEY B

SURVEY QUESTIONS

It was a TWO PART page questionnaire with 25 questions in each part. Some of the interesting questions are listed here:

SURVEY A

1) Are you aware of the term BIONICS before this survey ?

a) Yes b) No c) To some extent

2) How much interested are you in topics related to bionics ?

a) Eager to know more b) Not sure c) Not interested

3) Have you come across any applications of bionics like bionic eye,bionic ear,etc til date

a) Yes b) No c) To some extent

a) Very useful b) Useful c) Okay d) Not useful

5) Do u think it will be able to cure your problem?

a) Definitely Yes b) Definitely No c) May be

6) Do you think that you can afford to buy it?

a) Yes b) No c) Not sure

7) IF NO, What parameters prevent you from buying ?

8) IF YES, What persuade you to buy it ?

9) Given an option to choose between bionic eye and a surgery in the eye,which one would you prefer ? Give reasons.

10) Given an opportunity, would you like be part of further surveys in this connection ?

a) Yes b) No c) Not sure

SURVEY B

1) What role did the price of these substances play in buying it ?

a) Very important b) Important c) Little relevance d) No relevance

2) Did the ability of these substances to conduct large amount of electricity play any role in buying the product ?

a) Substantial b) To some extent c) Not at all

3) How long have you been using these wires in your home ?

a) <1 YEAR b) 2 - 4 YEARS c) > 4 YEARS

4) How frequently do you change these wires as compared to the regular wires ?

a) Frequently b) Less Frequently c) Rarely

5) Did the usage of these substances have any effect on the monthly electricity bill ?

a) Yes b) No c) Do not Know

6) If there is a substance which is more efficient than the organic conducting polymers but much more costlier than organic conducting polymers,will you prefer it ?

a) Yes b) No c) Do not Know

Thank you so much for your time in participating in this survey..Very kind of you

CONCLUSIONS

The first survey gives us an idea about the students' reaction to bionic eye.The following questions are answered:

1) Are they aware of something called as bionic eye?

2) Are they money minded?

3) Are they open minded?

4) Are they willing to accept the advancements in technology?

The second survey gives us an idea about the family's reaction to organic conducting polymers (OCP).The following questions are answered:

1) Are the usage of OCP's helpful to the people?

2) What are the effects of using OCP's?

3) Are they ready to compensate on price for efficiency?

This survey has helped me understand the different views of the people on the application of bionics. It was a pleasure conducting this survey.

The survey's main objective was to get the details of cybernetics and its applications.

The most important questions included are:

1.What is cybernetics?How it is worth?

2.what is genetic programming?

3.Have any ideas about invariant human motion?

SURVEY(1):

In this I conducted survey on genetic programming for college students including PhD

students who are doing research in robotics.I asked the following questions:

1.What is Classification and how it is important in machine learning?

2.What is GP?

3.How is GP important to Classification? How it is applied?

4.What are its applications in bioinformatics?

a) multiple sequence alignment b)RNA structure prediction c) gene information d)all

SURVEY(2):

In this I conducted survey on advances in human motion..This provides a comprehensive survey of this significant research with the emphasis on view-invariant representation, and recognition of poses and actions. In order to help people understand the integrated process of visual analysis of human motion, I presented recent development in three major issues involved in a general human motion analysis system, namely, human detection, view-invariant pose representation and estimation, and behavior understanding.I asked questions related to this:

1. Can anybody imagine what are the characteristics of behaviour in human.

2.How motion is invariant?

3.Have you heard about Pyroelectric infrared sensors.how it is used in detecting human movement?

4.How complex is it and what are its applications?

CONCLUSION 1

I presents a survey of GP for classification. We be- gin by providing a brief analysis of the cardinal points in the two areas concerned: GP and classification. This provides us with the background context needed to understand the works reviewed, and serves as a guideline to categorize and sort rele- vant literature. A considerable number of papers have been published on the application of GP for classification. Most of these papers focus on the core step of classifier induction, a task that can be ac- complished by evolution using GP. But the great flexibility of GP allows it to be applied not only to the construction of clas- sifiers; some preprocessing and postprocessing tasks aimed at enhancing the quality of classification have also been addressed employing GP. We would like to end up by pointing out some of the research lines that could merit further attention in the future. One of the main drawbacks of GP is its high training time ,which worsens when compounded with the need for dealing with the huge amounts of data often found in classification problems. It is necessary to delve into the possibilities available to make GP training as efficient as possible, like parallel and distributed GP, for example. In classification, the quality of induced models is determined by several features. Literature has been basically focused on accuracy, while interpretability has attracted only marginal at tention. GP can be of great value at this point. Grammars, for instance, could be readily employed to shape interpretable clas-sifiers. Classification is a basic task which can serve many different purposes, like credit scoring, bankruptcy prediction, medical diagnosis, and so many more. Many of these applications have been extensively addressed in the existing literature, but new areas of application are arising, like streaming data or web min- ing, and the application of GP can be of great value in these new contexts.

CONCLUSION 2

It is evident that view-invariant human motion analysis plays a crucial role in advancing human motion analysis in substantive potential applications such as visual surveillance, content- based video retrieval, precise analysis of athletic performance, etc. This review has presented a comprehensive overview of recent developments in view-invariant human motion analysis with an emphasis on view-invariant pose representation and estimation, and view-invariant action representation and recognition. View-invariant pose representation and estimation is separated into three categories based on the use of a prior human model; view-invariant action representation and recognition is categorized into template-based approaches and state- space approaches.Although a large amount of research has been conducted in view-invariant human motion analysis, many directions still remain open and problematic. 

Behavior understanding is complex in that a same behavior might have several different meanings depending upon the scene and task context in which it is performed. At present, human behavior description is still restricted to simple and special action patterns and special scenes. Therefore, research on semantic description of human behaviors in complex unconstrained scenes still remains an open issue. Research on behavior patterns constructed by self-organizing and self-learning for unknown scenes is another future research direction.

The purpose of questionnaire is to check the level of awareness about various applications if bionics in the students, and to gain more knowledge in this field.

Link to the questionnaire: https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1-BQm15VdTdsUEGhDzFfEU5bcn7ut7U6D8WL5ZBFTv9E/viewform?usp=send_form

Macroscopic the length scale on which objects or phenomena are large enough to be visible practically with the naked eye, without magnifying devices ranging upto milky way galaxies.(10 raise to power 27 ,approx)

Microscopic the scale of objects and events smaller than those that can easily be seen by the naked eye, requiring a lens or microscope to see them clearly. For ex ,the diameter of an individual proton is 10-15 meters .

Optimization To make as perfect or effective as possible. For ex,in Computers To increase the computing speed and efficiency of a program,as by rewriting instructions.

Sustainable development (SD) is a process for meeting human development goals while maintaining the ability of natural systems to continue to provide the natural resources and ecosystem services upon which the economy and society depend.

Biomass

1. the total quantity or weight of organisms in a given area or volume.
2. organic matter used as a fuel, especially in a power station for the generation of electricity.

Algae Breeding Microalgae are selectively bred to be broken down, the oil is used for the production of biodiesel and glycerol and the biomass contains carbohydrates that can be converted to alcohol but also protein which makes algae biomass an interesting option for animal feed.

Algae Culture a form of aquaculture involving the farming of species of algae.

superficial appearing to be true or real only until examined more closely.

ATP ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE Energy currency of cell, contains 3 phosphate groups & ribose sugar in its composition

Bacteria FLAGELLUM DRIVE Bacteria propel themselves through liquid or over semisolid media using rotation of a propeller‐like organelle, the flagellum.

Bacterium-Alga Symbiosis To understand the basic meaning, try to understand the cycle given below:

PHYSIOGNOMICS is the art of determining character or personal qualities from the features or form of the body, especially the face.

EXCITABLE CELL is a cell that can generate an action potential at its membrane in response to depolarization and may transmit an impulse along the membrane.

COCHLEAR IMPLANT is an electronic medical device that replaces the function of the damaged inner ear.

TRANSCRANIAL ELECTRICAL STIMULATION is a form of neurostimulation which uses constant, low current delivered to the brain area of interest via electrodes on the scalp.

RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA is a chronic hereditary eye disease characterized by black pigmentation and gradual degeneration of the retina.

PHOSPHENES are a sensation of a ring or spot of light produced by pressure on the eyeball or direct stimulation of the visual system other than by light

PROSTHETIC is an act of denoting an artificial body part, such as a limb, a heart, or a breast implant.

SONAR: it stands for SOund Navigation And Ranging. It is a technique that uses sound propagation (usually underwater, as in submarine navigation) to navigate, communicate with or detect objects on or under the surface of the water, such as other vessels.

Aerodynamics is the way air moves around things

RADAR (RAdio Detection And Ranging)is an object-detection system that uses radio waves to determine the range, angle, or velocity of objects.

Biophysics  is an interdisciplinary science using methods of, and theories from, physics to study biological systems.

Biochemistry is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms.

 Prosthetic  is an artificial device that replaces a missing body part, which may be lost through trauma, disease, or congenital conditions.

Neuron Bionics: The branch of bionics which deals with functional nature of the neuron impulse and the method by which transmission of the impulse proceeds

and many more........

1.BIOCHEMISTRY

2.IN NAVY as fuel procurement in combination with jet fuels

3. IT

4.NANOTECHNOLOGY

5.to generate electricity

6. SPARK IGNITION ENGINE

7.Biofuel co-products as livestock feed DURING OR AFTER BIOFUEL PR

In recent years, as the need to develop alternative, non-petroleum-based transportation fuels has become more pressing, there has been a growing interest in using advanced biotechnologies to improve biofuel production. Specifically, numerous strategies have evolved by which biotechnology is being used to create improved biofuels products or processes, involving the creation of engineered or synthetic microorganisms for use in production of ethanol, biodiesel or other fuels, or genetically engineered (“transgenic”) plants as improved fuel feedstocks. These approaches can generally be summarized as follows.

Potential Applications of Biotechnology to Improve Renewable Fuel Production.

• Enhanced or engineered microorganisms for fermentation of ethanol, butanol, other fuels.
• Engineered microorganisms or plants to manufacture enzymes used in fuel production.
• Improved algal strains for biofuel production.
• Selected or engineered plant species with favorable traits for use as improved biofuel feedstocks.

Biotechnologies Applicable to Biofuels.

• Classical mutation and selection or plant breeding: this encompasses a variety of well-known, decades-old techniques for selectively breeding or otherwise selecting naturally-occurring (or mutationally induced) variants of a starting strain or plant variety.
• Recombinant DNA: insertion and expression of heterologous genes into a desired host organism (microorganism, algae or plant) to improve a desired trait or biochemical function in the host organism

1 Harnessing the sea: providing designs for tapping the movement of waves and tides to produce electricity from mechanical energy.

3 Skinny Molecular Sensors: Researchers at the University of Southern Mississippi have developed a "skinny molecule based material" that has potential use in sensors to detect temperature changes, chemical presence, electromagnetic radiation and acidity

4 Textile

5 Thorny Water System: A small but mean-looking Australian lizard known as the Thorny Devil  is showing scientists how to get naturally distilled water from the air and ground, then transport it to where it is needed without the use of mechanical pumps.

6 RADAR and SONAR:

7 Biochemistry and Biophysics

8 Manufacturing

9 Product Design

10 Visual effects: Humans have invented a technology to create 3-D effects in movies (like James Cameron's Avatar) that uses circular polarization [CP] of light. But humans do not have the ability to perceive CP light, so we need those silly cardboard glasses to appreciate it. Turns out that jewel scrab beetles evolved this ability long ago.

11 Dodechromatic DVD'S: The eyes of a tiny marine crustacean may lead to the next generation of DVD and CD players.

12 Making of weapons

13 Development of artificial leaf

and many more...

This still totally depends on us by how we currently use it for making uncontrollable power that can easily fall into wrong hands or do it selflessly for welfare of others. This question can predictably change the world as we know of today.

Q.Isn't applications like making dode chromatic DVD's good for bionics ?

NO, as this kind of applications lead to killing of innocent animals, some of them might even be on the verge of being extinct.

Q.Then what do you want to suggest ?Apart from making weapons and applications like above used ,which kind of things will eventually lead to sustainable development? Okay, let me show you some ideas of mine like (in attached document)

Q.Now after seeing the document you are getting some ideas ,now I want you to put your mind to see beyond the impossible and extend this list?

So, we think bionics in medicines sounds pretty good to the world.

Q.Nice thinking ,so in which specific area bionics is going to be a success as reality in future very soon?

Our team thinks its going to be Embryonic Stem Cells for Medicine for sure (Cells able to generate all other cell types have recently been isolated. They could help repair a wide variety of damaged tissues.) Its going to be a dream come true for millions of lives.