Climate change is about the changes in the condition of the earth’s environment. This happens because of many internal and external factors. These changes affect life on earth in many. This also has a various impact in the earth’s ecosystem and ecology. Climate change already started a long time ago due to human activities and national phenomena. We only started noticing these changes when it suddenly causes problem in our environment. 

 

There are a lot of reasons as to why the climate is changing but one of the major reasons is due to human actions. A lot of plant and animal species goes extinct due to human activities. According to the first report by the United Nations on Biodiversity, there is an accelerating depletion of species happening hundreds of times more than in the past. This is because some of actions done by humans to fulfill their needs and greed harm the environment and their self.  Some of the activities that are done by human are deforestation where they clear land full of trees for agricultural expansion and use the woods as fuel or charcoal. Another activity that greatly affects the environment is the use of fossil fuel where they burn naturally formed material from dead plants and animals like coal to use them as fuels that causes the release of large amounts of greenhouse gasses. On the other hand, the industrial wastes that are not being disposed properly. 

 

The other major reason of climate change is the natural phenomena that are happening. These things raise the temperature of the earth causing some imbalance. One of these activities is volcanic eruption where a volcano erupts which releases a large amount of various gasses like sulfur dioxide and a greenhouse gas called carbon dioxide. Another natural phenomenon is the solar radiation that is being trapped in the earth causing in the increase of temperature. Polar bears need sea ice to hunt seals - a main source of food - as well as to move across the large home ranges they need for foraging habitat. Polar bears aren't alone in feeling the effects of shrinking sea ice. Walruses and other Arctic species are facing similar challenges as summer sea ice continues to retreat.  Lastly is the movement of tectonic plates that causes volcanoes to form. A convergent plate boundary, also known as a destructive plate boundary, usually involves an oceanic plate and a continental plate. The plates move towards one another and this movement can cause earthquakes. As the plates collide, the oceanic plate is forced beneath the continental plate.

 

                Climate change is a huge problem that's going to take all of us working together to solve. It's something that requires the cooperation of every nation and every citizen. No one authority can solve it all. It can be really hard to know where to start when it comes to fighting climate change, but every little bit helps. Planting more trees and plants can help because they take in the carbon dioxide, removing it from the air and replacing it with oxygen, which is healthy for us and the Earth/atmosphere. We should plant as many or more trees than we are cutting down, because we’re cutting down a ton of trees without replacing them and we need trees, they are essential for life and the air on Earth, without trees we wouldn’t have oxygen and our atmosphere wouldn’t be the same. We can eat more locally grown food that will reduce gas emissions from transporting food to us from out of town. Solving this problem is very important because it can prevent a lot of things from happening or even beginning. 

 

 

 

David Crystal, a writer, lecturer and professor emeritus of Linguistics at Bangor University, knows a lot about what’s going on with language on the Internet. Because in addition to completely transforming the nature of communication, this new medium is transforming its main tool: language. In his article, professor Crystal analyzes from a linguistic perspective some of the trends that, despite the conciseness of the instant messaging phenomenon or social media like Twitter, are already changing the way we speak on the Internet. “ All living languages change. They have to. Languages have no existence apart from the people who use them. And because people are changing all the time, their language changes too, to keep up with them. The only languages that don't change are dead ones. Even so, it's possible to bring a language back from the grave and make it live – and change – again.”- David Crystal

Crystal begins the book by outlining the five distinct "Internet situations" that give rise to different language use. He considers these to be E-Mail, Synchronous Chat groups, Asynchronous Chat groups), Virtual Worlds), and the World Wide Web. He then posits the existence of a "Net speak"), which, in each of these situations, differs from prior forms of 2 communication in graphic, orthographic, grammatical, lexical, and discourse features. In chapter two, he provides an introduction to these changes by analyzing Net speak in terms of the traditional dichotomy between speech and writing as well as the conversational maxims of quality, relevance, quantity, and manner that are standards in the field of pragmatics. Crystal concludes that Net speak, while selectively and adaptively displaying properties of both writing and speech, is closer to the former than to the latter, and also is able to do things that neither can accomplish. He thus terms online communication a "third medium" that shares elements of speech, writing, and electronically mediated properties. The use of the conversational maxims yield a fresh way of looking at well-known online phenomena such as spamming, flaming, and lurking, and the chapter is further enhanced by an insightful discussion of lag-time and turn-taking. 

                About half the book consists of linguistic analysis of each of the five situations described above, with chapters on the language of E-Mail, Chat groups (synchronous and asynchronous combined into a single chapter), Virtual Worlds, and the Web. These are preceded by a chapter that explains the descriptive (in contrast to prescriptive) perspective on language analysis and introduces some of the lexical, graphic, and orthographic features that are common to several of these five modes of Internet communication. The descriptive chapters on E-Mail, Chat groups, Virtual Worlds, and the Web include a combination of easily observable phenomena (e.g., the differences between the header and body of an e-mail message), a review of published studies of online language use. Though I agree with the main thrust of Crystal's conclusion, a more fine-grained and critical perspective might have looked at what is lost as well as what is gained in language change. For example, the development and diffusion of writing certainly enriched the global linguistic repertoire, but also served to undermine certain genres of oral communication such as the epic poem. Similarly, the diffusion of print privileged European colonial languages versus many indigenous languages that never developed a written or printed form. The linguistic impact of the Internet will undoubtedly also entail both losses and gains, and these will be mediated by the unequal social, economic, and political context in which the Internet has arisen.

Any medium of communication as revolutionary as the Internet is bound to have a profound effect on language. Though many have noted the linguistic changes emerging in online communication, few have studied the phenomena and fewer yet have written about them in a clear and cogent manner. David Crystal's volume on the topic presents a well-organized and highly-readable overview of value to both specialists and no specialists alike. By using a straightforward and a matter-of-fact tone and reinforcing his assertions with research, Crystal has crafted a book that is as interesting as it is educational. What Crystal has provided instead is an interesting and well-informed description of how language is evolving on the Internet, and this he has accomplished well. The result is a readable and entertaining overview that situates computer-mediated communication within established linguistic frameworks of analysis and points the reader to much of the extant research addressing language use online.



References

Crystal, D. (1995). Cambridge encyclopedia of the English language. Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press.

Atwell, Eric. 1999. The language machine. London: British Council.

John Benjamins Publishing Company, Amsterdam, Philadelphia, 2007, 294 pages

Published in Lexis, Book reviews