AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS by Lizelle Swanepoel https://padlet.com/lizellexs/1evjx6jnrk15 en-us 2018-09-26 17:29:05 UTC 2024-10-14 22:55:44 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet.net/icons/png/2697.png DEFINITIONS lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/1evjx6jnrk15/wish/286166092
Dissociation - a general process in which ionic compounds separate into smaller ions, usually in a reversible manner.

Dissolution/Dissolving - the process where ionic crystals break up into ions in water.

Hydration/Solvation - the process where ions become surrounded with water molecules, via electrostatic forces.

Electrolyte - a substance that contains free ions, behaving as an electrically conductive medium.

Precipitate - an insoluble solid that forms in a solution during a chemical reaction.    ]]> 2018-09-26 17:31:01 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/1evjx6jnrk15/wish/286166092 Factors affecting conductivity of electrolytes lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/1evjx6jnrk15/wish/286166493
  • Concentration of ions (higher conc, higher conductivity)
  • Type of substance
  • Temperature (warmer the solution, higher the conductivity)
]]> 2018-09-26 17:31:33 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/1evjx6jnrk15/wish/286166493 Iodide Test lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/1evjx6jnrk15/wish/290856001
  • Add Ag+ or Pb2+salt solution to the halide.
  • A yellow precipitate (ppt) forms. 
    • ]]>     2018-10-09 16:29:21 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/1evjx6jnrk15/wish/290856001     TEST FOR ANIONS APPLYING SOLUBILITY RULES - PART 1 lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/1evjx6jnrk15/wish/291101988 esting for:
    Cl-        - add silver nitrate solution - white precipitate forms
    Br    -        - add silver nitrate solution - cream (beige colored) precipitate forms
    I-            - add silver nitrate solution - yellow precipitate forms
    SO42-  - add BaCl2 solution - white precipitate forms
    CO32-  - add few drops of acid -  CO2 gas is given off
    NO3-   - add sodium hydroxide aluminium foil, heat it - NH3 smell is detected
    OH-    - add Universal indicator or litmus - indicator turns blue]]>     2018-10-10 07:23:20 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/1evjx6jnrk15/wish/291101988     ANSWERS TO ADDITIONAL EXERCISES lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/1evjx6jnrk15/wish/292097585 2018-10-12 10:49:47 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/1evjx6jnrk15/wish/292097585 ADDITIONAL EXERCISE - 1 lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/1evjx6jnrk15/wish/293227040 2018-10-16 09:40:08 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/1evjx6jnrk15/wish/293227040 ADDITIONAL EXERCISE - 2 lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/1evjx6jnrk15/wish/293227294 2018-10-16 09:41:02 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/1evjx6jnrk15/wish/293227294 ADDITIONAL EXERCISE - 3 lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/1evjx6jnrk15/wish/293227734 2018-10-16 09:42:45 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/1evjx6jnrk15/wish/293227734 ADDITIONAL EXERCISE 6-8 lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/1evjx6jnrk15/wish/293777870 2018-10-17 11:42:01 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/1evjx6jnrk15/wish/293777870 CLASSIFICATION OF ELECTROLYTES lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/1evjx6jnrk15/wish/295321753 Electrolytes are chemicals that break into ions (ionize) when they are dissolved in water. The positively-charged ions are cations; the negatively charged ions are anions.

    Substances can be categorized as: strong electrolytes, weak electrolytes, or non-electrolytes.]]>     2018-10-22 07:35:26 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/1evjx6jnrk15/wish/295321753     Strong Electrolytes lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/1evjx6jnrk15/wish/295322227 Strong electrolytes are substances that completely ionize in water.
    • This means 100% of the dissolved chemical breaks into cations and anions. 

    Examples    : Strong acids, strong bases, salts.Sodium hydroxide is a strong base and strong electrolyte.
    ]]>     2018-10-22 07:37:17 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/1evjx6jnrk15/wish/295322227     Weak electrolytes lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/1evjx6jnrk15/wish/295323183 Weak electrolytes are substances that partially ionize in water.
    • Any dissociation into ions between 0% and 100% makes a chemical a weak electrolyte, but in practice, around 1% to 10% of a weak electrolyte breaks into ions.

    Examples: Weak acids, weak bases, nitrogen-containing molecules.
    (Water     is considered a weak electrolyte by some sources because it partly dissociates into H+ and OH– ions.)
    ]]>     2018-10-22 07:41:10 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/1evjx6jnrk15/wish/295323183     Non-electrolytes lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/1evjx6jnrk15/wish/295324034 Examples: Most carbon compounds, fats, sugars, alcohols.

    If a substance doesn’t ionize in water at all, it’s a non-electrolyte.]]>     2018-10-22 07:44:23 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/1evjx6jnrk15/wish/295324034     SUMMARY: How to identify strong, weak, and non-electrolytes. lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/1evjx6jnrk15/wish/295324871
    1. Is it a strong acid? There are only 7 of them and you’ll encounter them a lot in chemistry, so it’s a good plan to memorize them. Strong acids are strong electrolytes.
    2. Is it a strong base? This is a slightly larger group than the strong acids, but you can identify the strong bases because they are metal hydroxides. Any element from the first two columns of the periodic table combined with a hydroxide is a strong base. Strong bases are strong electrolytes.
    3. Is it a salt? Salts are strong electrolytes.
    4. Does the chemical formula contain nitrogen or “N”? It may be a weak base, which would make it a weak electrolyte.
    5. A weak acid is a weak electrolyte.
    6. Is it a carbon compound? Most organic compounds are non-electrolytes.
    7. Is it none of the above? There’s a good chance it’s a non-electrolyte or a weak electrolyte.
    ]]>     2018-10-22 07:47:54 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/1evjx6jnrk15/wish/295324871     STRONG VS. WEAK ELECTROLYTES AND NON-ELECTROLYTES lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/1evjx6jnrk15/wish/295325236 Strong Electrolytes:
    • strong acids
     HCl
    (hydrochloric acid)
     HBr
    (hydrobromic acid)
     HI
    (hydroiodic acid)
     HNO3
    (nitric acid)
    HClO3
    HClO4
    H2SO4 
    (sulfuric acid)
    • strong bases 
    Group 1 & 2 metal hydroxides:
    NaOH
    (sodium hydroxide)
     KOH
    (potassium hydroxide)
     LiOH
     Ba(OH)2
    Ca(OH)2
    • salts
    NaCl
    KBr
    MgCl2

    Weak Electrolytes:
    • weak acids  
    HF
    (hydrofluoric acid),
    HC2H3O2
    (acetic acid),
    H2CO3
    (carbonic acid),
    H3PO4 
    (phosphoric acid)
    • weak bases 
    NH3
    (ammonia)
    “N” compounds,
    eg. C5H5N (pyridine)

    Non Electrolytes:
    • sugars and carbohydrate , C6H12O6 (glucose)
    • fats and lipids, cholesterol
    • alcohols, C2H5OH (ethyl alcohol)
    • other carbon compounds, C5H12 (pentane)
    ]]>     2018-10-22 07:49:22 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/1evjx6jnrk15/wish/295325236     TEST FOR HALIDES lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/1evjx6jnrk15/wish/461479481 VIDEO]]> 2020-03-16 06:36:25 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/1evjx6jnrk15/wish/461479481 TEST FOR SULPHATES lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/1evjx6jnrk15/wish/461481179 VIDEO]]> 2020-03-16 06:40:30 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/1evjx6jnrk15/wish/461481179 TEST FOR CARBONATES lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/1evjx6jnrk15/wish/461481417 VIDEO]]> 2020-03-16 06:41:14 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/1evjx6jnrk15/wish/461481417 SOLUBILITY RULES - TABLE lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/1evjx6jnrk15/wish/466385544 2020-03-19 14:36:39 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/1evjx6jnrk15/wish/466385544 TEST FOR NITRATE lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/1evjx6jnrk15/wish/466455760 2020-03-19 15:12:09 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/1evjx6jnrk15/wish/466455760 TEST FOR HYDROXIDES lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/1evjx6jnrk15/wish/466475029 Hydroxide solutions are all insoluble, as illustrated in video.]]> 2020-03-19 15:21:54 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/1evjx6jnrk15/wish/466475029 DO QUESTION 2 ON PAGE 21 of the digital notes on Classroom lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/1evjx6jnrk15/wish/466483898 HOMEWORK FOR NEXT LESSON]]> 2020-03-19 15:26:29 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/1evjx6jnrk15/wish/466483898 DO EXERCISE 2 ON PAGE 15 OF YOUR DIGITAL NOTES lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/1evjx6jnrk15/wish/466490518 HOMEWORK FOR NEXT LESSON]]> 2020-03-19 15:30:01 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/1evjx6jnrk15/wish/466490518 REACTION TYPES lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/1evjx6jnrk15/wish/484033764 ANSWERS TO EXPERIMENT]]> 2020-03-31 10:23:06 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/1evjx6jnrk15/wish/484033764 lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/1evjx6jnrk15/wish/516982491 2020-04-20 09:39:36 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/1evjx6jnrk15/wish/516982491 lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/1evjx6jnrk15/wish/662754450 2020-07-26 18:45:19 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/1evjx6jnrk15/wish/662754450