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The Mandela Effect

dmontie1 — 2017-03-17 03:25:21 UTC

The Mandela Effect is an unexplained event that happens to a large number if people who experience so called "false" or "alternative" memories. No ones knows for sure what causes it, but many speculate their own explanations.

What are the explanations of the Mandela Effect?

What are some examples of False memories?

Source 2

dmontie1 — 2017-03-17 03:30:37 UTC

Key Words: "unexplained Phenomenon", "false memories", "parallel universe", and "times travel"

The Mandela Effect is an unexplained phenomenon where some people experience "false Memories". The theory began with Nelson Mandela's death back in the 80's, except he didn't die till 2013. Cases like this started the recognition of the Mandela Effect, but there are more examples.

The Article was very biased, the author, Christopher Hudspeth informed the about the subject but nothing more. Although he didn't go in depth about what could cause it he did discuss multiple examples where people experienced the Mandela Effect.

Buzzfeed is a well know news organization that researches their topics in depth and remains biased. They keep up to date with current trends

Source 2

dmontie1 — 2017-03-17 03:43:20 UTC

Hudspeth, Christopher. "20 Examples Of the Mandela Effect that'll make you believe you're in a parallel Universe ." Buzzfeed.com. BuzzFeed, Inc, 13 Oct. 2016. Web. 3 Mar. 2016. .

Source 1

dmontie1 — 2017-03-17 03:44:34 UTC

Key Words: "collective False memories", "Multiverse", "neuroscience", "Confabulation", and "suggestibility"

There's no denying shared memories exist, but can it be explained without the multiverse theory? a memory is a network of neurons in the brain moving from temporary sites to permanents storage sites in the prefrontal cortex. We may believe memories are strengthened when remembered but in reality the neurons composing the memories form new connections and then become stable again.

Caitlin Aamodt, the author, takes a more scientific approach when dealing with the Mandela Effect. Although everything is theoretical misconception is a more plausible answer than time travel. she remains biased for the most part which is very professional.

Discover is a well known magazine that focuses on science for their answers. They are very credible and have done in depth research on the matter.

Source 1

dmontie1 — 2017-03-17 03:56:44 UTC

Aamodt, Caitlin. "Collective False Memories: What's Behind the 'Mandela Effect'?" Discover . Kalmbach Publishing CO., 16 Feb. 2017. Web. 16 Mar. 2017. .

Source 3

dmontie1 — 2017-03-17 04:02:45 UTC

Key Words: "Psychologist", "False memories", and "implant memories"

"Elizabeth Loftus is a psychologist who studies false memories. When people either remember things that didn't happen or remember them differently from the way they really were. Loft shares some startling stories and statistics".

Loft explains how our memories might not be what they seem and how implanted memories effect us in a real way. her studies show how out side factors can distort, contaminate, or even change their memories.

Although it isn't a article, this Ted talk is a reliable source because ted talks are well known. Loftus has spent decades of her life researching, test and getting the facts.

Source 3

dmontie1 — 2017-03-17 04:11:14 UTC

Loftus, Elizabeth. "How reliable is your memory?" Elizabeth Loftus: How reliable is your memory? | TED Talk | TED.com. TED, June 2013. Web. 17 Mar. 2017. .

Source 4

dmontie1 — 2017-03-17 04:13:25 UTC

Key Words: "Mandela Effect" "False Memories" "Sliding Effect"

Fiona Broome, the author of the website discusses her own personal experience. Broome defines the Mandela Effect and Shares her opinion for what she believes to be the cause.

This interview of her own experience and those of other who share the same experience. She has no real evidence its all speculation but many people share the same memory as her.

Its credibility is based on the true stories of ordinary people who want to voice their experience.

Source 4

dmontie1 — 2017-03-17 04:21:52 UTC

Broome, Fiona. "Nelson Mandela Died in Prison?" Mandela Effect. WordPress, 08 Aug. 2016. Web. 17 Mar. 2017. .

Source 5

dmontie1 — 2017-03-30 15:19:37 UTC

False Memories, False Memory syndrome

psychologists have found that our recollection of everyday events may not be as dependable as we would believe. Moreover, even once information has been committed to memory, it can be altered. Our recollection of memories can be manipulated and even entire sets of events can be confabulated (Coan, 1997). False memories have been investigated by psychologists as early as Freud but have attracted significant attention in recent decades. Our recollection of past events can affect not only our future decisions and opinions but also more significant outcomes, such as court verdicts, when influenced by inaccurate eyewitness testimonies (Loftus, 1975)

The article was very informative. It broke the topic of false memories into subtopics based on questions and tried its best to answer them all.

The author uses facts and quotes reliable sources. everything is cited and can be tracked to an original location, which shows it is reliable.

https://www.psychologistworld.com/memory/false-memories-questioning-eyewitness-testimony

Source 6

dmontie1 — 2017-04-07 12:14:16 UTC

False Memories, False Memory syndrome, Reliable
Some of our memories are true, some are a mixture of fact and fantasy, and some are false -- whether those memories seem to be continuous or seem to be recalled after a time of being forgotten or not thought about.

this is a webpage for the false Memory syndrome foundation. this foundation is meant to help people with "repressed" memories of victims. Controversy on this topic is whether the memories are accurate.

This webpage seems to be reliable because it is foundation page dedicated to helping people an back s up their information with research.

http://www.fmsfonline.org/

Source 7

dmontie1 — 2017-04-07 12:15:24 UTC

False Memory, memory, misinformation, attribution,

Clear defines that there is an issue resulting from false memories. the article describes them as both mundane or having a lasting impact on someones life. the article then goes on to define what a false memory is and references Loftus and her research in false memory. Over all the main idea is that everyone's memory isn't as reliable as we think it might be.

the author is straight to the point and clearly states what his opinion is in the matter. The article clearly thinks that false memories is an issue and he is credible because he sites his sources and uses credible research to back his opinion. Also, this article is part of a well known news source.

Cherry, Kendra . "How Your Brain Can Create False Memories." Verywell. About, Inc., 02 Jan. 2017. Web. 21 Mar. 2017. .

Source 8

dmontie1 — 2017-04-07 12:17:25 UTC

Creating False Memories, Misinformation effect, false events, imagination inflation
This is a journal research paper written by Elizabeth F. Loftus, from the university of Washington. She describes her theories and research she conducted herself. she clearly believes that false memories are an issue. the paper describes how false memories are formed and what factors can contribute to the creation of false memories. she also describes experiments she conducted and shows statistics and graphs showing her findings.

The paper is very well organized and a lot of research was put into writing and finding out what causes this phenomenon.

the paper is very reliable because it comes from a professor who spent years researching and proving her statements. also the paper was published by the University of Washington which shows credibility.

Loftus, Elizabeth F. "Creatikng False Memories." Creating False Memories. Washington.edu, Sept. 1997. Web. 14 Apr. 2017. .

Source 9

dmontie1 — 2017-04-07 12:18:32 UTC

Crime, Memory, psychology, false confession.
Another example of where false memories can change a persons life. in this article it described a case of false confession. in 1906 a murder occurred and the person that found the body was accused. however the boy who was accused of the murder had an alibi, but after the interrogation her would not just confess for the murder, he would provide more detail each time. this case was before people realized how powerful suggestions can be to the memory during an interrogation.
I agree with the article, human memory is inaccurate and malleable. the justice system should take into account that fact that memory isn't always a reliable tool to use for conviction because emotions can cloud someones judgement of what really happened.
This article is reliable because the author signed the paper. the article is associated with the new yorker which is a well known news media.

Starr, Douglas. "Remembering a Crime That You Didn't Commit." The New Yorker. The New Yorker, 05 Mar. 2015. Web. 20 Apr. 2017. .

Source 11

dmontie1 — 2017-04-07 12:27:02 UTC

Memory's malleability, reconstructive nature, cognitive flexibility, collective memories,
Memories can be a social construct, influence by the people and society around them. Witnesses tend to talk to co-witnesses and tend to incorporate details that they didn't actually experience. Social stimuli can cause false memories, such as in experiment done by Loftus were she questioned participants to look at pictures. after viewing them they were provided with information that contradicted what they has seen and false memories were intentionally implanted into the participants.
Society definitely plays a big role in the creation of memories, such as with how country would describe a war differently, people are influenced by everyone around them. memories can and have been implanted into test subjects.
The paper was published by the US national library of medicine national institute of health, which is a credible and reliable source.

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Source 12

dmontie1 — 2017-04-07 12:29:20 UTC

Eyewitnesses get it wrong, Speculation, observation, reconstructed memories
There was a cases a few decades ago where a father and some teens were outside and a car drove by shooting. the father was killed and the teens witnessed the shooting. when the teens were later asked to select from a lineup of suspect all the teens said they remember seeing one of the suspects. they all said it was him and he was sent to prison, however during the time of the shooting, the conditions were to poor for it to be possible of the teenagers to be able to see who it was. the visual field was only a foot away and the car was further away then that, buy the teens remember seeing them
Memories aren't concrete, when we remember something its not just of the incident. our memories only record small fragments the rest is filled in by information after the incident. this can influence what we remember without us ever knowing it happened.
Ted talk is a very reliable source, it is known for researching endlessly for years and all the speakers are experts in their field. the speaker is completely credible and has studied this subject.

https://www.ted.com/talks/scott_fraser_the_problem_with_eyewitness_testimony

Source 10

dmontie1 — 2017-04-20 00:13:17 UTC

Flashbulb memory, emotional memories, neurscientific, memories,
Students were asked to recall what, with detail, where they were, with whom, and what were they doing when the challenger exploded. after their responses where recorded they were filed away and a few years later they were asked the same question. the result of this experiment showed that the students memories were different from the original paper. entire new scenarios were created. when the students were asked about their confidence level of their response they replied with an average of 4.17 out of 5, with 5 being very confident.
This just proves more about how easily false memories are created and how memories can be altered in a short span of time.
This is very reliable for the same reasons source nine is reliable. Published by the New Yorker, a well known and credible news outlets, the author signs her name and backs her statements with research done.

Konnikova, Maria. "Why We Remember So Many Things Wrong." The New Yorker. Condé Nast, 04 Feb. 2015. Web. 17 Apr. 2017. .

Source 13

dmontie1 — 2017-04-20 01:56:37 UTC

False memories, Memory implantation
It is very hard to tell whether what we are recalling is a real memory or a false memory. A false memory is a recalling something that never happened and nearly half of participants in this study believed a complete fictitious event had happened to them. this new information of memory is effecting large parts of the world which include forensic investigations, courtrooms, and therapy treatments.
this Information is very useful and can be very helpful to people who may need physiological help from abuse, or it could improve our judicial system and stop innocent people from being wrongfully imprisoned.
the webpage is reliable because the author signed the article. its published by a physiological center where studies seem to be researched.

Pedersen, T. (2016). Study Finds Almost Half of Participants Prone to False Memories. Psych Central. Retrieved on April 20, 2017, from
https://psychcentral.com/news/2016/12/08/study-finds-almost-half-of-participants-prone-to-false-memories/113596.html

Source 14

dmontie1 — 2017-04-20 01:56:47 UTC

False Memories,
this story depicts how time can change a persons memory. people often believe recalling a memory will help it get better but in reality it make it more vulnerable to changes. when talking about the incident about the gun, there was doubt. He wasn't sure anymore if what he thought to be true was really true.
Time can change what a person thinks. memories fade and eventually people forget about what really happened. it's natural for doubt to be a main factor in false memories or even chaning a memory, if people keep saying something happened differently than what you remember you may start to doubt yourslef and believe the outside informtaion.
Huffingtion post is a well know news source and they are relianble and credible. it provides information of who wrote the article and when it was written.

http://www.huffingtonpost.com/blake-fleetwood/false-memories-brian-will_b_6694000.html

Source 15

dmontie1 — 2017-04-20 01:56:52 UTC

False Memories, Deception, Distortions, False recognition
Among these memory errors, many researchers have focused on false recognition, whereby people incorrectly claim that they have recently seen or heard a stimulus they have not encountered In contrast to deception, false recognition is not accompanied by a subjective feeling that people are responding untruthfully, and therefore researchers need to be able to detect a difference between true and false recognition that is not apparent to the conscious mind.
its very important that we can detect when a someone unknowingly is sharing a false memory, especially when it comes to criminal cases. having this kind of information available could potentially prevent people from going to prison when they are innocent. its credible because its associated to a very well know, very credible university.

Nobuhito Abe, Jiro Okuda, Maki Suzuki, Hiroshi Sasaki, Tetsuya Matsuda, Etsuro Mori, Minoru Tsukada, Toshikatsu Fujii; Neural Correlates of True Memory, False Memory, and Deception. Cereb Cortex 2008; 18 (12): 2811-2819. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhn037
https://academic.oup.com/cercor/article/18/12/2811/360672/Neural-Correlates-of-True-Memory-False-Memory-and