Summary of PBL 1 by Rhubhithra https://padlet.com/rhubhithra00/13j25r7id2v90lle en-us 2020-12-15 07:13:47 UTC 2021-01-29 11:02:37 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet.net/icons/png/1f9ec.png QUESTION 1 rhubhithra00 https://padlet.com/rhubhithra00/13j25r7id2v90lle/wish/1019048212 Describe how do the immune system differentiate between self and non-self antigens

1. What we know
The antigens on your own cells are known as self-antigens, while those that do not originate in your body are called non-self antigens. Immune cells called lymphocytes recognize non-self antigens and produce antibodies that bind specifically to each antigen.

2. Want to know
  • positive selection
  • negative selection
  • clonal selection
  • the outcome of immunological selection

3. What we learned
Immune system is able to distinguish self and non self antigen by stimulating an immune response, where if a non self antigen is in the body, it triggers an immune response, followed by lymphocytes recognizing the foreign bodies and detect the epitopes. 
]]> 2020-12-15 07:17:27 UTC https://padlet.com/rhubhithra00/13j25r7id2v90lle/wish/1019048212 QUESTION 2 rhubhithra00 https://padlet.com/rhubhithra00/13j25r7id2v90lle/wish/1019050806 Describe the immunological functions of primary and secondary lymphoid organs

1. What we know
Primary lymphoid organs are thymus, bursa of Fabricius and bone marrow. Secondary lymphoid organs are lymph node, spleen, tonsil, harderian gland and payer's patches.

2. Want to know
  • the role of antigen
  • the differences between mammalian and avian lymphoid organs
  • the functions of the primary and secondary lymphoid organs

3. What we learned
Primary lymphoid organs are sites for lymphocytes development.
Secondary lymphoid organs are sites for lymphocytes responds to antigen.
Lymph nodes are non existent in avian and has 5 pairs of lobes as thymus.
]]> 2020-12-15 07:18:48 UTC https://padlet.com/rhubhithra00/13j25r7id2v90lle/wish/1019050806 QUESTION 3 rhubhithra00 https://padlet.com/rhubhithra00/13j25r7id2v90lle/wish/1019051427 Describe the functional importance of TLR and PRR recognition of PAMP/DAMP molecules

1. What we know
PRR is presented by APC and is involved in innate immunity in which it detects PAMP or DAMP. PAMP is associated with the structure of pathogens while DAMP is associated with damaged host cells. 

2. Want to know
  • What are the different TLR/PRR and their PAMP/DAMP molecules
  • What are the outcome of activation of TLR/PRR

3. What we learned
  • RIG-I and MDA-5 are under RIG-I like recerptor (RLR) and can recognize single stranded DNA and double stranded DNA viruses.
  • Virus being processed or replicated in the endosome and even in cytoplasm, hence TLR can be found in the endosome and cytoplasm to bind to antigens at respective places.

]]> 2020-12-15 07:19:09 UTC https://padlet.com/rhubhithra00/13j25r7id2v90lle/wish/1019051427 QUESTION 4 rhubhithra00 https://padlet.com/rhubhithra00/13j25r7id2v90lle/wish/1019051646 Describe how macrophage engulf and destroy pathogens

1. What we know
Endocytosis involves cell uptake of substrate from the external environment while pinocytosis involves cell uptake of fluid along with small particles to form vesicle. Phagosome is a vesicle formed when antigens are engulfed in phagocytes which functions to degrade and eliminate infectious agents with the help of lysosomes which contain hydrochloric acid. Both of them fuse together to form phagolysosome. Activated macrophages cause phagocytosis, inflammatory reaction as well as repair and anti-inflammatory action.

2. What to know
  • What is the mechanism of macrophage activation?

3. What we learned
  • The receptor that is involved in receptor mediated endocytosis are Scavenger receptor and Toll-like receptor.
  • Lysosome does not require oxygen to be activated, hence the efficiency to kill via oxygen-independent killing mechanism.
  • There are two modes of macrophage activations which are the Classical Activation, M1 and Alternative Activation, M2.
]]> 2020-12-15 07:19:16 UTC https://padlet.com/rhubhithra00/13j25r7id2v90lle/wish/1019051646 QUESTION 5 rhubhithra00 https://padlet.com/rhubhithra00/13j25r7id2v90lle/wish/1019052304 2020-12-15 07:19:34 UTC https://padlet.com/rhubhithra00/13j25r7id2v90lle/wish/1019052304 QUESTION 7 rhubhithra00 https://padlet.com/rhubhithra00/13j25r7id2v90lle/wish/1019052556 2020-12-15 07:19:43 UTC https://padlet.com/rhubhithra00/13j25r7id2v90lle/wish/1019052556 QUESTION 8 rhubhithra00 https://padlet.com/rhubhithra00/13j25r7id2v90lle/wish/1019052846 2020-12-15 07:19:54 UTC https://padlet.com/rhubhithra00/13j25r7id2v90lle/wish/1019052846 QUESTION 9 rhubhithra00 https://padlet.com/rhubhithra00/13j25r7id2v90lle/wish/1019053082 2020-12-15 07:20:02 UTC https://padlet.com/rhubhithra00/13j25r7id2v90lle/wish/1019053082