I have included this article because it includes a clear definition of the disease, Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis, and how it is caused. I know it is a credible source because it is backed up by research, is recent, and has been peer-reviewed. I liked that this source also defined and explained that PSGN is an inflammatory response and a type three hypersensitivity reaction. I feel that this source was very detailed as it also included the epidemiology, evaluation, and treatment of PSGN. This source also included complications and prognosis of PSGN. I feel that this resource provided an adequate overview of this disease.

I chose this article because it discusses common physical risk factors for PSGN. I also chose this specific resource because I know the CDC is a reputable resource. I like that it lists the factors directly, making the article organized and simple to follow. Another thing I like about this source is that it provides details about each risk factor. For example, if the risk factor is impetigo, the article explains that this risk is most common in young children. It continues to go into detail for other risk factors as well, like strep throat or scarlet fever.

I chose this video to describe the cellular pathophysiology of PSGN. I really like the videos made by Elsevier because they tend to put complicated topics into simpler terms. The video includes visual aids, which help to remember and implement the concepts being taught. The way Elsevier teaches type 3 hypersensitivity allows me to truly understand it and apply it in other situations. The video is very detailed and not too long, making it a great source. I also included this video as I know Elsevier is a well-known name and reputable source.

I included this image so that PSGN could be visualized and easily understood. I personally tend to understand concepts better when I can visualize them and look back at images in my mind pertaining to the topic. This picture does that by showing the inflammation that first takes place in the glomeruli and eventually leads to decreased kidney function. Something else I really like about this image is that it shows proteinuria and hematuria. This is important as these are symptoms caused by PSGN.

I included this diagram of the pathophysiology of PSGN. I like that this source shows how the antibodies bind to the antigen, causing activation. The image shows that after the complement activation occurs, inflammation begins in the glomeruli. This can be shown by the redness that appears by the antibody complex binding to the GBM. I like that this source allows the mechanism of PSGN to be easily followed and is simple to understand. I always feel that visual aids tend to help when learning complex processes like the PSGN diase mechanism.

Genetic risk factors of PSGN include: family history, 40% of patients report a family member with the same disease (Rawla et al., 2022).

I again used this source, but this time it was for risk factors. In this article, it is mentioned that PSGN has multiple risk factors. This article includes how genetic and environmental risk factors affect the disease rather than just the physical risk factors. This article mentions low socioeconomic status, overcrowding, and genetic predisposition as risk factors for PSGN. I like this journal article because it states the factors simply and is a reputable source.

• Hypertension

• Oliguria (Reduced urine output)

• Hematuria (Dark, reddish-brown urine)

• Proteinuria (bubbly/foamy urine from excess protein in urine)

• Fluid retention (edema) causes swelling in face, feet, hands & abdomen

• Fatigue due to anemia (feeling tired from low blood iron levels)

• Nausea/vomiting/fever

• Muscle cramps

I included this source because it gives a clear, patient-friendly list of clinical manifestations in one place, so patients/families can quickly recognize signs/symptoms (blood in urine, swelling, high blood pressure) and know when to seek care.

Source:

Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. (2024, February 24). Glomerulonephritis. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/glomerulonephritis/symptoms-causes/syc-20355705

Source:

Heilman, J. (n.d.). What are the signs and symptoms of post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis? - storymd. Symtoms. https://storymd.com/journal/mrkgo35szw-post-streptococcal-glomerulonephritis/page/8z85nsxd358-what-are-the-signs-and-symptoms-of-post-streptococcal-glomerulonephritis

Treatment Options:

• Decreasing swelling by reducing salt intake or by prescribing diuretics medications that increase the flow of urine

• Medications to reduce blood pressure

• Antibiotics to treat any strep bacteria left in the body

• For severe kidney damage, dialysis may be needed to support the affected individual while the kidney recover

This short video quickly explains PSGN treatment: salt/fluid restriction, diuretics to increase urine and reduce swelling/BP, when to use antibiotics, and when dialysis is needed

Source:

Medical Centric. (2019, July 15). POST STREPTOCOCCAL GLOMERULONEPHRITIS, Causes, Signs and Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mDjPhHSE-5I