John Locke influenced people to use reason and observation. This idea led to a more scientific approach to medicine.

https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Locke/Association-with-Shaftesbury

The Scientific Revolution encouraged doctors to study the human body; dissect bodies and record results.

https://www.britannica.com/science/Scientific-Revolution

The Enlightenment established concerns of the roles and benefits of medicine. Enlightenment Thinkers believed that health was natural to the human body which could be protected.

https://www.britannica.com/event/Enlightenment-European-history

https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/medicine-in-society/medicine-in-the-age-of-enlightenment/3EB0105A9093F298A4237FF227441DC9

Isaac Newton helped scientists study the human body. His work on the theory of light improved microscopes, which advanced medicine and public health.

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Isaac-Newton

Hunter transformed the field of surgery from a craft to an experimental science. His work led to a number of discoveries in anatomy and improved surgical and dental procedure for generations.

https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Hunter-British-surgeon

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00381-015-2852-x#:~:text=Conclusion,experimental%20surgery%2C%20and%20trigeminal%20neuralgia.

Montesquieu worked on the theory of physics and anatomy, conducting early anatomical studies.

https://firstamendment.mtsu.edu/article/baron-de-montesquieu/

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18348488/#:~:text=Abstract,public%20health%20and%20professional%20diseases.

Voltaire was one of the first to experiment with smallpox. He influenced other Enlightenment philosophers to promote smallpox inoculations.

https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/voltaire/

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/09677720211010461#:~:text=the%2020th%20century.-,Conclusions,his%20political%20notion%20of%20liberty.

Rousseau contributed to medicine and public health by his passion with the idea of natural living and hygiene. His ideas later influenced public health movements.

https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/rousseau/

https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/sp/2019-sp05120/1067460ar/

Benjamin Franklin was a medical activist and inventor who mastered smallpox inoculations. He established the first public hospital in the American colonies.

https://benjaminfranklin.yale.edu/about-us/about-benjamin-franklin

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1299336/#:~:text=He%20was%20also%20a%20medical,inventing%20devices%20like%20bifocal%20glasses.

Cotton Mather helped promote Smallpox Inoculations which helped people survive the disease. He laid the foundation of modern vaccination.

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Cotton-Mather

The Declaration of Independence helped pave the way for a new approach to health by embedding the concepts of human rights.

https://history.state.gov/milestones/1776-1783/declaration

https://www.cato.org/policy-report/march/april-2018/how-enlightenment-gave-us-peace-prosperity-progress#:~:text=The%20Enlightenment%20principle%20that%20we,the%20Enlightenment%20at%20our%20peril.

The U.S. Constitution allows public health safety like sanitation, disease control, and medicine regulations.

https://www.senate.gov/about/origins-foundations/senate-and-constitution/constitution.htm

The Bill of Rights helped public health by protecting individual rights like safety, privacy, and access to adequate treatment.

https://bensguide.gpo.gov/bill-of-rights-1789-91

Smallpox inoculations provided the first ever vaccines. This discovery created the foundation of the entire field of immunology.

https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/smallpox-inoculation-revolutionary-war.htm

These sanitation laws showed that cleanliness is important for health. This idea influenced modern medicine and public health.

https://blogs.umb.edu/pumpingstation/category/early-sanitation-in-boston/