The four conditions for deadlock:

1 Mutual exclusion ：A resource can only be used by one process at a time.

2 Hold and wait ：A process holds some resources while waiting for others.

3 No Preemption：Resources cannot be forcibly taken from a process.

4 Circular Wait A circular chain of processes exists, each waiting for the next one’s resources.

All four conditions must be met.

1. CPU (Central Processing Unit): The "brain" of the computer that handles all processing and calculations.

2. Motherboard: The main circuit board that connects all components and allows communication between them.

3. RAM (Random Access Memory): Short-term memory that stores data for quick access while the computer is running.

4. Storage (SSD/HDD): Long-term storage for files, applications, and the operating system.

   • SSD (Solid State Drive): Faster storage with no moving parts.

   • HDD (Hard Disk Drive): Slower, mechanical storage but with more capacity at a lower cost.

5. Power Supply Unit (PSU): Provides power to all components of the PC.

6. Graphics Processing Unit (GPU): Handles rendering of images, videos, and graphics; essential for gaming and design tasks.

7. Cooling System: Keeps the CPU and GPU from overheating; can be air or liquid-based.

8. Input/Output Devices:

   • Monitor (output), Keyboard/Mouse (input) to interact with the PC.

9. Case: The enclosure that houses all the components, providing protection and airflow.

10. Operating System (OS): Software (like Windows, macOS, Linux) that allows you to control and use the computer's hardware.

A system call is a mechanism that allows user-level processes to request services from the operating system's kernel. It acts as an interface between a running application and the operating system, enabling programs to interact with hardware or execute kernel-level functions

• Identifier: A unique identifier associated with this process, to distinguish it

from all other processes.

• State: If the process is currently executing, it is in the running state.

• Priority: Priority level relative to other processes.

• Program counter: The address of the next instruction in the program to be

executed.

·   Process Scheduling: Determining which processes run and in what order.

·   CPU Scheduling: Specifically focuses on allocating CPU time to processes.

·   Job Scheduling: Manages the sequence in which jobs (or processes) are loaded into memory for execution.

Conditions for Deadlock

1.      Mutual Exclusion – Only one process may use a resource at a time

2.      Hold-and-Wait – a process may hold allocated resources while awaiting assignment of others.

3.      No Pre-emption – no resource can be forcibly removed from a process holding it.

4.      Circular Wait – a closed chain of processes exists, such that each process holds at least one resource needed by the next process in the chain.

Virtual Memory: This is a memory management technique where the operating system uses a portion of the hard drive as an extension of RAM. When the actual RAM is full, the system temporarily moves data from RAM to a space on the hard disk (known as the swap file or paging file), allowing for the execution of more programs than the physical RAM could otherwise support.

Secondary Memory (Storage): This refers to non-volatile memory such as hard drives or SSDs, where data and programs are stored permanently. Unlike RAM, this memory retains data even when the computer is powered off.

2. Performs the data processing

3. Also known as CPU (Central Processing Unit)

Functions: -

1. Fetch, decode and execute instructions

2. Manage Data flow – controls data flow between computer parts (like the memory, storage) using the bus topology.

3. assign processes to be executed by the processor in a way that meets system objectives using different kinds of scheduling like long term, medium term, short term and I/O term) (Process scheduling)

4. Managing System Resources – partition allocation