• 2 accomplishments

• Born 1473 in Poland

• Discovered the heliocentric model.

  • The sun is the center around which the rest of the solar system orbits.

• Discovered that the earth rotates, and this rotation changes what we see in the sky.

Francis Bacon

• Born 1561 in England

• Created the Scientific Method, which scientists follow to ensure accurate results from experiments.

• Advocated for empiricism, the philosophical view that true knowledge comes only from sensory experience.

Galileo Galilei

• Born 1564 in Italy

• Created an improved telescope, which allowed him to make many astronomical discoveries, like Jupiter's moons and stars invisible to the naked eye.

• Discovered the law of falling bodies.

  • The distance traveled by a falling object is directly proportional to the square of the time it takes to fall.

Johannes Kepler

• Born 1571 in Germany

• Improved Galileo's telescope design, creating the Keplerian Telescope.

• Created Kepler's three laws of planetary motion, which developed Copernicus's heliocentric theory from circular orbits to elliptical ones.

  • 1. The orbit of a planet is an ellipse with the Sun as one of the two foci.

  • A segment joining a planet and the Sun sweeps out equal areas during equal intervals of time.

  • The square of a planet's orbital period is proportional to the cube of the length of the semi-major axis of its orbit.

William Harvey

• Born 1578 in England

• Wrote De Motu Cordis, a study on bloodflow where he found that the circulatory system was a closed loop in which no blood was lost or gained. At the time, it was thought that blood was produced by digested food and was used up by tissues to produce heat.

• Discovered that the heart, not the lungs, pumped blood through the body.

Rene Descartes

• Born 1596 in France

• Developed analytic geometry, which uses algebraic equations to represent geometric figures. (example: the coordinate grid with an x- and y-axis).

• Wrote Discourse on Method, where he proposed that scientific progress will be hindered by clinging to past knowledge unproven by the standards of today.

Robert Boyle

• Born 1627 in Ireland

• Created Boyle's law

  • The volume of a gas decreases when pressure increases, and vice versa.

• Advocated for atomic theory.

Isaac Newton

• Born 1643 in England

• Created Newton's law of universal gravitation, which unified astronomical and terrestrial observations of gravity, force, and orbit.

• Created Newton's laws of motion:

  • 1. An object in motion remains in motion at a constant speed and in a straight direction, and an object at rest remains at rest unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.

  • 2. The acceleration of an object depends on the mass of the object and the amount of force applied.

  • 3. When one object exerts force on another, the second exerts an equal and opposite force on the first.

Marie Paulze Lavoisier

• Born 1758 in France

• Worked as a lab assistant for her husband, the chemist Antoine Lavoisier. She also assisted him by translating papers on chemistry into French.

• Documented, illustrated, compiled, and published her husband's experiments, which proved the law of conservation of mass.

Mary Somerville

• Born 1780 in Scotland

• Wrote Physical Geography, which explains the Earth's placement in the Solar System, terrestrial and aquatic features, atmospheric phenomena, and population distribution.

• Translated and expanded upon Pierre-Simon Laplace's Mécanique Céleste, a treatise on the mathematics behind celestial mechanics.

• Heliocentrism: Everything in our solar system orbits the sun, not the earth

• Argued that the Earth spins on its own axis

Galileo Galilei, 1564, Italy

• Invented an early version of the thermometer

• Discovered the rings of Saturn

Johannes Kepler, 1571, Germany

• Three laws of planetary motion

  • The planets move in an elliptical(oval) orbit around the sun

  • The time necessary to traverse any arc of planetary orbit is proportional to the area between the central body(the sun) and that arc

  • There is an exact relationship between the squares of the planet's periodic times and the cubes of their mean distances from the sun

• Discovered several new polyhedra (shapes with more than 6 sides)

William Harvey, 1578, United Kingdom

• Discovered the idea of circulation, or that blood flows rapidly throughout the human body

• Investigated the nature of the heartbeat, as he figured out that the heart served as a pump to regulate circulation

Robert Boyle, 1627, Ireland

• Boyle's law: At a fixed temperature, the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to it's pressure

• Studied the colors of certain plant extracts, and used them to create chemical indicators

  • Chemical indicators change color to differentiate between acids and bases

Isaac Newton, 1643, United Kingdom

• Discovery of gravity

• Newton's 3 laws of motion

  • Inertia: Objects in motion tend to stay in motion, and objects at rest tend to stay at rest

  • F = ma: Force equals mass times acceleration

  • Every action has an equal and opposite reaction

• Nicolaus Copernicus (Born 1473, Poland)

• Created Heliocentrism: The sun is in the center of the universe and the Earth as long as the other planets of the Solar System revolve around it.

• Developed a system for calculating and predicting motions of the planets in the Solar System

• Johannes Kepler (Born 1571, Germany)

• Provided a new and correct account of how vision occurs; 

• Developed a novel explanation for the behavior of light in the telescope

• Galileo Galilei (1564 Italy)

•  Invented an improved telescope

• Invented the first pendulum clock

• Isaac Newton (1643 England)

• Created the theory of gravitation

• Discovered calculus

• William Harvey (1578 United Kingdom)

• Discovered the blood's circulation in the body

• Isolated parts of the heart

• Robert Boyle (1627 Ireland)

• Discovered that the volume of a gas decreases with increasing pressure

• Designed and improved an air pump capable of creating and sustaining a vacuum 

• Francis Bacon (1561 United Kingdom)

• Created the scientific method

• Played an indirect role in the contribution to plate tectonic theory

• Rene Descartes (1596 France)

- developed rules for deductive reasoning

- developed a system for using letters as mathematical variables

• Emilie du Châtelet (1706 France)

• Translation and commentary on Isaac Newton's work Principia Mathematica.

•  Elucidation of the concepts of energy and energy conservation.

• Caroline Herschel (1750 Germany)

•  Built the largest telescope of its day

Became the first woman to discover a comet

• Discovered that the universe( solar system) was heliocentric, aka the planets including the earth revolve around the sun.

• discovered that things rotate/ turn we aren't just still 24/7

  Francis Bacon- January 22, 1561, York House, Strand

• Developed the first Scientific Method: Table of presence, table of absence in proximity, and table of comparison, performed a short survey to determine the cause, helping scientists gauge accuracy and results

• discovered tectonic plate theory in geophysics

  Galileo Galilei- born February 15, 1564, Pisa, Italy

• The law of falling bodies proves that the distance of a body falling is proportional to the square of elapsed time and that its trajectory was a parabola.

• Discovered four major moons that orbit Jupiter using the stronger telescope that he invented. Also found out that the moon's surface was uneven not smooth as we thought

  Johannes Kepler-  born on December 27, 1571, in Weil der Stadt, Wurttemberg, Germany

• discovered laws of planetary motion: planets move in elliptical with the sun at one focus, and the time necessary to travel the arc of any planet is proportional to the area of the sector between the central body and said arc, there is an exact relationship between the squares of planets and their cubes of mean distance from the sun

• provided a newly defined, proven, correct account of how vision works and occurs

  William Harvey- April 1, 1578, Folkestone, United Kingdom

• proved blood flows around the human body through arteries and veins

• determined that the active phase of the heartbeat, when the muscles contract, is when the heart decreases its internal volume and that blood is expelled with considerable force from the heart.

  Rene Descartes- March 31, 1596, Descartes, France

• proposed the naturalistic formation of the Earth and other planets

• discovered mathematical techniques that founded geometry and algebra

  Robert Boyle- January 25, 1627, Lismore, Ireland

• Boyle's law of gasses: pressure and volume of a gas are inversely proportional at a constant temperature

• invented the vacuum pump and discovered air was necessary for burning

   Isaac Newton- December 25, 1642, Lincolnshire, England

• laws of motion: objects move at the same velocity unless an outside force acts upon them, force is equal to the change in momentum, and for every action in nature there is an equal and opposite reaction.

• first person to argue white light was a mixture of man types of rays.

   Maria Sybilla Merian- April 2, 1647, Frankfurt, Germany

• depicted in extreme detail the metamorphosis process for moths and butterflies, studied, researched, and published info about insects.

• Brought a new standard to scientific accuracy and precision.

  Caroline Herschel- March 16, 1750, Hanover, Germany

• first woman to discover a comet and be officially recognized ina scientific position

• discovered 14 new nebulae

• Francis Bacon

  • born 1561 in the United kingdom

  • invented the scientific method, a 6 step guide that is the foundation of modern scientific testing.

  • Indirectly contributed with the development of continental drift theory, coming up with the idea that the western hemisphere was joined with Eurasia

• Galileo Galilei

  -born 1564 in italy

  -

• Johannes kepler

  -born 1571 in germany

• William Harvey

  -born 1578 in the United Kingdom

• Rene Descartes

  -born 1596 in france

• Robert Boyle

  -born 1627 in Ireland

• Isaac Newton

  -born 1643 in England.

  - helped develop and create the idea of calculus

  -made the 3 laws of motion,three basic laws of classical mechanics that describe the relationship between the motion of an object and the forces acting on it

• He discovered a heliocentric system-the planets orbit around the sun

• He discovered that the earth rotates on its axis once daily

Francis Bacon 1561 York House, Strand

• He argued that scientific knowledge is obtained after making observations

• He created the scientific method, also known as the Bacon Method

Galileo galilei 1564 pisa, italy

• He saw that there were mountains on the moon through his telescope

• He was the first to see that jupiter also had moons

Johannes Kepler 1571 Stadt, Germany

• He is Best known for his three laws of planetary motion

• He wrote a novel on the behavior of light in telescopes

William Harvey 1578 Folkestone, United Kingdom

• He was the first person to accurately describe the blood circulation in the human body

• He found that the heart only pumped blood in one direction

Rene Descartes 1596 Descartes, France

• He invented analytic geometry, a method of solving geometry with algebra and vice versa

• He had a theory that had to do with the separation of the mind and body

Robert Boyle 1627 Lismore, Ireland

• He discovered that the volume of a gas decreases with more pressure and vice versa

• He believed that everything was made of particles

Isaac newton 1643 woolsthorpe manor house, United Kingdom

• He discovered the three laws of motion

• He discovered calculus with Gottfried Leibniz

Caroline Herschel 1750 Haneover, Germany 

• She was the first woman to discover a comet

• She and her brother discovered Uranus

Mary Sommerville 1780 Jedburgh, United Kingdom

• She played a big role in discovering Neptune

• She was most likely the first person to be labeled as a scientist

• Figured out the sun was the center of the universe rather than the Earth, the heliocentric system.

• Earth spins on its axis, one full rotation a day, while spinning around the sun.

  
  

• Francis Bacon, 1561, Unite Kingdom

  • Help discover the tectonic plate theory and Earth's geophysics.

  • Made, and has named after him, the Bacon Method. That scientists must make unprejudiced observations, then turn those into generalizations, and that leads to new discoveries

    
    

• Galileo Galilei, 1564, Italy

  • Put in jail for the rest of his life for speaking out and believing that the Earth revolves around the sun.

  • Discovered the laws of free fall, projectile motion, and concept of inertia.

    
    

• Johannes Kepler, 1571, Germany

  • Discovered the three laws of planetary motion

  • Planets move in paths around the sun, the planets closer to the sun move faster than ones farther.

    
    

• William Harvey, 1578, United Kingdom

  • First person to correctly discover the blood's circulation in the human body.

  • Made new discoveries in the reproduction system, which little was known about it before.

    
    

• Rene Descartes, 1596, Sweden

  • invented analytical geometry, that a point on a plane can be identified using coordinates.

  • Introduced skepticism to the scientific method and to not jump to conclusions.

    
    

• Robert Boyle, 1627, United Kingdom

  • Discovered that air is necessary to burn something.

  • Created the vacuum pump, which changes the pressure in a contained space.

    
    

• Isaac Newton, 1643, United Kingdom

  • Discovered three laws of motion, which describe the concepts of force, motion, and inertia.

  • Devised laws of universal gravitation when an apple fell on his head.

    
    

• Emilie du Chatelet, 1706, France

  • Translated and added Commentary to Isaac Newton's Principia Mathematica

  • Wrote texts on natural philosophy during the Age of Enlightenment

• Caroline Herschel, 1750, Germany

  • Built a 12, meter long reflector telescope, the biggest of its day.

  • First Women to discover a comet, discovered 7 in total, and discovered the nebulae.

• Discovered the heliocentric system, which is the concept that the sun is the center of the solar system and all plantes, including Earth, revolve around it.

• Discovered that the Earth rotates on its axis.

Francis Bacon, Born 1561, London

• Fathered the scientific method, which is a scientific process of objectively stating facts through facts and experimentation.

• He was a scientist, philosopher, statesman, jurist, attorney general, and the Lord Chancellor of England during his lifetime.

Galileo Galilei, Born 1564, Italy

• Discovered craters and mountains on the moon and used the length of the shadows to estimate the height of the mountains.

• Discovered that Venus had various phases similar to the moon, which proved that Venus orbited the sun rather than the Earth.

Johannes Kepler, Born 1571, Germany

• Formulated the three laws of planetary motion, which revolutionized astronomy

  1. Planets move in in elliptical paths around the Sun

  2. Planets move proportionally faster in their orbits when they are closer to the sun.

  3. Explains the relationship between the distance of a planet from the Sun and the amount of time it took to orbit the Sun

• Discovered two new regular polyhedra.

William Harvey, Born 1578, United Kingdom

• Discovered that blood circulated around the body and returned to the heart, which is regarded as one of the most important medical discoveries of all time.

• Discovered that the valves in veins only allow blood to flow in the direction of the heart.

Rene Descartes, Born 1596, France

• Invented analytic geometry, which is the method of solving algebraic problems geometrically and geometric problems algebraically.

• Developed the theory that the natures of mind and body are different and separate.

Robert Boyle, Born 1627, Ireland

• Discovered that the volume of a gas decreases with increasing pressure and vice versa, which was eventually named the Boyle's law

• Demonstrated that all matter is made of tiny particles that are now known as atoms, which contributed to the development of the atomic theory.

Isaac Newton, Born 1643, United Kingdom

• Developed the three laws of motion, which state that every object persists in it's state of motion or rest unless forced out of it, force is equal to mass multiplied by acceleration, and every action has an equal and opposite reaction.

• Devised the law of universal gravitation by observing an apple fall out of a tree.

Margaret Cavendish, Born 1623, United Kingdom

• One of the most prolific female authors and natural philosophers of the 17th century.

• Published multiple books under her own name on topics such as philosophy and gender.

Caroline Herschel, born 1750, Germany

• Became the first woman to discover a comet in 1786.

• Became the first British woman to earn income from the field of science and the first woman to make a living from astronomy.

• Discovered heliocentrism

  • Made a model of the universe where the Sun was the center, and all the other planets orbited the Sun

• Made a system for calculating/predicting planetary movements

  • Proposed that planets move in perfect circles around the Sun, with each planet having different rotations and distances.

  • Developed an intricate complex mathematical system to calculate the observed retrogade motion of planets

Francis Bacon - b. 1561, United Kingdom

• Created the Scientific Method

  • The scientific method is still used today to make sure that scientists can get precise results from experiments

• Was one of the "fathers" of empricism

  • Empiricism is an epistemological way of thinking that says true knowledge/justification can only come from sensory experiences

Galileo Galilei - b. 1564, Italy

• Was the first to observe many different things in the Solar System

  • For example, Saturn's rings, the Moon's craters, Jupiter's moons, etc.

• Developed an early microscope and an early thermometer

Johannes Kepler - b. 1571, Germany

• Invented the first powerful telescope, which led him to discovering the three laws of planetary motion

• Invented the field of optics

William Harvey - b. 1578, United Kingdom

• First physician to provide an in-depth explanation of the circulatory system

• Announced a revolutionary theory that said that blood circulates throughout the body from the heart to arteries and veins

Robert Boyle - b. 1627, Ireland

• Discovered that air is needed for things to burn

• Developed an early form of the atomic theory

Sir Isaac Newton - b. 1643, United Kingdom

• Developed the three laws of motion that led to the study of physics

• Discovered calculus, gravity, new theories on light and color, and advanced early modern chemistry

Rene Descartes - b. 1596, France

• Invented analytic geometry, which solves algebra geometrically and geometry algebraically

• Devised a universal method on deductive reasoning, which can be applied to all sciences

Caroline Herschel - b. 1750, Germany

• Built a 12-meter long telescope

• Became the first woman ever to discover a comet

Sophie German - b. 1776, France

• the first mathematician to ever formulate a plan to prove Fermat's Last Theorem in its entirety

• Developed and discovered number theory

• As a predecessor to Galileo, Nicolaus proposed that the Sun was at the center of the universe as opposed to the Earth.

• He was well-versed in economics and medicine, while never getting a degree in any field.

Johannes Kepler 1571, Weil-Der-Stadt, Germany.

• Kepler classified the 3 laws of planetary motion; 1) planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun as a focus, (2) a planet covers the same area of space in the same amount of time no matter where it is in its orbit, and (3) a planet's orbital period is proportional to the size of its orbit (its semi-major axis).

• Kepler also identified features of the human eye, like central visual acuity, visual field, dark adaptation, and errors of refraction.

Galileo Galilei - 1564, Pisa, Italy.

• Taught Copernican theories and was arrested by the Catholic church for these teachings.

• Galileo also formulated the basic law of falling bodies.

Isaac Newton - 1643, Woolsthrope-Manner-House, England.

• Created the theories known as the laws of gravity.

• Contributed to the development of Calculus, and was responsible for working out many of the principles of visible light and the laws of motion.

William Harvey - 1578, Folkstone, England.

• Inspired by Francis Bacon's work, he studied and taught his findings for many years.

• Though his findings were published in Latin like any other great scientist during the Renaissance, his works weren't translated into his native language until about 20-30 years after they were created.

Francis Bacon - 1561, York-House, England

• Invented the scientific method, through his writings and books. He wrote these in Latin, the lingua franca of Europe during his time period, however much of his work was not translated into English until about 20-30 years after it was published

• He was a politician and leader in England

Ron Descartes - 1596, Descartes, France

• Made contributions to mathematics, ones to Algebra, and Geometry.

• Proposed many concepts around human nature and philosophy, including the concept of duality, which describes the human body as containing 2 separate features, the mind, and the body.

Caroline Herschel - 1750, Hanover, Germany

• Made incredible astronomical advancements, including the invention of the largest telescope in the world at the time.

• She discovered a comet, which no woman had done at the time, and proceeded to discover 7 more comets afterward.

Sophie Germain - 1776, Paris, France

• She was the first mathematician to ever formulate a cohesive plan for proving Fermat's Last Theorem.

• She also contributed to the development of Number Theory.

• Proposed the heliocentric model for the Solar System

• Argued for the Earth's rotation on its axis

Francis Bacon, 1561, London

• Created Baconian method, which was a first formulation of the modern scientific method

• Served as AG and Lord Chancellor of England

Galileo Galilei, 1564, Pisa, Italy

• Invented an improved telescope

• Discovered the laws of free fall, projectile motion, and inertia

Johannes Kepler, 1571, Germany

• Formulated 3 laws of planetary motion: 1. Planets move in elliptical paths around the Sun 2. Planets closer to the Sun move faster than those farther away 3. A planet's orbital period is proportional to the size of its orbit

• Provided new and correct account of how vision works

William Harvey, 1578, UK

• First person to correctly describe blood's circulation in the body

• Discovered valves and veins in body

Rene Descartes, 1596, France

• Invented analytical geometry

• Introduced skepticism as an essential part of the scientific model

Robert Boyle, 1627, Ireland

• Invented vacuum pump

• Discovered that air was necessary in order to burn things

Issac Newton, 1643, England

• Discovered theory of gravity

• Developed calculus

Emilie du Chatelet, 1706, France

• Translated and commented on Isaac Newton's book, Principa Mathematica

• Elucidated the concepts of energy and energy conservation

Caroline Herschel, 1750, Germany

• First woman to discover a comet

• Discovered 3 nebulae

A. The Scientific Revolution was a series of events that marked the emergence of modern science. It was revolutionary because science was modernized and both social and religious mores were challenged and eventually upended. Previous ideas became invalidated and corrected due to the revolution.

B. The Scientific Revolution was a series of events that marked the emergence of modern science. It wasn't revolutionary because the field of science in general wasn't changed and nothing about science as a discipline changed during this time.

1473

Poland

Proposed the heliocentric system

Proposed that the planets orbit the sun

• Francis Bacon

1561

York

Knowledge comes from the senses

Scientific knowledge stems from observations

• Galileo Galilei

1564

Italy

Found the mountains on the moon

Discovered the phases of Venus

• Johannes Kepler

1571

Germany

Different speeds in which planets move

Explained the behavior of light

• William Harvey

1578

England

Discovered blood circulation

Discovered the presence of valves in veins

• Rene Descartes

1596

France

Invented analytic geometry

Thought of the separation of mind and body

• Robert Boyle

1627

Ireland

discovered that the volume of a gas decreases with increasing pressure

Refuted the 4-element theory

• Isaac Newton

1643

England

Discovering gravitational pull

3 laws of motions:

(1) Every object moves in a straight line unless acted upon by a force. (2) The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force exerted and inversely proportional to the object's mass. (3) For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

• Caroline Herschel

1750

Germany

Discovery of comets

Discovered Uranus

• Sophie Germain

1776

France

Proved Fermat’s Theorem: no three positive integers a, b, and c satisfy the equation a^n + b^n = c^n

Made Sophie Germain's theorem:If there exists an auxiliary prime P = 2Np + 1 (N is any positive integer not divisible by 3) such that: if x^p + y^p + z^p ≡ 0 (mod P), then P divides xyz

born Feb. 19, 1473, 

Toruń, Pol.

1 proposed a heliocentric system

• All planets orbit sun 

2 Published “De revolutionibus orbium coelestium” in 1543.

• Seminal work on the heliocentric theory of the astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus 

Francis Bacon

January 22, 1561, York House, Strand

1 created the Scientific Method, also known as the Bacon Method.

• Observation/Question 

• Research Topic Area 

• Hypothesis Test with experiment

• Analyze Data 

• Report Conclusions 

• Repeat

2 served as attorney general and Lord Chancellor of England

Galileo Galilei

Pisa on February 15, 1564.

1 Concept of Inertia

• if a body is at rest or moving at a constant speed in a straight line, it will remain at rest or keep moving in a straight line at constant speed unless it is acted upon by a force

2 Laws of Free Fall

• force (F) = mass (m) times acceleration (a)

• a = f/m

Johannes Kepler

born December 27, 1571,

[Germany]

1 three laws of planetary motion

• The three laws state that: The orbit of a planet is an ellipse with the Sun at one of the two foci. A line segment joining a planet and the Sun sweeps out equal areas during equal intervals of time. The square of a planet's orbital period is proportional to the cube of the length of the semi-major axis of its orbit.

2 Keplerian telescope

• imaged hundreds of thousands of stars, many of which host exoplanets

William Harvey

born April 1, 1578, Folkestone, Kent, England

1 One, a nutritious fluid that encourages growth was made in the liver and flows through the body’s blue-coloured veins.

2 A second red fluid moves through the heart and arteries, activating muscles and stimulating movement.

Rene Descartes

March 31, 1596, Descartes, France

1 Dioptrics he derived the law of refraction 

2 Meteorology he explained the rainbow

Margaret Cavendish

1623, Colchester, United Kingdom

1 became the first woman to attend a meeting of the Royal Society

2 one of the most published women of the 17th century

Robert Boyle

January 25, 1627, Lismore, Ireland

1 the famous Boyle's law.

• Using Boyle's law, P1V1 = P2V2, we can calculate the change in volume at different altitudes.

2 founder of the Royal Society

• The world's oldest independent scientific academy, dedicated to promoting excellence in science.

Isaac Newton

Lincolnshire on January 4, 1643 

1 Invented the reflecting telescope.

• use mirrors to help astronomers see more clearly far-away objects in space.

2 Discovered calculus.

Emilie du Châtelet 

December 17, 1706, Paris, France

1 Translation and Commentary on Isaac Newton's work Principia Mathematica.

2 recognized by the French Academy of Sciences for her treatise on the nature of fire

• discovered that the sun was the center of the universe,

• earth revolves annually around the sun and rotates on an axis . 

  
  

  Francis Bacon- 1561, United Kingdom, 

• created the scientific method

• helped discover plate tectonics

  
  

  Galileo Galilei- 1564, Italy

• Discovered the rings on saturn,

• Discovered that objects in motions stay in motion and objects at rest stay at rest

  
  

  Johannes Kepler- 1571, Germany ,

• Invented the field of optics

• Invented the first powerful telescope

  
  

  William Harvey- 1578, United Kingdom

• Discovered that blood flows through the heart

• discovered blood flow’s circular circuit through the body. 

  
  

  Rene Descartes- 1596, France

• created analytical geometry( using algebra to explain geometric shapes)

• introduced dualism( reality is divided into 2 parts) 

  
  

  Margaret Cavendish, 1623, United Kingdom

• popularized atomism( universe is made of atoms), wrote 14 scientific books

• Isaac Newton-  1643, United Kingdom,

• Discovered calculus

• invented the reflecting telescope

• Robert Boyle- 1691, United Kingdom

• discovered that air was necessary for burning

• founded the Royal Society

• Caroline Herschel- 1750, Germany

• first woman to discover a comet,

• built a 12m telescope, which was the longest of the time. 

• discovered that the planets revolve around the sun (the heliocentric theory)

• found that the sun is in the center of the universe and not Earth

Francis Bacon was born on January 22, 1561 in London.

• He made the scientific method which is the process of making an observation, making a hypothesis, making a prediction, doing an experiment and then analyzing the results

• Contributed to plate tectonic theory and solid Earth geophysics

Galileo Galilei was born on February 15, 1564 in Italy.

• Discovered the mountains on the moon, the moons of Jupiter, the phases of Venus, and the rings of Saturn

• Discovered projectile motion which is the motion of an object thrown into the air subject to only the acceleration of gravity

Johannes Kepler was born on December 27, 1571 in Germany.

• Made three laws of planetary motion which is planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun as a focus, a planet covers the same area of space in the same amount of time no matter where it is in its orbit, and a planet's orbital period is proportional to the size of its orbit

• provided a new and correct account of how vision occurs

William Harvey was born on April 1, 1578 in UK.

• Discovered that blood circulates throughout the human body through a single system of arteries and veins

• Discovered function of the heart

Rene Descartes was born on March 31, 1596 in France.

• Invented analytical geometry which is being able to solve geometry problems algebraically and algebra problems geometrically

• Came up with a learning method called deductive reasoning which is where you think of a general idea, make observations to make it more specific, then come to a conclusion

Robert Boyle was born on January 25, 1627 in Ireland.

• Discovered that the volume of a gas decreases with increasing pressure and vice versa

• Came up with atomic theory (everything is made of very tiny particles/atoms)

Isaac Newton was born on January 4, 1643 in UK.

• Invented the reflecting telescope

• Developed the three laws of motion, an object will not change its motion unless a force acts on it, the force on an object is equal to its mass times its acceleration, and when two objects interact they apply forces to each other of equal magnitude and opposite direction.

Marie Paulze Lavoisier was born on January 20, 1758 in France.

• edited and published Lavoisier's Memoirs

• drew many sketches and carved engravings of the laboratory instruments used by Lavoisier and his colleagues

Sophie Germain was born on April 1, 1776 in France.

• contributed to the number theory

• first mathematician to ever formulate a cohesive plan for proving Fermat's Last Theorem

• Discovered Heliocentrism, the theory that planets of the solar system revolve around the sun

• Created a system that calculated and predicted the motions of the solar system

  Francis Bacon, England, 1561

• Developed the scientific method

• Contributed to the creation of the plate tectonic theory and solid earth geophysics

  Galileo Galilei, Italy, 1564

• Invented the telescope

• Coined the concept of inertia, or the state of an object staying in place when no external force is acting upon it

  Johannes Kepler, Germany, 1571

• Found the three laws of planetary motion, the laws that describe the movement of planets

• Contributed to the creation of the Copernicus theory, the theory that planets orbit around the sun

  William Harvey, England, 1578

• Discovered how arteries and veins work

• Discovered the function of the heart

  Rene Descartes, France, 1596

• Invented analytical geometry, a way to solve geometric problems algebraically and algebraic problems geometrically

• Known as the "Father of Modern Philosophy"

  Robert Boyle, Ireland, 1627

• Discovered Boyle's law, which defines the relationship between pressure and volume in a confined gas

• Was the first to perform experiments under controlled conditions and publish his findings

  Maria Sybilla Merian, Germany, 1647

• Discovered facts about plants and insects that were previously unknown through travel and research

• Documented the nature of Suriname through drawings

  Isaac Newton, United Kingdom, 1643

• Discovered calculus

• Developed Newton's three laws of motion, which explain the basic relationship between force and motion

  Caroline Herschel, Germany, 1750

• She detected three nebulae using a telescope

• She became the first woman to discover a comet

• William Harvey, 1578, United Kingdom

  - Discovered how arteries and veins pump blood throughout the body

  - Discovered the function of the heart.

• Rene Descartes, 1596, France

  - Invented analytical geometry that connected algebra and geometry.

  - Descartes helped create the law of refraction when referring to light.

• Robert Boyl, 1627, Ireland

  - Boyl discovered that air was required for burning.

  - Believed that everything was made of tiny corpuscles, now atoms. This was an early form of atomic theory.

• Isaac Newton, 1643, England

  - Formulated the laws of motion and gravitation which are laws that explain how objects move when they are acted on by an external force.

  - Newton is credited with coming up with calculus.

• Emilie du Chatelet, 1706, France

  - She translated and commentated Isaac Newton's work.

  - Wanted to disprove the theory that fire was a material substance

• Caroline Herschel, 1750, Germany

  - She built a 12 meter long reflector which was the largest telescope of it's time.

  - Was the first woman to discover a comet, she also discovered three nebulae.

Poland 1473

• Created the heliocentric system theory which was that the planets orbit around the sun.

• He created a system which calculated the motion of the planets.

Francis Bacon

London, England 1561

• He contributed to the plate tectonic theory and solid earth geophysics

• He created the scientific method called the Bacon theory, which is the process of establishing facts and testing.

Galileo Galilei

Pisa, Italy 1564

• He invented the improved telescope.

• He discovered the laws of free fall, projectile motion, and the concept of inertia.

Johannes Kepler

Weil Der Stadt, Germany 1571

• He used simple mathematics to formulate three laws of planetary motion.

• He provided a new and correct account of how vision occurs.

William Harvey

Folkstone, UK

• He discovered that the human body pumps blood rapidly throughout the body. Also helped us learn about Arteries and Veins

• He also discovered the function of the heart and now it helps us.

Rene Descartes

Descartes, France 1596

• He discovered analytical geometry which was understanding the coordinate plane

• He introduced skepticism as an essential part of the scientific method

Robert Boyle

Lismore, Ireland 1627

• He invented the vacuum pump

• He also discovered air that was needed for burning

Isaac Newton

Lincolnshire, England 1642

• He formulated the laws of motion and gravitation

• He also invented the reflecting telescope and calculus

Caroline Herschel

Hanover, Germany 1750

• She built a 12-meter-long reflector, which was the largest telescope back then.

• She was the first woman to discover a comet, she then discovered 7 more.

Mary Somerville

Jedburgh, UK 1780

• She was one of the first female members of the Royal Astronomical Society.

• Her science books became international bestsellers and were translated into many different languages.

• proposed a heliocentric model of the solar system (the solar system is shown with the sun in the center)

• created a system for calculating and predicting planetary motions

Francis Bacon, 1561, England

• created the scientific method: the process of establishing facts through tests and experiments

• indirectly contributed to the plate tectonic theory by suggesting the Western Hemisphere once joined with Eurasia (idea wasn't fully developed to be used yet)

Galileo Galilei, 1564, Italy

• discovered the laws of free fall: the distance that a falling object travels is directly proportional the the squared time that it takes to fall

• discovered projectile motion: the motion of an object when it is thrown or projected into the air

Johannes Kepler, 1571, Germany

• formulated the three laws of planetary motion:

  1) planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun as a focus

  2) a planet covers the same area of space and time no matter where it is in its orbit

  3) a planet's orbital period is proportional to the size of its orbit

• invented the first powerful telescope

William Harvey, 1578, United Kingdom

• discovered how the blood circulates in the body (the blood flows rapidly around the human body through a circuit made from veins and arteries that start at the heart and leads back to the heart)

• discovered how the heart fully function using his blood circulation discovery

Rene Descartes, 1596, France

• invented analytical geometry (locating the position of a point on the plane using coordinates)

• proposed that skepticism is an essential part of the scientific method

Margaret Cavendish, 1623, United Kingdom

• published 6 books about natural philosophy: she believed that the natural world is purely material

• challenged the role of women by bringing up natural philosophy and moving the main concern away from religion or women's education

Robert Boyle, 1627, Ireland

• invented the vacuum pump

• discovered that you need air to burn something

Isaac Newton, 1643, United Kingdom

• invented the reflecting telescope (used mirrors to help astronomers see far-away objects in space)

• formulated laws of motion and gravitation: the force of gravity decreases with distance and mass

Caroline Herschel, 1750, Germany

• built a 12-meter-long reflector (the largest telescope of the time)

• first woman to discover a comet

• Nicolaus Copernicus 

Born in Toruń, Royal Prussia, Poland 2/19/1473-5/24/1543

-He introduced the heliocentric model of our solar system; the planets orbit around the sun.

-He theorized that if more money were to be pumped into an economy, the goods price will rise in proportion in the essay Monetae cudendae ratio .

• Francis Bacon 

Born on January 22 1561 In London England-April 9, 1626

-Defining the nature of science and experiment. He created the Baconian method, the original scientific method that every method is based on today. A cycle of observation, question, hypothesis, experiment, and observation. 

-He wrote the book Instauratio Magna or the Great Instauration which is composed of human knowledge, art, and science. 

• Galileo Galilei 

Born on February 15, 1564, Pisa, Italy-January 8, 1642

-He was the first to use the telescope to make observations like mountains on the moon, the 4 largest moons of Jupiter (named Galilean moon), the phases of Venus, and the rings of Saturn.

-He was also responsible for the development of an early model of the thermometer.

• Johannes Kepler 

Born in Weil de Stadt Germany in 12/27/1571-11/15/1630

-He furthered on Copernicus’ study on heliocentrism, and proposed the three major laws of planetary motion. (Planets move in an elliptical orbit, planets move faster the closer they are to the sun, the squares of the orbital periods of the planets are directly proportional to the cubes of the semi-major axes of their orbits.)

-He was also the father of modern optics. He wrote books on how image is formed by the eye and how refraction and magnification works.

• William Harvey 

Born on April 1, 1578 in the UK-June 3, 1657

-The first person to correctly model how blood is circulated throughout the body and the mapping of arteries and veins.

-He was the best physician in London and was appointed to be the physician of the king of England.

• Rene Descartes 

Born on March 31 France, 1596-February 11, 1650

-He combined algebra and geometry in analytical geometry(using algebra to describe geometric figures) and was considered to be the pioneer of early analytic geometry.

-He was a philosopher who had contributed to much of modern day philosophy. He also introduced methodical doubt as an important part of analysis.

• Robert Boyle 

Born on January 25, 1627 in Lismond Ireland-December 31, 1691

-He created Boyle's law which states that at a set temperature, the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to the pressure exerted by the gas.

- He created a vacuum pump that could remove all of the air to create a vacuum. This vacuum can then be used in experiments. 

• Isaac Newton 

Born on January 4, 1643 in UK–March 31, 1727

-He founded the theory of universal gravitation; objects with mass attract each other depends on their mass and inversely, the distance between them.

-Newton was really important in the discovery of calculus as he found that he could use calculus to explain planetary motion.

• Maria Sybilla Merian

2 April 1647 In Germany

- She published her drawings documenting the natural world. Her documentation allowed others to understand these animals and their lifecycle better.

-Her works on metamorphosis had allowed for much further exploration in the field of entomology. 

• Emilie du Châtelet

born December 17, 1706 in Paris

-She published the paper Dissertation sur la nature et la propagation du feu. In which she anticipated the existence of infrared rays in the spectrum of light’s different heating power.

-She had translated and commented on Isaac Newton’s work of Principia Mathematica.

•  Proposed the heliocentric model- this model placed the sun in the center of the solar system.

• He suggested that the Earth rotates on its axis instead of being stationary

Francis Bacon, 1561, Strand

• He created the scientific method (also known as the Bacon's method)

• Contributed to the plate tectonics theory 

Galileo Galilei, 1564, Italy

• He discovered the concept of inertia- an object will stay at rest or in motion until another force acts.

• He discovered the laws of free fall- force (F) = mass (m) times acceleration (a)

Johannes Kepler, 1571, Germany

• Discovered the three laws of planetary movement- planets move in elliptical paths, a planet covers the same area of space in the same amount of time no matter where it is in in its orbit, and the time it takes a planet to orbit is proportional to the size of the planets orbit.

• Created the new and correct theory on how vision works- by squeezing the eye with your ciliary muscle regulates the distance between the lens and retina

William Harvey, 1578, United Kingdom

• Discovered that arteries and veins form a complete circuit that starts and ends at the heart.

• Suggested that in veins there are small valves called venous valves that allow the passage of blood in a singular direction.

Rene Descartes, 1596, France

• Invented analytical Geometry

• Introduced skepticism as an important part of the scientific method

Robert Boyle, 1627, Ireland

• Discovered that air was necessary to burn things

• Invented the vacuum pump

Isaac Newton, 1642, United Kingdom

• Discovered the three laws of motion- an object will stay at rest or in motion until another force acts upon it, the acceleration of an object depends on the net force acting upon the object as well as the mass of the object, and for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

• invented the reflecting telescope

Emilie du Châtelet, 1706, France

• She translated and commented on the work of Issac Newton

• She did research on the nature of energy and energy conservation.

Marie Paulze Lavoisier, 1758, France

• She edited the scientific reports of Jacques-Louis David, helping the spread and publication of new scientific discoveries.

• She was able to draw many experimental apparatuses leading to many innovations in fields such as chemistry

• Discovered the heliocentric system which is the theory that the Sun is in the center of the Universe and that the Earth, revolves annually around the Sun.

• Published the book “De revolutionibus orbium coelestium” which is about the heliocentric theory

Johannes Kepler- 1571, Weil der Stadt

• He discovered that planets move faster in their orbits when they are closer to the Sun

• He invented a new type of telescope, known as the Keplerian telescope

Galileo Galilei- 1564, Pisa

• Galileo discovered the concepts of free fall, projectile motion, and inertia

• He also the discovered four most massive moons of Jupiter

Isaac Newton- 1643, Woolsthorpe Manor in Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth

• He discovered calculus

• He discovered the theory of gravity

William Harvey-1578, England

• Willaim Harvey was the first person to correctly describe blood's circulation in the body

• He proved 1,500 years of established scientific and medical beliefs wrong

Robert Boyle- 1627, County Waterford, Ireland

• He invented the vacuum pump

• He discovered that air was imperative for burning and fires

Francis Bacon- 1561, York House, London

• He indirectly contributed the theory of plate tectonics and solid Earth geophysics

• He created the “Bacon method” which is a scientific method

Rene Descartes- 1596, Touraine, France

• He made a system for that used letters as mathematical variables

• Rene Descartes developed rules for deductive reasoning

Emilie du Châtelet- 1706, Paris

• She translated and commented on Isaac Newton's work

• She added to and advanced concepts of energy and energy conservation

Margaret Cavendish- 1623, Colchester, United Kingdom

• She was one of the most published women of that time

• She wrote plays, biographies, poetry, and proto-science fiction

• Heliocentric - The sun is the center of the universe and the earth rotates around the sun.

• Discovered the earth rotates daily on its axis

Francis Bacon, 1561, London

• Plate Tectonic theory

• Bacon Method

Galileo Galilei, 1564, Florence

• Discovered Projectile Motion

• Discovered the rings of Saturn

Johannes Kepler, 1571, Holy Roman Empire

• Kepler's Laws

• Invented first powerful telescope

William Harvey, 1578, England

• First person to correctly describe blood circulation in the body

• recognize blood flows rapidly through the human body

Rene Descartes, 1596, France

• Developed rules for deductive reasoning

• Discovered how to plot points on a Cartesian Plane

Margaret Cavendish, 1623, England

• First women to write under her own name

• First women to publish her own natural philosophy in the 17th century

Robert Boyle, 1627, London

• Invented the vacuum pump

• Discovered air was necessary for burning

Isaac Newton, 1643, England

• Invented reflecting telescope

• Developed three laws of motion

Sophie Germain, 1776, Paris

• Number theory

• Elasticity theory

• Formulated a model of the universe with the sun in the center rather than the earth (an accurate depiction of the universe).

• Published the book “De revolutionibus orbium coelestium” on his heliocentric theory;in how the sun is the center of the universe.

  Francis Bacon-born in 1561 in York House, Strand 

• Francis Bacon spread his theory of the scientific method widely during the renaissance (Observer, Question, Research, Hypothesis, experiment, data collection, conclusion).

• Francis Bacon influenced a lot of other scientists during the Scientific revolution and encouraged them to use empiricism and use his scientific method.

Galileo Galilei-born 1564 in Italy 

• Known for his theory on how the earth was not flat,but instead was a sphere shape.

Galileo discovered the moons of several planets, and reported much data on Jupiter's moons.

Johannes Kepler-born in 1571 in Germany 

• Established the three laws of planetary motion.

• 1, planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun as a focus

• 2, a planet covers the same area of space in the same amount of time no matter where it is in its orbit

• 3, a planet's orbital period is proportional to the size of its orbit (its semi-major axis).

• Invented the first powerful telescope, and invented the field of optics.

William Harvey-born in 1578 in the UK

• William Harvey discovered the function of the heart and the purpose of circulation of blood.

The discovery that blood circulates repeatedly throughout the body, which furthered the knowledge of the human body in a large way.

Rene Descartes- born in 1596 in France

• Descartes invented analytic geometry, (the process of using algebra to solve geometry problems and use geometry to solve algebraic problems).

 Descartes was also known for his theories on philosophy, many of which came from the quote, “I think therefore I am”.

Robert Boyle- born in 1627 in Ireland

•  Boyle's law, which was Boyle's discovery that the volume of gas decreases with an increase in pressure and vice versa.

Boyle’s study and discoveries advanced the field of chemistry as a whole.

Isaac Newton-born 1642 in England

• Isaac newton invented the reflecting telescope ( a telescope which used mirrors to help astronomers see objects in space more accurately)

• Isaac Newton is mainly known for his 3 laws of motion and understanding of gravity.

• 1, An object in motion will stay in motion unless and a force acts on it.

• 2, the force on an object is equal to its mass times its acceleration.

3, when two objects interact, they apply forces to each other of equal magnitude and opposite.

Emilie du Châtelet-born in 1706 in Paris, France

• Emilie is known for her translation and commentary on Issac Newton's Principia (Newton's beliefs in mathematics and physiology).

Emilie is also known for her elucidation of the concepts of energy and the conservation of energy. 

Caroline Herschel-born 1750 in Germany

• Caroline was the first woman to discover a comet, this comet is known as comet C/1786

• Caroline contributed to finding the planet Uranus, she helped advance the knowledge in the world of astronomy.

-proposed a heliocentric cycle: that the planets circle around the sun

-proposed that the Earth circle around the sun while at the same time turning on its own axis

Francis Bacon-  Jan. 22, 1561; London, United Kingdom

-contributed in the plate tectonics theory 

-created the scientific method other known as the Bacon method

Galileo Galilei- Feb. 15, 1564; Pisa, Italy

-proposed that there were craters and mountains on the Moon and Moon's surface was not smooth and perfect as received wisdom had claimed but rough, with mountains and crater

-he also discovered Jupiter’s moons

Johannes Kepler- Dec. 27, 1571; Weil de Stradt, Germany

-proposed that planets orbit in ellipses, not in circles

-proposed that the moon was the cause of the motion of tides on the Earth.

William Harvey- Apr. 1, 1578; Folkestone, United Kingdom

-the first person to correctly describe blood’s circulation in the body

-showed that veins and arteries form a complete circle

Rene Descartes- Mar. 31, 1596, Descartes, France

-he invented analytic geometry

-introduced skepticism as an essential part of the scientific method

Margaret Cavendish- 1623; Colchester, United Kindgom

-helped to popularize some of the most important ideas of the scientific revolution, including the competing vitalistic and mechanistic natural philosophies and atomi

-the first female to be invited to attend a session of the Royal Society

Robert Boyle- Jan. 25, 1627; Lismore, Ireland

-discovered that the volume of a gas decreases with increasing pressure and vice versa

-believed that everything was made of tiny particles.

Isaac Newton- Jan. 4, 1643; Woolsthorpe Manor House, United Kingdom

-contributed to calculus

-worked out many of the principles of visible light

Emilie du Châtelet- Dec. 17, 1706; Paris, France

-translated Newtons work which was important at that time because it furthered the diffusion of new ideas.

-helped put in place a crucial piece of Einstein's E = mc2

• Born Poland, 1473

• Discovered Heliocentrism: planets in the solar system revolve around the sun.

• The earth rotates on an axis one full time every day.

Francis Bacon

• Born in England, 1561

• Created the Bacon Method otherwise known as the scientific method

• Created the idea that Eurasia was once connected to the western hemisphere, helped prove continental drift.

Galileo Galilei

• Born in Italy, 1564

• Created a better telescope, allowed him to make many astronomical observations

• Galileao’s Thermometer: it could measure the heat in the air, also provided quantitative meteorological information

Johannes Kepler

• Born in Germany, 1571

• Three laws of planetary motion.

• Keplerian Telescope: an improved version of the prior Galileo telescope

William Harvey

• Born in England, 1578

• Discovered that blood that was pumped through the heart and not lungs, flowed throughout the body

• Discovered that from the heart, blood circulated throughout the body.

Rene Descartes

• Born in France, 1596

• Developed geometry which incorporated algebraic equations

• Believed that skepticism was key in the Bacon’s scientific method

Margaret Cavendish

• Born in England, 1623

• Wrote 14 different books on scientific theories and science

• First woman to attend a meeting of the Royal Society

Robert Boyle

• Born in Ireland, 1627

• Found that air was needed for fire to function and burn

• Invented the Vacuum Pump

Isaac Newton

• Born in England, 1643

• Created the law of universal gravitation

• Created Newton’s three laws of motion

1. An object in motion stays in motion and an object at rest stays at rest.

2. Net Force=(mass of object)(acceleration).

3. Every action has an equal and opposite reaction.

Emilie du Châtelet 

• Born in France, 1706

• Translated the works of Issac Newton and commented on them

• Researched the nature of energy and the conservation of energy

Proposed the heliocentric model for the Solar System

Discovered the Earth rotated around the x axis

Francis Bacon, 1561, London

Created Baconian method, which developed the the modern scientific method

Lord Chancellor of England

Galileo Galilei, 1564, Pisa, Italy

Invented a better telescope

Discovered the laws of free fall, projectile motion, and inertia

Johannes Kepler, 1571, Germany

Formulated 3 laws of planetary motion: 1. Planets move in elliptical paths around the Sun 2. Planets closer to the Sun move faster than those farther away 3. A planet's orbital period is proportional to the size of its orbit

Provided new and correct account of how vision works

William Harvey, 1578, UK

Found that blood flows through the heart

Discovered blood moves circulary

Rene Descartes, 1596, France

Invented analytical geometry

Introduced skepticism in the scientific method

Robert Boyle, 1627, Ireland

Vacuum pump

Discovered qualities of air

Issac Newton, 1643, England

Discovered theory of gravity

Developed calculus

Maria Sybilla Merian, 1647, 

Germany discovered plants and animals

Documenting the natural world

Sophie Germain, 1776, France

Fermat's last theorem

Theory of numbers, which is the study of integers

Nicolaus Copernicus, Poland, 1473

• Discovered Heliocentrism, the theory that planets of the solar system revolve around the sun

• Created a system that calculated and predicted the motions of the solar system

  Francis Bacon, England, 1561

• Developed the scientific method

• Contributed to the creation of the plate tectonic theory and solid earth geophysics

  Galileo Galilei, Italy, 1564

• Invented the telescope

• Coined the concept of inertia, or the state of an object staying in place when no external force is acting upon it

  Johannes Kepler, Germany, 1571

• Found the three laws of planetary motion, the laws that describe the movement of planets

• Contributed to the creation of the Copernicus theory, the theory that planets orbit around the sun

  William Harvey, England, 1578

• Discovered how arteries and veins work

• Discovered the function of the heart

  Rene Descartes, France, 1596

• Invented analytical geometry, a way to solve geometric problems algebraically and algebraic problems geometrically

• Known as the "Father of Modern Philosophy"

  Robert Boyle, Ireland, 1627

• Discovered Boyle's law, which defines the relationship between pressure and volume in a confined gas

• Was the first to perform experiments under controlled conditions and publish his findings

  Maria Sybilla Merian, Germany, 1647

• Discovered facts about plants and insects that were previously unknown through travel and research

• Documented the nature of Suriname through drawings

  Isaac Newton, United Kingdom, 1643

• Discovered calculus

• Developed Newton's three laws of motion, which explain the basic relationship between force and motion

  Caroline Herschel, Germany, 1750

• She detected three nebulae using a telescope

• She became the first woman to discover a comet

1. The earth spins on an axis daily and revolves around the sun

2. The day-and-night cycle is caused by the earth revolving around the sun

Johannes Kepler - Dec 27, 1571, Weil der Stadt, Wurttemberg

1. Came up with a new and correct theory for how vision occurs

2. Created a new theoretical foundation for astrology

Galileo Galilei - Feb 15, 1564, Pisa

1. Discovered the laws of falling

2. Discovered the concept of inertia

Isaac Newton - Jan 4, 1643, Woolsthorpe, Manor House, United Kingdom

1. Invented the reflecting telescope

2. Proposed new theory or light and color

William Harvey - Apr 1, 1578, Folkestone, Kent, England

1. Discovered how blood flowed everywhere throughout the human body

2. Recognized how blood was being pumped through arteries and veins

Robert Boyle - Jan 25, 1627, Lismore Castle, County Waterford, Ireland

1. Discovered that the volume of a gas decreases with increasing pressure

2. Boyle’s Law

Francis Bacon - Jan 22, 1561, London

1. Created Scientific Method (Bacon’s Method)

2. Contributed to the plate tectonics theory

René Descartes - Mar 31, 1596, La Haye, Touraine, France

1. Invented analytical geometry

2. Introduced skepticism as an essential part of the scientific method

Marie Paulze Lavoisier - Jan 20, 1758, Montbrison, Loire, France

1. She drew many sketches and carved engravings of the laboratory instruments used by Lavoisier and his colleagues

2. She hosted parties or chemists to discuss their ideas

Sophie Germain - April 1, 1776, Paris, France

1. One theorem that aimed at proving the first case of Fermats Last Theorem

2. She was a French mathematician, physicist, and philosopher

He was born on February 19, 1473 in Poland

• Copernicus was the first to propose the heliocentric theory; the idea that all bodies in the known universe (just the Solar System) orbit the Sun instead of the Earth. He published his conjecture in his book De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres) during 1543, and died shortly afterward.

• Copernicus postulated that the Earth completes one full rotation on its axis every day. This provided an explanation for observations such as the day/night cycle; and the movement of the Sun and other celestial bodies across the sky throughout the day.

Copernicus contributed to the Scientific Revolution because his theories spurred further exploration into the study of planetary motion, and provided the basis for our modern understanding of astronomy.

Francis Bacon

He was born on January 22, 1561 in England

• He noticed that the west coast of Africa and the east coast of South America looked like they would fit together like two pieces in a puzzle. This was one of many observations that eventually led to the theory of Pangaea and continental drift many centuries later.

• Bacon was an empirical thinker who believed that all human knowledge was derived from perceiving and interpreting information that was gathered from their 5 senses. However, he recognized that people could come to an incorrect conclusion about the things they felt, so he designed the earliest version of the "scientific method" as a way for people to test the truthfulness of their theories. Bacon's method includes setting up an experiment that can potentially prove the hypothesis wrong, then repeatedly conducting the experiment and collecting data before a truth can be known.

Francis Bacon's new method of scientific thinking was revolutionary, and has continued to influence every field of science all the way up to present-day. Pretty much every modern scientist who wants to prove a new discovery or development has to follow the scientific method of experimentation before they can be deemed credible.

Galileo Galilei

He was born on February 15, 1564 in Italy

• Galileo built his own telescopes, which had better magnification and resolution compared to previous models. He used these telescopes to make groundbreaking discoveries:

  • He saw craters and mountains on the surface of the Moon

  • He discovered four of Jupiter's largest moons (Io, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto)

  • He observed the phases of Venus, which he used as evidence to defend the heliocentric model of the universe

• Galileo analyzed the motion of objects through a mathematical framework; especially for the study of free fall and the parabolic trajectory of projectile motion.

Galileo contributed to the Scientific Revolution by setting the groundwork for later physicists to develop a more nuanced understanding of the nature of motion, and advancing the technology of his time to contribute to his society's understanding of the cosmos.

Johannes Kepler

He was born on December 27, 1571 in Germany

• Johannes Kepler is best known for collecting data and deriving three laws of planetary motion. The first two are published in his book Astronomia Nova (The New Astronomy), and the third is later presented in Harmonices Mundi (The Harmony of the World):

  • Planets follow an elliptical orbit around the Sun.

  • A line between the Sun and a planet will sweep through an equal area of space in equal intervals of time during the planet's orbit. In the context of an elliptical orbit, this means that the speed of a planet increases as it gets closer to the Sun, and decreases when it gets farther from the Sun.

  • The ratio of the squares of the orbital periods of any two planets is equal to the ratio of the cubes of their average distances from the sun.

• In 1604, Kepler witnessed and documented his observation of a supernova, which is a rare occurrence when a star explodes at the end of its life cycle.

During his lifetime, Johannes Kepler made major contributions to the Scientific Revolution, mostly in the field of astronomy. His work challenged preconceived notions of the cosmos that were widely accepted by thinkers of his time; such as the circular orbit of planets and Aristotle's theory that the heavens are perfect and unchanging.

William Harvey

He was born on April 1, 1578 in Britain

• Harvey discovered and accurately modeled the circulatory nature of blood as it moves throughout the human body. His teacher, Fabricius ab Aquapendente, had previously discovered the presence of valves in the veins. Harvey explained that the valves were there to prevent blood flow from the heart, and so the veins can only circulate blood back towards the heart.

  • Harvey published his conclusions about the circulatory system in his book De Motu Cordis.

• Harvey noticed that during a heartbeat, the heart would fill with blood and then contract--expelling the blood through the arteries. From this, he determined that the heart was the center of the circulatory system because it acts like a pump that periodically distributes blood.

William Harvey contributed greatly to the field of anatomy. His discovery about the circulatory system allowed the people in his society to better understand the workings of one of the core systems within their bodies. Prior to Harvey, the most widely accepted theory about blood was that it was produced in the liver (Galenic Doctrine). By knowing the functions of key organs such as the heart, lungs, and blood vessels, physicians and anatomists alike were better able to make advancements in medicinal practice.

He was born on March 31, 1596 in France

• Descartes created the Cartesian coordinate system, which allows a series of points generated by an algebraic equation to be plotted visually on the "coordinate plane". Likewise, an equation can be written to express how the coordinates of a point change as it moves throughout a two-dimensional figure.

• He introduced methodological skepticism as a new constituent of the scientific method because he believed that opening up the room for doubt in a person's beliefs was the only way to achieve certain knowledge.

Descartes's contributions allowed people to think about math and science in new and innovative ways. For example, equations and shapes used to be regarded as two separate things that didn't have much to do with each other. The Cartesian coordinate system gave rise to a new form of mathematics called "analytic geometry" which employs algebra to solve geometric problems, and vice-versa.

Robert Boyle

He was born on January 25, 1627 in Ireland

• By placing different amounts of pressure on a fixed amount of air, Boyle discovered that the applied pressure multiplied by the corresponding volume of the air always turned out to be a constant. This constituted the first "gas law", Boyle's Law, which states the inverse relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas.

• Boyle successfully defined "elements" as substances that can't be decomposed or broken down into other substances. He rejected Aristotle's elements (water, air, earth, fire).

The major contribution of Robert Boyle was that he separated chemistry from the aspects of mysticism and alchemy that it was previously associated with, and lay the foundations for it as an actual science. He believed that chemistry could be understood through mathematics, which is evident because he showed that air exhibits mathematical properties. He was also the predecessor for many scientists in the future who would discover and work with elements.

Isaac Newton

He was born on January 4, 1643 in Britain

• Newton is best known for his research on the nature of gravity, and his development of the three laws of motion:

  • An object at rest remains at rest, and an object in motion moves in a straight line at a constant speed; unless acted on by an external force.

  • An object will accelerate when force is applied to it (F = ma).

  • For every action (exertion of force), there is an equal and opposite reaction.

• Newton contributed to the invention of calculus, which is a more advanced form of mathematics that involves changing variables. Newton used calculus as a tool for the advancement of his scientific needs.

Isaac Newton is one of the greatest and most influential scientists in history. His contributions in the fields of classical physics, optics, and mathematics go especially unparalleled. Newton helped his society better understand the forces that operate on all objects throughout a wide universal scale; influencing the way they perceived the world around them.

Emilie du Châtelet

She was born on December 17, 1706 in France

• Du Châtelet was the first to explain the concept of energy as distinct from momentum. After conducting an experiment where lead balls were dropped from different heights into a sheet of clay, she was able to show that kinetic energy is proportional to the square of velocity.

• She published Institutions de Physique (The Foundations of Physics), which was a textbook on physics and natural philosophy for her son. She compiled and discussed ideas from some of the leading thinkers of her time, such as G.W. Leibniz, Christian Wolff, and Isaac Newton.

Emilie du Châtelet was very dedicated to the Scientific Revolution because her work sought to elucidate some of the most complex and influential scientific concepts of her time. By evaluating these ideas and providing commentary, she helped to make them more accessible to learn for a larger population of people in her society. She also contributed to the notion of the conservation of energy because prior thinkers such as Newton used to believe that energy and momentum were the same thing.

Sophie Germain

She was born on April 1, 1776 in France

• She contributed to the theory of elasticity by winning a challenge presented by the Paris Academy of Science to mathematically predict the behavior of metal plates when affected by different frequencies of vibrations (stress) that causes the plates to resonate in certain ways.

• Germain studied number theory, and spent the last years of her life trying to prove Fermat's Last Theorem (aⁿ+bⁿ = cⁿ has no positive integer solutions for a, b, c when n>2) with auxiliary primes. Although she was unsuccessful, her plan was actually the first proof that tried to account for infinitely many prime exponents, rather than using a case-by-case method.

Although Germain was undoubtedly very bright, her work and talent was not acknowledged during her time because of her gender. The Paris Academy of Science did not invite her to attend her own award ceremony, nor did they publish her study. Despite this, her work inspired more people to continue studying the properties of stress and elasticity, which in turn allowed engineers to build larger and more stable structures out of metal as the Industrial Revolution was happening in Europe.