https://padlet.com/1896371/1dqk9fy1w2ox Viral, Bacterial and Helminth immunity en-us 2019-11-05 23:48:09 UTC 2019-12-22 06:46:33 UTC hello@padlet.com rafeahibrahim1 https://padlet.com/1896371/1dqk9fy1w2ox/wish/407208853 Vaccines function to boost the immune system by introducing weakened, killed or parts of the pathogens into our body. 

There are several types of vaccines:
-Live, attenuated vaccine 
-Inactivated vaccine 
-DNA vaccine 
-Sub-unit vaccine 
-Recombinant sub-unit vaccine
-Toxoid vaccine

(I'll edit more on this, feel free to do it too.)
Vaccines on different pathogens:
Bacteria (Brucella abortus, Pasteurrella multocida)
Virus (Foot Mouth Disease Virus)
Parasite(Haemonchus contortus)

Serological test to determine presence of pathogens:
ELISA
CFT
VNT

Technique used to confirm pathogen strain:
PCR
Sequencing]]> 2019-11-06 00:54:08 UTC https://padlet.com/1896371/1dqk9fy1w2ox/wish/407208853 rafeahibrahim1 https://padlet.com/1896371/1dqk9fy1w2ox/wish/407208921 What's the difference between infected and vaccinated animal? Infected then vaccinated animal? Vaccinated then infected animal?

What are the mmune responses of different types of vaccines.



]]> 2019-11-06 00:54:20 UTC https://padlet.com/1896371/1dqk9fy1w2ox/wish/407208921 rafeahibrahim1 https://padlet.com/1896371/1dqk9fy1w2ox/wish/407208956 Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD)
The virus can be detect by many ways such as virus cultivation that can be done by two ways which is in vitro (primary cell culture/continuous cell culture) or in vivo. Next step after cultivation is isolation which can be done either by centrifugation or filtration of the virion. After that, detection of the virus to confirm that it is FMD virus can be followed either by PCR, HA/HAI and ELISA. 

There are natural immune responses to combat the virus which consist of humoral and cell mediated immunity responses. Both immunity responses are important in order to counter the FMD virus.

In humoral immunity, there are neutralization, opsonization and ADCC. Neutralization take place by blocking the antigen from binding to cell, blocking the entry to cell and blocking the uncoating process of virus. Opsonization enhance phagocytosis whereas ADCC is to lyse the virus infected cell by NK cell. Generally, for humoral, T helper II will activate B cell to produce antibodies such as IgA(for mucosal lining), IgM (for primary infection) and IgG (IgM isotype switching; for secondary infection) . Meanwhile, for cell mediated immune (CMI) response , it does not include antibody, it helps in activation of phagocytes and release cytokines in response towards antigen. FMD virus can disrupt innate and adaptive immunity. As for innate, the virus inhibit the induction of antiviral molecule and interfere secretory pathway ( inhibit IFN and cytokines release). As for adaptive, this virus causes absence or low MHC class 1 on cell surface. The virus is single stranded RNA and in picornaviridae group. It is a non-enveloped virus so it is highly resistance and have high ability to survive.




]]> 2019-11-06 00:54:27 UTC https://padlet.com/1896371/1dqk9fy1w2ox/wish/407208956 kiankhaing98 https://padlet.com/1896371/1dqk9fy1w2ox/wish/409735288 DIVA
DIVA is used to differentiate vaccinated animals versus infected animals.

In general, molecular methods ( PCR) , and serology tests (ELISA) can be used to detect presence of non-structural proteins (NSP), which are supposed to be absent in vaccinated animals. Marker vaccines induce immunity without inducing an infection.

DIVA vaccination, a vaccination program which aim to differentiate infected animal and vaccinated animal. 

In infected animal , the virus has both structural protein and non-structural protein which gives the virus ability to replicate, but absence in vaccinated animal due to lack of non-structural protein.

Infected animal and vaccinated animal can be determined by detecting the presence of NSP through Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). 

The infected animal will show positive result due to the presence of non structural protein, while vaccinated animal show negative result.

For infected animal the immunity response in the mucosal lining will produce IgA while for vaccinated animal, this antibody will not be produced due to the fact that the virus does not have its non structural protein.

Next, for cell mediated immunity response of infected animal, they will produce IFN-y while the vaccinated animal produce low or absent IFN-y.

]]> 2019-11-12 00:43:46 UTC https://padlet.com/1896371/1dqk9fy1w2ox/wish/409735288 kiankhaing98 https://padlet.com/1896371/1dqk9fy1w2ox/wish/409735425 Commercial Vaccination against Haemonchus Contortus

Vaccination against haemonchus was commercializedunder the trade name of Barbervax and Wirevax respectively in Australia and South Africa.

The used of the vaccine is to control FEC in small ruminant, eventually control the infection rate of the parasite. To achieve this, host immune response has to be utilized against haemonchus.

The vaccine consist of 2 parts, the haemonchus antigen and a saponin based adjuvant.  The antigen used is known as H11 protein which is located in the intestinal wall of the worm. The adjuvant is an important component to mount a strong and continuous host immune response by forming immuno-stimulating complexes (ISCOM).

Host Immune Response against infection and vaccination.

As the animal receive vaccination or infected by haemonchus, the host immunity will respond to the antigen entered the body. 

Primary response include inflammatory response. In vaccination, inflammatory cytokines will cause systemic effect such as fever, while in infection, haemonchus causes tissue damage in the abomasum causing inflammation and eosinophilia. 

Antigen Presenting Cell (APC) recognize, take in, process and present the antigen to the B-cells. This caused the proliferation of B cells and elevated production of Ig E. Ig E is important in IgE-mediated ADCC by eosinophils.

]]> 2019-11-12 00:44:31 UTC https://padlet.com/1896371/1dqk9fy1w2ox/wish/409735425