https://padlet.com/maisarah_faizy/1fis9wj2sz7m Made with a taste for adventure en-us 2019-12-18 15:19:03 UTC 2019-12-20 14:10:59 UTC hello@padlet.com maisarah_faizy https://padlet.com/maisarah_faizy/1fis9wj2sz7m/wish/425494647 1. Leptospirosis
- easily spread by urine of mice
- affect renal 
- can cause fatal to the animals or even human
- Vaccine usually available in combination of other agent 
- extracellular bacteria


2. Rabies
- affect neuronal cell
- reservoir: bats
- fatal
-few cases in Malaysia in the area of Perak and Sarawak
- Can spread when a rabid animal bites or through the contact of their saliva with mucous membrane and abraded skin



3. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI)
- usually occur among birds
- cause death
- cull all the bird if the farm affected 
- Vaccines are not given for poultry in Malaysia
-spread by wild birds


]]> 2019-12-18 15:21:16 UTC https://padlet.com/maisarah_faizy/1fis9wj2sz7m/wish/425494647 maisarah_faizy https://padlet.com/maisarah_faizy/1fis9wj2sz7m/wish/425494756 1. Leptospirosis
- the pathogenesis
- strain of pathogenic lepto
- mechanism of lepto induced towards immune response
- Vaccine available for lepto
-current gold standard of diagnostic method
-frequency of vaccination

2. Rabies
- how rabies cause aggressive and dumb form
- types of rabies vaccine
- rabies diagnosis technique
-effectiveness of vaccination after being bitten by a rabid animal



3. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI)
- how to differentiate different subtype of the virus 
- cross reactivity of vaccine among different serotype
- how virus mutate ?
- prevention and mode of vaccination]]> 2019-12-18 15:21:27 UTC https://padlet.com/maisarah_faizy/1fis9wj2sz7m/wish/425494756 maisarah_faizy https://padlet.com/maisarah_faizy/1fis9wj2sz7m/wish/425494882 1. Leptospirosis
- Different serovars of leptospira which comprise of pathogenic, non-pathogenic as well as saprophytic. For example, L. interrogans serovar canicola and serovar icterohaemorrhagiae
- Diagnostic methods to diagnose leptospirosis which include molecular method and serological method such as Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) as well as Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
- Advantages and disadvantages of different diagnostic methods.

Humoral immunity is more important to fight lepto infection as antibodies are useful to bind the extracellular bact and act as opsonin
- it produce more memory cell and plasma cell to secrete IgG which is more efficient to bind the antigen 
- lepto is easily recognised by Ab by TLR 2 and 4 which induce pro inflammatory cytokine and activate macrophage
- leads to phagocytosis of the lepto

2. Rabies
- Vaccine available: Rabisin, Nobivac
- Live virus
- can be used for pregnant bitch and stay immune actively for few years after taking booster. Maternal Ab can be passed to puppy until 6 months old.
- minimum age for vaccination : 6 months old


3. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI)
- Vaccine rarely used on broiler, layer. Mainly used on grandparents or breeder stock 
- Vaccine not useful as the virus can mutate at very fast rate ( up to 6-8 segment of gene )
- killed virus in the vaccine 
- for highly pathogenic virus, it causes 100% mortality, endemic and pandemic disease 

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