<?xml version="1.0"?>
<rss version="2.0">
   <channel>
      <title>PHARM by Sofia N Peterson</title>
      <link>https://padlet.com/sofiapeterson/Bookmarks</link>
      <description>Made with good vibes</description>
      <language>en-us</language>
      <pubDate>2022-06-13 20:53:15 UTC</pubDate>
      <lastBuildDate>2025-10-20 01:50:34 UTC</lastBuildDate>
      <webMaster>hello@padlet.com</webMaster>
      <image>
         <url></url>
      </image>
      <item>
         <title>unit 2</title>
         <author>sofiapeterson</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/sofiapeterson/Bookmarks/wish/2219961712</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>1.&nbsp; The <strong>two divisions of the ANS and alternate names</strong> associated with each. - <br>sympathetic (alt: thoracolumbar, "fight or flight", SNS) &amp; parasympathetic (alt: craniosacral, "rest &amp; digest", PNS)<br>- Hitner &amp; <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539845/#:~:text=The%20autonomic%20nervous%20system%20is,sympathetic%2C%20parasympathetic%2C%20and%20enteric.">NCBI</a></div><div>2.&nbsp; The <strong>neurotransmitters for each</strong> division -&nbsp;<br>SNS: NT is acetylcholine (ACH) + norepinephrine (NE). PNS: NT is acetylcholine (ACH).<br>- Hitner</div><div>3.&nbsp; The <strong>locations where each NT is released in each division</strong> of the ANS - <br>SNS: NT released at the ganglia is ACH, but at postganglionic nerve endings it's NE (SNS also uses EPI released at adrenal glands &amp; DA released at hypothalamus)<br>PNS: ACH released at both ganglia &amp; postganglionic <br>- Hitner, <a href="https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/22611-epinephrine-adrenaline">Cleveland Clinic</a></div><div>4.&nbsp; The <strong>receptors of each division with main locations</strong> of each receptor -&nbsp;<br>SNS: cholinergic nicotinic: at sympathetic ganglia. adrenergic receptors alpha (1&amp;2) on glands, eyes (1) and both on arteries and veins. beta (1&amp;2) located at heart (1) &amp; smooth muscle, bronchioles, skeletal muscle arteries, uterus (2).<br>PNS: muscarinic: located on cardiac, smooth muscle, and glands at postganglionic nerve endings. nicotinic 1: at ganglia of nerves and sympathetic nerves (synapse area). nicotinic 2:&nbsp; somatic, neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscle<br>- Hitner</div><div>5.&nbsp; The <strong>end organ responses</strong> that occur when each transmitter is stimulated. List the <strong>specific organ</strong> and state what <strong>response</strong> is generated in that organ when stimulated by each ANS division.<br>SNS: NE &amp; EPI together in heart- increase contraction force, rate &amp; conduction via alpha 1 &amp; contract blood vessels via beta 1, as well as in eyes- dilate pupils, and contract smooth muscle which affects many organs, like the intestines<br>EPI alone - relaxes smooth muscles, in lungs- bronchodilates, in uterus- relaxes, in arteries &amp; skeletal muscle blood vessels - dilates.&nbsp;<br>PNS: ACH: heart - decreased rate, AV conduction, contractility. intestines - increased motility &amp; secretion. eye - constricts pupil (miosis). lungs - bronchoconstriction. bladder - contracts, while sphincter relaxes</div><div>6.&nbsp; The <strong>drug classifications for each division</strong> of the ANS. Under each classification, identify which <strong>receptors</strong> are interacted with, then include the <strong>action</strong> that occurs -&nbsp;<br>SNS:<br>adrenergic agonists - stimulate alpha 1 &amp; 2, beta 1 &amp; 2 (all receptors), which causes vasoconstriction (raising BP), stimulates the heart (raising HR), and bronchodilation&nbsp;<br>alpha-1 adrenergic blockers/antagonists - bind &amp; block alpha 1 receptors, causing smooth muscle relaxation, vasodilation (lowering BP), relaxes ureters for urine flow<br>beta-1 adrenergic agonists - stimulates kidney dopamine receptors at a low dose causing vasodilation &amp; renal blood flow increase, stimulates beta 1 receptors in heart at a medium dose increasing CO &amp; contraction force, stimulates alpha 1 receptors at high dose causing vasoconstriction &amp; BP increase<br>beta 2 adrenergic - stimulates beta 2 receptors relaxing smooth muscle in lungs (bronchodilator) &amp; uterus &nbsp;<br>selective beta 1 blockers - blocks beta 1 receptors, decreasing cardiac contraction force &amp; output, HR, conduction, and BP<br>non selective beta blockers - block beta 1 &amp; 2 receptors, do the same as above but also cause bronchoconstriction because of the non-selectivity&nbsp;<br>PNS:<br>Direct –Acting Cholinergic Agonists - bind to muscarinic receptors to mimic acetylcholine, constrict pupils, decrease fluid/pressure in eye, increase GI motility &amp; decrease urine retention<br>Indirect –Acting Cholinergic Agonists - increase ACH by preventing destruction in the synapse to increase GI motility &amp; decrease urine retention, to reverse anesthesia-related respiratory paralysis, to treat muscle fatigue (as in myasthenia gravis)<br>Anticholinergic - bind &amp; block cholinergic receptors to increase heart rate, decrease vagus nerve activity, to decrease GI motility, urination, dilate pupils, bronchodilate</div><div>7.&nbsp; The <strong>specific drug examples</strong> found on your drug list under each drug classification including generic (lowercase) and brand (capitalized in parentheses with the trademark symbol at the end- ®) -<br>SNS:<br>adrenergic agonists - epinephrine (Adrenalin®, EpiPen®)<br>alpha-1 adrenergic blockers/antagonists - prazosin (Minipress®), terazosin (Hytrin®), doxazosin (Cardura®)<br>beta-1 adrenergic agonists - dobutamine<br>beta 2 andrenergic - albuterol (Proventil®, Ventolin®) terbutaline (Brethine®), formoterol (Foradil®), salmeterol (Serevent®)<br>selective beta 1 blockers - atenolol (Tenormin®), metoprolol (Lopressor®) &nbsp;<br>non selective beta blockers - nadolol (Corgard®), propanolol (Inderal®), timolol (Blocadren®) &nbsp;<br>PNS:<br>Direct –Acting Cholinergic Agonists - acetylcholine, pilocarpine (Pilocar®), bethanechol (Urecholine®)<br>Indirect –Acting Cholinergic Agonists - neostigmine (Prostigmin®)<br>Anticholinergics - atropine, dicyclomine (Bentyl®), ipratropium bromide (Atrovent®)<br><br></div><div>Use this opportunity to memorize the drugs and categories as this will be on the unit exam.&nbsp; &nbsp;</div><div>Listing alternate terms for agonists and antagonists is not required but can be helpful.</div><div><br></div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="" />
         <pubDate>2022-06-13 20:54:11 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/sofiapeterson/Bookmarks/wish/2219961712</guid>
      </item>
   </channel>
</rss>
