Apple 'Natyra' -- Plant Development (BBCH) by 陳德群 https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr Organic Plant Production (SS 22) Chen, Te-CHun en-us 2022-07-03 07:13:24 UTC 2022-07-06 08:11:27 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet.net/icons/png/1f34e.png Background Information knownyouchun https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2235774560
  • In Europe, organic temperate fruits were grown on  121,267 ha (9.7%)
  • Apple orchards account for 66,657 ha, and  these are for both processing and fresh consumption
  • Poland is the largest apple producer in EU
  • In Germany, approx. 50% of the growing area is covered by ‘Topaz’ and ‘Santana’ 

    • (Helga Willer et al., 2021)
    (Kienzle & Kelderer, 2017)
    ]]>     2022-07-03 08:39:29 UTC https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2235774560     About 'Natyra' knownyouchun https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2235819028
  • Brand Name: Natyra® 
  • Variety Name: SQ159 
  • Crossing parentage: Elise x scab-resistant selection 
  • Breeder: Wageningen UR Plant Breeding
  • Fruit size: 70-80 mm
  • Features: scab-resistant, uniform appearance, excellent taste, firm and crunchy
  • Comment: bred for organic growing conditions based on minimizing crop protection practices

    • (Baab, G. & Korsten, K., 2015) 
    (Stephan, 2017)
    ]]>     2022-07-03 11:51:16 UTC https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2235819028     Aim of the Task knownyouchun https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2235820986
  • Observing and identifying plant development stage based on BBCH-scale
  • Apple 'Natyra' was selected
  • Location: Lehrgarten UHOH 
    (48°43'04.1"N 9°12'48.1"E)
    • ]]>     2022-07-03 11:59:58 UTC https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2235820986     Storage condition knownyouchun https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2235826415 Controlled Atmosphere 
    • Temporary: 1,0-1,5°C 
    • Oxygen content: 1,0-1,5%
    • CO2 content: 1-2% 
    ]]>     2022-07-03 12:23:17 UTC https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2235826415     Disease Issues (1) knownyouchun https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2235863426 Apple Scab (Venturia inaequalis)
    • Over the 30 years, scab-resistant varieties were introduced to organic fields but the market did not accept the fruit quality

    • Next generation of scab-resistant varieties, e.g. ‘Natyra’, ‘Topaz’, ‘Santana’ and ‘Ariwa’ with higher quality and better taste were successfully introduced

    • All these varieties carry only single-gene resistance (Rvi6, Vf) against apple scab --> resistance breakdown can be observed

    (Brian, 2021)
    (Kienzle & Kelderer, 2017)
    ]]>     2022-07-03 14:30:00 UTC https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2235863426     Weed Issues knownyouchun https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2235863669 During the whole growing season, there are mainly three species of weeds identified:

    1. Acker-Kratzdistel (Cirsium arvense)

    2. Wiesen-Schwingel (Festuca pratensis)

    3. Löwenzahn (Taraxacum spp.)
    ]]>     2022-07-03 14:30:43 UTC https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2235863669     Disease Issues (3.3) knownyouchun https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2235899898 Apple scab was found in check variety 'Fuji' on 28 May]]> 2022-07-03 16:29:32 UTC https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2235899898 Disease Issues (3.1) knownyouchun https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2235900767 Apple scab was found in check variety 'Braeburn' on 18 May]]> 2022-07-03 16:32:56 UTC https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2235900767 Disease Issues (2) knownyouchun https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2235901477 Apple blotch (Marssonina coronaria) 
    • When organic growers reduce using copper and sulfur fungicides against apple scabs, blotch disease becomes a major concern in organic orchards

    • The amount of fungicides applied in scab-resistant apple fields reduces by 20% compared to non-resistant varieties

    • The infection starts under weather of around 20 °C  and continuous wet conditions over 36 hours

    (Gao et al. 2011)
    (Kienzle & Kelderer, 2017)
    (Sutton et al. 2014) 
    (Wöhner & Emeriewen, 2019)
    ]]>     2022-07-03 16:36:09 UTC https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2235901477     Organic variety comparison knownyouchun https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2235911100
  • Natyra: scab-resistant, crunchy, aromatic, good for storage 
  • Topaz: scab-resistant, pleasant acidity, good for baking
  • Santana: scab resistant, medium-firm, suitable for allergy sufferers

    https://www.biohof-eckert.de/aepfel/sortenspektrum/#1581767592623-d82c94e7-e9b7
    • ]]>     2022-07-03 17:08:29 UTC https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2235911100     Disease Issues (1.4) knownyouchun https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2235961892 Apple scab was found in check variety 'Gala' on 1 July]]> 2022-07-03 20:37:47 UTC https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2235961892 Disease Issues (1.1) knownyouchun https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2235962297 Apple scab was found in check variety 'Idared' on 31 May]]> 2022-07-03 20:39:41 UTC https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2235962297 Disease Issues (1.3) knownyouchun https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2235962708 Apple scab was found in check variety 'Elstar ' on 23 June]]> 2022-07-03 20:41:43 UTC https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2235962708 Disease Issues (1.2) knownyouchun https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2235963030 Apple scab was found in check variety 'Braeburn' on 15 June]]> 2022-07-03 20:43:15 UTC https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2235963030 Disease Issues (1.5) knownyouchun https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2235965450 Apple scab was found in check variety 'Rubinette' on 3 July]]> 2022-07-03 20:54:30 UTC https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2235965450 Disease Issues (2.1) knownyouchun https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2235967540 Apple blotch was found in check variety 'Rubinette' on 23 June]]> 2022-07-03 21:03:58 UTC https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2235967540 Disease Issues (2.2) knownyouchun https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2235968535 Apple blotch was found in check variety 'Fuji' on 1 July]]> 2022-07-03 21:07:44 UTC https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2235968535 Harvesting to Processing (Apple Juice) knownyouchun https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2235971778 2022-07-03 21:22:33 UTC https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2235971778 Harvesting to Packaging knownyouchun https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2235971919 2022-07-03 21:23:16 UTC https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2235971919 Disease Issues (3) knownyouchun https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2236366843 Black rot (Diplodia seriata)
    • The optimal infection condition is around 20°C along with high rainfall, and the fungus disease could lead to 7.5% yield losses in Germany

    • Fruit mummies (dried) removal significantly reduces the infection. Myco-Sin (sulfur spray) is recommended to be applied together in order to increase the efficiency

    • The practices are ideally conducted twice, the first time is before BBCH 07 when the bud breaks, and the second time is after the "June drop" at BBCH 71 when the fruits start falling after flowering. 

    (Al-Shawwa & Abu-Naser, 2019)
    (Beer et al., 2015)
    (Brockamp & Weber, 2014)
    ]]>     2022-07-04 09:51:47 UTC https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2236366843     Disease Issues (3.2) knownyouchun https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2236375865 Black rot was found in variety 'Natyra' on 23 May. This is a typical mummified apple.]]> 2022-07-04 10:09:48 UTC https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2236375865 Disease Issues (4) knownyouchun https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2236427720 Powdery Mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha)
    • This fungal pathogen is common and serious in organic apple orchards found together with apple scab

    • Traditionally, repeated application of lime-sulfur (10-26 times per year) may lead to environmental side-effect and fruit quality reduction

    • A new combination of applying potassium bicarbonate or potassium monocarbonate with wettable sulfur (7-8 times per year) from BBCH 15 (leaves unfolded but not yet full size) to BBCH 72 (fruit size up to 20 mm) can reach better plant protection performance

    • Pruning practice can help to reduce the overwinter conidia and also reduce infection

    (Holb et al., 2003)
    (Holb & Kunz, 2016)
    (Mitre et al., 2010)
    ]]>     2022-07-04 11:53:03 UTC https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2236427720     Disease Issues (4.1) knownyouchun https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2236429783 Powder mildew was found in check variety 'Fuji' on 4 May]]> 2022-07-04 11:57:04 UTC https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2236429783 Disease Issues (4.2) knownyouchun https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2236432419 Powder mildew was found in check variety 'Fuji' on 2 July]]> 2022-07-04 12:02:25 UTC https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2236432419 Disease Issues (4.3) knownyouchun https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2236432667 Powder mildew was found in check variety 'Elstar' on 2 July]]> 2022-07-04 12:03:00 UTC https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2236432667 Pest Issues (1) knownyouchun https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2236557494
    Codling Moth (    Cydia pomonella)
    • This is the most serious pest in apple orchards. It starts in spring and lay it's eggs near developing fruits. There are up to 3 generations per season, from spring to late summer

    • Worm apples are easy to detach from the tree, and there will be a drilling whole when the apple grows bigger

    • Pheromone is a common measure to manage the moths starting from the end of April, which is in the BBCH stage 6 (flowering). It could be either pheromone traps or for the purpose of mating disruption to slow down the reproduction of the codling moth

    • Removing fruit mummies remaining in the fields can minimize hibernation places for the larvae

    • During this field inspection, codling moth was found on every single apple trees 

    (Apfelwickler (Cydia Pomonella), n.d.)
    (Charmillot et al., 2000)
    (Utah State University, 2020)
    ]]>     2022-07-04 15:16:45 UTC https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2236557494     Pest Issues (1.1) knownyouchun https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2236572526 Larvae and nets were found in 'Natyra' on  3 May]]> 2022-07-04 15:43:15 UTC https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2236572526 Pest Issues (1.2) knownyouchun https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2236573004 Larvae was found in 'Natyra' on  10 May]]> 2022-07-04 15:44:22 UTC https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2236573004 Pest Issues (1.3) knownyouchun https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2236574201 Damaged apple by larvae was found in "Natyra" on 16 May]]> 2022-07-04 15:46:50 UTC https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2236574201 Pest Issues (1.4) knownyouchun https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2236575330 More larvae and nets were found in 'Natyra' on  18 May]]> 2022-07-04 15:48:55 UTC https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2236575330 Pest Issues (1.5) knownyouchun https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2236577441 Codling moth pupa was found in 'Natyra' in 25 May]]> 2022-07-04 15:53:35 UTC https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2236577441 Pest Issues (1.6) knownyouchun https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2236582040 Video of larvae taken on 1 June in 'Natyra']]> 2022-07-04 16:03:16 UTC https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2236582040 Pest Issues (1.7) knownyouchun https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2236584156 The second generation of codling moth was found on 27 June in 'Natyra']]> 2022-07-04 16:07:35 UTC https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2236584156 Pest Issues (2) knownyouchun https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2236604708 Apple Aphid (rosy or green)

    • Aphids suck sap from the plant tissues and it leads to leaf, shoot and fruit deformities

    • Choice of variety is an essential step to preventing the pest threat of aphids

    • Habitat management is another critical perspective. Flower strips are efficient to control aphids. It could attract aphids to stay and therefore, there will be fewer aphids in apple trees. Also, flower strips are ideal habitat for antagonists, i.e. spiders and ladybugs. 

    • Spraying neem oil could reduce aphid population

    (De Vos & Jander, 2010)
    (Lefebvre et al., 2017)
    (Utah State University, 2020)
    (Wyss et al., 2005)
    ]]>     2022-07-04 16:53:48 UTC https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2236604708     Pest Issues (2.1) knownyouchun https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2236609053 Leaves deformation caused by aphid was found in check variety 'Idared' on 24 May]]> 2022-07-04 17:04:23 UTC https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2236609053 Pest Issues (2.2) knownyouchun https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2236609964 Dense green aphid population was found in check variety 'Idared' on 8 June]]> 2022-07-04 17:06:38 UTC https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2236609964 Pest Issues (2.3) knownyouchun https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2236610735 Natural enemy of aphid, ladybug, was found in check variety 'Idared' on 2 July]]> 2022-07-04 17:08:33 UTC https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2236610735 BBCH 53 (13 Apr.) knownyouchun https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2236620173 'Natyra' reached "Bud burst: green leaf tips enclosing flowers visible"]]> 2022-07-04 17:32:17 UTC https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2236620173 BBCH 57 (18 Apr.) knownyouchun https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2236620899 'Natyra' reached "Pink bud stage: flower petals elongating; sepals slightly open; petals just visible"]]> 2022-07-04 17:34:12 UTC https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2236620899 BBCH 65 (23 Apr.) knownyouchun https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2236623373 'Natyra' reached "Full flowering: at least 50% of flowers open; first petals falling"]]> 2022-07-04 17:40:25 UTC https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2236623373 BBCH 67 (26 Apr.) knownyouchun https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2236625286 'Natyra' reached "Flowers fading: majority of petals fallen"]]> 2022-07-04 17:42:51 UTC https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2236625286 BBCH 69 (4 May) knownyouchun https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2236626335 'Natyra' reached " End of flowering: all petals fallen"]]> 2022-07-04 17:45:32 UTC https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2236626335 BBCH 71 (14 May) knownyouchun https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2236632361 'Natyra' reached " Fruit size up to 10 mm; fruit fall after flowering"

    (did not observe any fallen fruits)]]>     2022-07-04 17:59:47 UTC https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2236632361     BBCH 72 (23 May) knownyouchun https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2236633318 'Natyra' reached "Fruit size up to 20 mm"]]> 2022-07-04 18:02:19 UTC https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2236633318 BBCH 74 (1 Jun.) knownyouchun https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2236635161 'Natyra' reached "Fruit diameter up to 40 mm; fruit erect (T-stage: underside of fruit and stalk forming a T"

    (In this stage, T-shape is formed but the fruit size is slightly below 40 mm)]]>     2022-07-04 18:06:57 UTC https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2236635161     BBCH 75 (6 Jun.) knownyouchun https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2236637770 'Natyra' reached "Fruit about half final size"

    half final size = 40 mm]]>     2022-07-04 18:12:58 UTC https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2236637770     BBCH 76 (16 Jun.) knownyouchun https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2236639024 'Natyra' reached "Fruit about 60% final size"

    60% final size = 48 mm]]>     2022-07-04 18:16:17 UTC https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2236639024     BBCH 77 (3 Jul.) knownyouchun https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2236640292 'Natyra' reached "Fruit about 70% final size"

    70% final size = 56 mm]]>     2022-07-04 18:20:01 UTC https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2236640292     Reflection knownyouchun https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2236646306 This assignment of observing a plant is both educational and interesting. In the beginning, I did not really conceive correctly what is the purpose and logic of BBCH, therefore, some important BBCH stages of "inflorescence emergence" and "flowering' were missed. However, after this experience, I realized that the flowering period is shorter than I expected. At the same time, it could be the critical stage for the final harvest yields. 

    BBCH scale could also illustrate and define a clearer plant development stage of a certain crop. By using this parameter, farmers, researchers, and consultants can do the correct things (spraying, pest management, thinning, applying fertilizers, weed management) accordingly at the right time. 

    Apple diseases are a major problem on the farm and for postharvest concerns. 'Natyra' and other scab-resistant varieties are the first step for organic farming. It emphasized the importance of breeding that aims, in a long run, to create quantitative resistance using a broad genetic basis in order to produce stronger varieties suitable for organic or even for coping with climate changes.]]>     2022-07-04 18:36:21 UTC https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2236646306     References knownyouchun https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2236672481 1.        Al-Shawwa, M., & Abu-Naser, S. (2019). Knowledge Based System for Apple Problems Using CLIPS. International Journal for Academic Development, 3, 1–11.
    2.        Apfelwickler (Cydia pomonella). (n.d.). Oekolandbau.De. Retrieved 26 June 2022, from https://www.oekolandbau.de/landwirtschaft/pflanze/grundlagen-pflanzenbau/pflanzenschutz/schaderreger/schadorganismen-im-obst-und-weinbau/tierische-schaderreger/apfelwickler/
    3.        Baab, G. & Korsten, K. (2015). Schorfresistente Sorten – geschmacklich auf dem Prüfstand. Obstbau 10: 568-573. 
    4.        Beer, M., Brockamp, L., & Weber, R. (2015). Control of sooty blotch and black rot of apple through removal of fruit mummies. Folia Horticulturae, 27. https://doi.org/10.1515/fhort-2015-0013
    5.        Brian, H. (2021). Apple Scab | Plant Disease Diagnostics Clinic. https://pddc.wisc.edu/2018/11/19/apple-scab/
    6.        Brockamp, L., & Weber, R. (2014). Black rot (Diplodia seriata) in organic apple production—Infection biology and disease control strategies. IN: Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Cultivation Techniques and Phytopathological Problems in Organic Fruit Growing. FÖKO, Hohenheim. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Black-rot-(Diplodia-seriata)-in-organic-apple-and-Brockamp-Weber/ef276175cda2f6c45a8b988f66c9317c3b9efaca
    7.        Charmillot, P.-J., Hofer, D., & Pasquier, D. (2000). Attract and kill: A new method for control of the codling moth Cydia pomonella. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 94(2), 211–216. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1570-7458.2000.00621.x
    8.        De Vos, M., & Jander, G. (2010). Volatile communication in plant–aphid interactions. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 13(4), 366–371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2010.05.001
    9.        Gao, Y., Li, B., Dong, X., Wang, C., Li, G., & Li, B. (2011). Effects of temperature and moisture on sporulation of Diplocarpon mali on overwintered apple leaves. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 44(7), 1367–1374.
    10.     Helga Willer, Jan Trávníček, Claudia Meier, & Bernhard Schlatter (Eds.). (2021). The World of Organic Agriculture Statistics and Emerging Trends 2021. Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL, Frick, and IFOAM – Organics International. 340.
    11.     Holb, I., & Kunz, S. (2016). Integrated Control of Apple Scab and Powdery Mildew in an Organic Apple Orchard by Combining Potassium Carbonates with Wettable Sulfur, Pruning, and Cultivar Susceptibility. Plant Disease, 100(9), 1894–1905. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-12-15-1416-RE
    12.     Holb, I., Peterfrans, J., & Bart, H. (2003). Efficacy and phytotoxicity of lime sulphur in organic apple production. Annals of Applied Biology, 142. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.2003.tb00245.x
    13.     Kienzle, J., & Kelderer, M. (2017). Growing organic apples in Europe. In Burleigh Dodds Series in Agricultural Science (pp. 551–578). Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing. https://doi.org/10.19103/AS.2016.0017.26
    14.     Lefebvre, M., Franck, P., Olivares, J., Ricard, J.-M., Mandrin, J.-F., & Lavigne, C. (2017). Spider predation on rosy apple aphid in conventional, organic and insecticide-free orchards and its impact on aphid populations. Biological Control, 104, 57–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2016.10.009
    15.     Mitre, V., Mitre, I., Sestras, A. F., & Sestras, R. E. (2010). New Products against Apple Scab and Powdery Mildew Attack in Organic Apple Production. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 38(3), 234–238. https://doi.org/10.15835/nbha3835456
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    ]]>     2022-07-04 19:51:33 UTC https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2236672481     Weed Issues knownyouchun https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2236682692 During the whole growing season, weeding practice has been done one time only. Dressing fertilizers were also applied.]]> 2022-07-04 20:21:11 UTC https://padlet.com/knownyouchun/12jz5dodmpegdokr/wish/2236682692