why did we need to managing technology? because its importance as the rapid pace of technologyal change demands to take full advantages of technological opportunities. its can shortened product life cycles, the time technology to be marketed is reduced, and its increasing international competition.

Framework in technology management includes creates a linkage among science, engineering and management disciplines. in nutshell, science and engineering can be linked with business admisnistration.

technology in firms has played the role of the drivers of changes in the environment by alter the rules competition and create new industries. its also benificial of changes initiated by others in adopting more efficient technology into their products and processes. its roles can relates as facilitator of technology development by investing in other parties' reasearch projects. and lastly, its caused the victim of technology change increased, for those whose have no knack to enhances their products will be the victim of technology change. by example, koddaq

there is a severals key in managing technology, first the firms must determine if it wants to be a leader or follower in its industry. both of its has their own benefits but the choice will result in the firm taking . other than that, the firm must also determine whether it will develop its own new technology or buy it. also the firm need to choose wether go wit products or services.

the factor that can promote technology management are, speed of technological change, change in scope , change in competition and trade blocs.

last but not least, i learn about the classificatio of technology that has 6 class of it. new technology, emerging technology, high technology, appropriate technology, medium technology and low technology. each of its has their own unique terms that we can take as a guidances in managing technology.

the function of technology in enterprise is for :

• transformation (production, conversion)

• transmission/ transference (distribution, collection)

• transaction / trade (exchange, service)

• treatment (care, service)

but there's still exist some difficulties and misunderstanding of how technology is embodied,

actually: technology is simply hardware, critical information which can improve a product or process, efficient organizational practices.

that's why technology is divided in two categories to avoid diff interpretation.

1. process technology

2. product/service tecnology

   
   

[PROCESS TECHNOLOGY]

• refers to the technology needed to make the designed product/services.

• 4 distinctive embodiment forms namely:

  • technoware

  • humanware

  • orgaware

  • infoware

a) Technoware:

- transformation facilities

• physical technologies such as: tools, devices, equipment, machinery,structures

• its enhance human physical powers and controls for all necessary transformation operations.

- technoware has :

• the machines needed for the process

• the software needed to operationalise the machines

• the tools needed to maintain the machines

• the spare parts needed to repair the machines

- Technoware comprises:

• material transformation subsystem : perform desired mechanical operation that the technoware has been designed to perform

• information processing subsystem : carried out three stage control sequence, namely, sensing-analysis-actuation

- in a business enterprise, technoware changes through a process of periodic substitution of old by new.

b) Humanware:

- individual abilities

• in humanware there is a skills to operate the machines, craftsmanship, knowledge, expertise, creativity...

• the potential of technoware need to be realized.

- humanware consists of :

• contact humanware - refers to the skills of operators to operate the technoware

• support humanware - refers to the maintanance crew and indirect technoware use facilitators such as software specialist and production management personnel. (skills to maintain and repair the machines)(skills to plan and control production)

- humanware changes through a process of progressive learning of new thing.

c) Orgaware :

- organizational framework

- in orgaware we can find:

• method, techniques, linkages, practices

• which coordinate all productive activities of the enterprise for achieving purposeful results.

- orgaware mat be viewed in terms of what may be called work conventions, work organization, work facilitation work evaluation and work modification.

- orgaware changes thru a process of evolving arrangements and practices.

• work conventions : introducing beliefs and principles that can set the tone for introducing management practices.

• work organization : management techniques to plan production based on demand forecast.

• work facilitation : management technique for quality assurance and inventory planning and control.

• work evaluation : management techniques for monitoring performances

• work modification : management technique to facilitate worker participation for performance improvement.

d) Inforware:

- documented facts

• facts and formulas, design parameters, specification, manuals, theories.. and represents the accumulated knowledge.

• enables quicker learning and savings in term of time and resources.

- inforware could be considered in terms of three categories:

1. technoware-specific inforware (TSI)

   • refers to inforware needed to operates, maintain and improve the technoware

   • specification of the machines and list of spare parts

   • operating manuals

   • trouble-shooting checklists

   • tacit knowledge gained by exprerience on how to get the best out of the machines.

2. humanware-specific inforware (HSI)

   • the inforware needed to obtain a good understanding and appreciation of the manufacturing process and the technoware being used

   • theories on the way the machines operates, their limitation

   • tables of engineering data

   • international, national performance standards and calibration schemes

3. orgaware-specific inforware (OSI)

   • the inforware needed to ensure effective usage of and timely interactions between the available technoware and humanware

   • demand forecasts

   • customer specification

   • machine capacity details

   • lists of material and components suppliers

[PRODUCT TECHNOLOGY]

• product technology consists of two major components:

  • product design inforware : technology associated with the design of a product

  • product usage inforware: technology associated with the usage and maintanance of the product

1. Design faundation inforware (dfi)

   • customer performance requirements

   • the theory and concept of the proposed design

2. Design backup inforware (dbi)

   • tables of engineering data

   • national performance standards

3. Design specifications inforware (dsi)

   • engineering drawing

   • specifications of the designed products

• what is there product usage inforware?

  • product operating inforware (poi)

    • standard operating procedures and software needed to operates the products

  • product maintanance inforware (pmi)

    • manual and drawing needed for maintanance, repairing and servicing the product

  • product performance-enhancing infirware (ppi)

    • tacit knowledge gained by experience on how to operate at maximum efficiency and get the best of the products

A) THE ROLE OF TA IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES