https://padlet.com/21ax09311/1fefa7guyy87g5ip en-us 2020-06-01 23:47:01 UTC 2020-06-05 20:54:31 UTC hello@padlet.com 21ax09311 https://padlet.com/21ax09311/1fefa7guyy87g5ip/wish/605851070 When a vaccine does not exist for a certain contagious virus, and that virus breaks out, we often see a pandemic or epidemic, depending on the speed of viral spreading. Currently, nCovid-19 is a prime example of this. In order to solve issues like this, a vaccine is needed. In our history, plenty of vaccines have been created and successfully remove traces of viruses from humanity. At first, it may seem like everyone needs to be vaccinated in order to fully protect everyone, but this is definitely not feasible due to the fact that some people may not have access to vaccines or due to the fact that some people have other underlying conditions preventing them from getting vaccinated, or due to the fact that some people choose to ignore the recommendation to get vaccinated. These issues can be solved through herd immunity, a naturally occurring phenomenon in whicih once vaccination reaches a certain threshold where a certain percentage of a population is vaccinated, the non-vaccinated people are protected from contracting the disease from other people. This is because most all of the people around the non vaccinated person are vaccinated, so they cannot transmit the virus. Additionally, even if a non-vaccinated person gets the viral disease, they won't be able to pass the disease to others, thus limiting the spread of the disease as well. As shown multiple times in history, including the eradication of smallpox in 1977, herd immunity works. ]]> 2020-06-01 23:48:13 UTC https://padlet.com/21ax09311/1fefa7guyy87g5ip/wish/605851070 21ax09311 https://padlet.com/21ax09311/1fefa7guyy87g5ip/wish/605851170 When we get a vaccine at a hospital or doctor's office, it is usually administered through a shot, although there are other ways including through nasal or oral. When a vaccine is administered, the fluid contains either inactive or attenuated specimens of the pathogen that the vaccine targets. In an attenuated vaccine, the pathogens are weakened, so that the body has an easier time with it than a full strength pathogen. By introducing the weakened pathogen to the body, the immune system and body fight off the pathogen, and by doing so, the immune system memorizes the antibodies and methods to kill that pathogen for future reference. Thus, the vaccine grants immunity, because now, the body already knows how to fight that pathogen in the future if it ever comes back .]]> 2020-06-01 23:48:19 UTC https://padlet.com/21ax09311/1fefa7guyy87g5ip/wish/605851170 21ax09311 https://padlet.com/21ax09311/1fefa7guyy87g5ip/wish/605878507 2020-06-02 00:13:50 UTC https://padlet.com/21ax09311/1fefa7guyy87g5ip/wish/605878507 21ax09311 https://padlet.com/21ax09311/1fefa7guyy87g5ip/wish/605878717 2020-06-02 00:14:03 UTC https://padlet.com/21ax09311/1fefa7guyy87g5ip/wish/605878717 https://padlet.com/21ax09311/1fefa7guyy87g5ip/wish/606902666 Only about 25% of the drug survived to this phase of the clinical trial. Before this phase, FDA has probably approved the drug. In this phase, thousands of volunteers with the disease that the drug aim to cure participate in the testing, which focuses on finding rare effects and long term-effects that are hard to find in smaller sample sizes. ]]> 2020-06-02 13:46:27 UTC https://padlet.com/21ax09311/1fefa7guyy87g5ip/wish/606902666 https://padlet.com/21ax09311/1fefa7guyy87g5ip/wish/606912988 The accelerated approval program was initiated in 1992 by FDA to approve drugs for serious conditions or filled an unmet medical need to be approved faster. The drug must demonstrate predicted clinical benefits in surrogate endpoint, meaning it must be predicted to perform better than existed drugs. For example, it takes a long time to see if a new drug extends the survival time of a patient with cancer, but if the scientists can see that the drug shrinks the size of tumor significantly, it can be used as an evidence that the drug has clinical benefits. This prediction process can speed up the approval process must faster. However, FDA can still take down the drug easily if the effect of the drug is not as good. ]]> 2020-06-02 13:51:25 UTC https://padlet.com/21ax09311/1fefa7guyy87g5ip/wish/606912988