1. Sexually active before 18
2. Having multiple sex partners 
3. Smoking or chewing tobacco
4. Not using protection during intercourse 
5. Giving birth before age of 16

1. Cone Biopsy 
2. LEEP
3. Cryosurgery 
4. Electrocauterization 
5. Laser surgery

1. Bad smelly vaginal discharge 
2. Bleeding during sexual intercourse 
3. Irregular menstrual periods 
4. Constant pain in the lower abdomen
5. Swelling in uterus 
6. Uncomfortable bowel movements 
7. Feeling of unwell 
8. Fever 
9. Pain in the rectal area 
10. Chills

1. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs): Endometritis is caused due to sexually transmitted infections and bacterias that are passed during sexual activity like chlamydia or gonorrhea. 

1. Pelvic procedures: As per the doctors’ Endometritis can also be caused due to surgical or medical procedures that let bacterias into the uterus like an endometrial biopsy, inserting an intrauterine device, etc. 
   
   
   
2. Infection from mixing of the normal vaginal bacteria: In the general cervix, the opening of the uterus keeps the bacteria out but during the labor time when the cervix is open the chances of bacteria getting into the womb increases which leads to Endometritis. 

1. Injuries during labor: The uterus lining becomes inflamed during the injuries caused during the labor or pregnancy like miscarriage, cesarean delivery, etc. 
   
   
   
2. Lack of hygiene: People do not consider it as a fact but Endometritis is also caused due to the lack of hygiene in the intimate region which favors the growth of microorganisms causing Endometritis. 

1. Antibiotics: The patient is advised to take different antibiotics that can fight the bacteria causing the uterus lining inflammation. 

1. Further tests: Further tests like cervical cultures or biopsies that ensure the removal of infection after the course of consuming antibiotics. 
   
   
   
2. Removing tissues: Removing tissues is another option that surgeons do only if there is any tissue left in the uterus causing the bacteria to collect. 

1. Pap test or pap smear: The one that tests for the abnormal cells. 
2. Human Papillomavirus (HPV): The one that tests DNA from HPV to detect its presence and type. 

1. Changes in precancerous cells 
2. Existence of HPV
3. The existence of cancer cells, if any

1. Normal Pap test: Under the normal pap test result no abnormal cells are detected and there is no situation to panic. The patient is advised to visit after 3 years for another pap test.
   
   
   
2. Abnormal pap test: Under abnormal pap test every time it does not mean that you have cervical cancer but there are some abnormal cells on the cervix. Under this case, your doctor asks you to appear for additional testing like HPV test, Colposcopy, biopsy, etc. 
   
   
   
3. Inconclusive pap test: Under the inconclusive pap test it is considered that the lab was unable to see enough cells. The situation is you need to reappear for the pap test. 

1. Threatened Miscarriage: A result of implantation leading to uterine bleeding followed by severe cramps and back pain. 

1. Incomplete Miscarriage: Includes bleeding followed by abdomen and pack pain with an open cervix. 
   
   
   
2. Complete Miscarriage: A situation when the embryo and the product of conception are emptied from the uterus.  
    
3. Missed Miscarriage: A situation where a woman experiences a miscarriage without knowing it. 
   
   
   
4. Recurrent Miscarriage: Affecting 1% of couples it is a situation defined as the 3 or more miscarriages. 

1. Spotting or bleeding from the vagina 
2. Abdomen cramps 
3. Lower back pain 
4. Passage of fluids and tissues
5. Weight loss
6. True contractions

1. Infection 
2. Maternal age 
3. Kidney problem
4. Uncontrolled diabetes 
5. Autoimmune diseases 
6. Incompetent cervix
7. Hormonal irregularities
8. Uterine abnormalities 
9. Certain medicines 
10. Several lifestyle factors 

1. Women under the age of 35 have a 15% chance of miscarriage.
2. Women with an increase in maternal age have a chance of 20% 
3. Women under the age of 35 to 45 years have a 30% chance of miscarriage. 
4. Women under the age of 45 have a 50% chance of miscarriage.
5. A woman with a history of miscarriage has a 25% chance of another.

1. Vitamin D
2. Calcium 
3. Iron 
4. Zinc 
5. Vitamin B-12 

1. Fraternal twins: The situation occurs when the two separate eggs are fertilized and implanted in the uterus. As the babies share the same uterus they may look similar, different, can be of the same gender, etc. 
   
   
   
2. Identical twins: Identical twins occur when a single fertilized egg splits into half resulting in babies sharing the same DNA. While babies share the same DNA and are influenced in the environment of the same genes the chances of them having similar characteristics and identical faces go up. 

1. Triplets or HOMs: Triplets, quadruplets, and other higher-order multiples are considered to be a combination of both identical and fraternal twins. 

1. Sudden weight gain 
2. Severe morning sickness 
3. Expansion of uterus than regular

1. Preterm birth and labor: One of the greatest risks involved in multiple pregnancies is preterm birth and preterm labor resulting in the premature birth of the child (born before 37 weeks). Preterm birth and labor result in severe complications to both the mother and the child; some of them include trouble breathing, eating, staying warm, fighting infections, etc. 
   
   
   
2. Birth defects: Multiple pregnancies include several birth defects like a higher risk of congenital abnormalities like spina bifida, heart-related problems, and gastrointestinal, etc.  
   
   
   

1. Subserosal Fibroids: Developed on the outside part of the uterus known as Serosa, subserosal fibroids grow large enough that makes the womb look bigger on one side. Subserosal fibroids are the most common types of fibroids occurring in women. 
   
   
   
2. Intramural Fibroids: Developed within the muscular wall of the uterus Intramural fibroids are the second most common type of fibroid occurring. Intramural fibroid grows larger and stretches your womb.

1. Pedunculated Fibroids: Pedunculated fibroids are a part of subserosal tumors that develop a stem and a slender to support the tumor. 
    
2. Submucosal Fibroids: Occurring fewer, submucosal fibroids are a less common type of fibroids developed in the middle muscle layer of the uterus.                       

1. Heavy periods or Menorrhagia 
2. Painful menstruation 
3. Leg pain 
4. Back pain 
5. Constipation 
6. Frequent urination 
7. Pain during sexual intercourse 
8. Swelling in abdomen 
9. Problems related to bloating
10. Anemia 

1. Hormones: The hormones like estrogen and progesterone produced by ovaries cause the lining to regenerate stimulating the growth of fibroids. 

1. Family history: Developing fibroids is one or the other time linked to family history. If fibroids run in your family and your mother, sister, or grandmother has fibroids the chances of you getting it is increased. 

1. Pregnancy: Pregnancy is another factor associated with the development of fibroids. While a woman is pregnant the production of estrogen and progesterone in the body also increases which may or may not develop fibroids. 

1. Age: Fibroids occur in women due to their age. It generally occurs in women aged between 30 and 40 years. 

1. High estrogen level: High estrogen levels and hormones developed to promote the uterine encourage the formation of fibroids. It is mostly found in the women of their reproductive years or near to menopause. 

1. Ultrasound 
2. Pelvic MRI 
3. Hysterosalpingogram 
4. Hysterosonogram 
5. Laparoscopy 

1. Schedule your colposcopy appointment when you are not having your periods or the flow of your periods is light. 
2. Avoid indulging in vaginal sex or putting anything into your vagina a day before the appointment.

1. High blood pressure (Hypertension)
2. Changes in vision 
3. Lower back pain 
4. Difficulty in different organ
5. Traces of protein in the urine 
6. Shortness of breath
7. Nausea 
8. Headaches
9. Swelling 
10. Low platelets 

1. High blood pressure before pregnancy 
2. Having Vitro fertilization 
3. Being younger than 20 years 
4. Being older than 35 years 
5. A history of preeclampsia 
6. Obesity 
7. First-time pregnancy 
8. Kidney problems 
9. Immune system disorders 
10. Multiple pregnancies 

1. Organ damage like kidney, liver, lungs, heart, eyes).
2. Preterm birth 
3. Fetal growth restriction 
4. Seizures 
5. Stroke 
6. Bleeding 
7. Heart failure 
8. Reversible blindness 
9. Development of HELLP syndrome 
10.  Cardiovascular diseases

1. Blood test: To check for platelets.  
2. Ultrasound: To check biophysical profiles of the growing baby. 
3. Urine tests: To check the amount of proteins. 

1. If the baby is developed well: The doctors induce labor and perform a cesarean section. 
2. If the baby isn’t close to the term: The doctors will treat it via medication. 
3. If the mother has mild preeclampsia:  The doctor may prescribe bed rest, medicines to lower the blood pressure and perform different tests. 

1. Fetal cause: Fetal malformations, fetus swallowing amniotic fluid. 
   
   
   
2. Genetic abnormalities: Abnormal number of chromosomes. 
   
   
   
3. Cardiovascular defects: Heart diseases, shortness of breath, chest pain. 
   
   
   
4. Neural tube defects: Conditions like anencephaly and open Spina Bifida. 
   
   
   
5. Maternal cause: Uncontrolled diabetes in the mother, increase in fetal blood sugar, kidney problems. 
   
   
   
6. Carrying twins or triplets: Multiple pregnancies occur in 8-10% of women.
    
7. Anemia: Fetal anemia cases in 1-11 of cases. 
   
   
   
8. Viral infections: Parvovirus B19, rubella, cytomegalovirus. 

1. Breathlessness while lying down 
2. Palpitation 
3. Larger abdomen 
4. Heartburn
5. Constipation 
6. Pressure in belly 
7. Swollen feets 
8. Weight gain 

1. Ultrasound: Polyhydramnios is detected using two methods of ultrasound: Amniotic fluid index and single deepest pocket.
   
   
   
2. Blood tests: The blood test includes testing of ABO and Rh blood grouping and measuring the sugar levels. 
    
3. Laboratory tests: The laboratory tests include several screenings like blood glucose, maternal infection, etc.  
     
4. Fluid test: The fluid test is carried out to make the estimation of alpha-fetoprotein.

1. Vaginal atrophy: Dryness and thinning of the uterus lining.
   
   
   
2. Hormone replacement therapy: Supplement of estrogen and progesterone that helps decrease menopausal symptoms.
   
   
   
3. Uterine cancer: Cancer in the lining of the uterus.
   
   
   
4. Uterine polyps: Extra growth in the uterus.
   
   
   
5. Cervical cancer: Cancer in the cervix.
   
   
   
6. Endometritis: Infection in the cervix or uterus.
   
   
   
7. Bleeding from other areas: Bleeding from the bladder, rectum, and other parts near the vagina.
   
   
   
8. Uterine fibroids: Noncancerous growth of the uterus.
   
   
   
9. Different medications and therapy:  Medicines and treatments for different medical conditions. 

1. Endometrial hyperplasia: Overgrowth of cells that make up the lining of the uterus.

1. Examination of the vagina and cervix: The doctor will perform a pelvic exam and do a physical examination of the vagina, cervix, uterus, etc. 

1. Pap smear: Pap smear also known as a Pap test is done to examine cervical cancer in women. 

1. Ultrasound: Examining the parts by using an imaging test and its tool kit. 
   
   
   
2. Biopsy: A test to remove a piece of tissue or cell and examine it in a laboratory. 

1. Antibiotics:  Antibiotics are most important when suffering from infections. They can help in treating most infections of the cervix and uterus. 

1. Estrogen: Estrogen helps in bleeding caused by vaginal dryness. The prescribed estrogens can be directly applied to your vagina as a cream. 

1. Progestin: Progestin is used to treat endometrial hyperplasia and is a synthetic form of the hormone progesterone. One can cure endometrial hyperplasia by using progestin. 

1. Hysteroscopy: Hypersteroscopy includes the procedure to examine the cervix and uterus using a camera. Healthcare uses a hysteroscope to examine the vagina and remove the polyps that cause the bleeding. 
   
   
   
2. Dilation and curettage: D&C (Dilation and Curettage) is a testing procedure that includes sampling the lining and content of the uterus. The dilation and Curettage treatment of post-menopausal bleeding is helpful in treating types of endometrial hyperplasia. 
   
   
   
3. Hysterectomy: If a woman is suffering from uterine cancer hysterectomy is the surgery needed to remove the uterus and cervix.  

1. Incomplete uterine prolapse: Under this condition, the uterus is said to be partially displaced into the vagina. 

1. Complete uterine prolapse: Under this condition, a portion of the uterus is said to be extended from the vaginal opening. 

1. 1st degree: Descended to the upper vagina 
   
   
   
2. 2nd degree: Descended to the introitus
   
   
   
3. 3rd degree: Cervix has descended outside the introitus 
    
4. 4th degree: Cervix and uterus are descended outside the introitus 

1. Loss of muscle tone 
2. Pregnancy 
3. Chronic coughing 
4. History of pelvic surgery 
5. Higher age 

1. Pelvic heaviness 
2. Vaginal bleeding 
3. Pain in sexual intercourse 
4. Lower back pain 
5. Weak vaginal tissue 
6. Sensation falling out of the vagina 
7. Weak vaginal tissue
8. Frequent bladder infection

1. Pelvic exam: Under pelvic exam, the healthcare provider will insert a speculum and examine the vagina and uterus. 

1. Renal sonography: Under Renal sonography or intravenous pyelogram dye is injected and x-rays are performed to view its progress. 

1. Ultrasound: Under ultrasound, a wand is passed over your abdomen to test other pelvic problems.

1. Exercise: There are a few special exercises called Kegal exercise that help you strengthen the muscles. 
    
2. Vaginal pessary: A pessary is a rubber and plastic doughnut-shaped device meant to be inserted in the lower part of the uterus. It helps prop up and hold the uterus in place. 

1. Hysterectomy: Hysterectomy is a surgical method of removing the uterus. It is done through a cut in the vagina or the abdomen. 

1. Fibroids: With symptoms like lower back pain, fertility issues, irregular spotting Uterine Fibroid, or uterine polyps can create a blockage in the uterus that may stop it from contracting and result in slower pooling of the blood. 
   
   
   
2. Endometriosis: Around the time of the menstruation cycle the condition of endometriosis can cause the tissues of the uterus lining to grow outside of the uterus leading to symptoms like pain in the cervix, heavy periods, discomfort during sex, fertility issues, etc. 
   
   
   
3. Hormonal imbalance: If there is a difference or imbalance of hormones then many issues related to periods can occur including heavy periods or clotting. 
   
   
   
4. Pregnancy loss: Pregnancy losses are also considered the reason for blood clots under which a woman passes a large number of clots. 
   
   
   
5. Bleeding problems: For heavy menstrual flow and blood clots bleeding disorders are also the cause because they affect the coagulation proteins that the uterine lining needs to stop the bleeding. 

1. Pap test 
2. Blood test 
3. Ultrasound

1. Hormone changes: Hormonal changes are considered one of the major causes that includes different problems like anovulation, thyroid disease, polycystic ovary syndrome, and others. 
   
   
   
2. Problem with Uterus: Physical problems with the uterus or structural abnormalities in the uterus are also the cause of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding. The problems related to the uterus include polyps, fibroids, and adenomyosis. 
   
   
   
3. Infections: General infections can cause Abnormal Uterine Bleeding. The infections responsible for the condition are cervicitis, vaginitis, endometritis, etc.
   
   
   
4. Other medical conditions: Several other medical conditions or health problems are considered as the cause of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding. The health conditions include liver disease, kidney problems, leukaemia, pelvic inflammatory disease, etc. 
   
   
   
5. Medications: A few medications linked to your medical condition can be a part causing Abnormal Uterine Bleeding. The medications involved are blood thinners, aspirin, tamoxifen, birth control pills, etc. 

1. Spotting or bleeding between menstrual cycles. 
2. Bleeding after sex 
3. Bleeding after menopause 
4. Periods that last more than 7 days 
5. Heavy flow during periods 
6. Passing large blood clots 

1. Bloating
2. Dizziness 
3. Pain 
4. Tender breasts 
5. Pelvic pain 

1. Questions linked to your bleeding 
2. Other symptoms you are experiencing 
3. Pregnancy report 

1. Blood test: Under a blood test your healthcare provider checks your blood clots, and can perform a test for a blood count.  

1. Ultrasound: Under pelvic ultrasound, your provider will help you check for the growth of any reproductive organs. 
    
2. Biopsy: Under biopsy, the doctor will collect tissue samples from the uterus lining and examine it for cancer and pre-cancer cells. 
   
   
   
3. Hysteroscopy: Under Hysteroscopy the doctor checks for fibroids, polyps, and signs of cancer. 

1. Hormone level check: Under hormone level check, the doctor will examine for any increase in the level of hormones or a decrease in the same.

1. Irritability: In the earlier stage of menopause around 70% of women feel irritated. They feel more annoyed and become less tolerant of the things they used to be normal at. 
   
   
   
2. Depression: Everyone out of the five women feels depressed and fails to analyze the emotional side effects of menopause. Depression in menopause is considered the most common and emotional side occuring of menopause. 
   
   
   
3. Anxiety: Anxiety in menopause includes tension, panic attacks, nervousness, etc. Many women experience it at an increasing level and some experience it for the first time. 
   
   
   
4. Weepy episodes: The feeling of crying over everything is what we call weepy episodes. Under this situation, a woman feels like crying, However, the situation is said to reduce the stress and release the feelings. 
   
   
   
5. Insomnia: One of the most common symptoms affecting women in menopause is Insomnia. It happens to around 50% of the women who undergo menopause and leads to other mood swings like feeling dizzy, not talking to anyone, etc. 

1. Short term hormone replacement therapy
2. Acupuncture treatment 

1. Always look for breakfast recipes that contain 2 or more nutrients rich superfoods.
2. Look for recipes that are clean and have little or no processed foods. 
3. Look for recipes with low sugar content.
4. Look for recipes that have low carbs. 
5. Look for recipes that are wholesome and less stomach filling. 

1. Apple-Cinnamon overnight oats 
   
   Everyone loves to wake up to a pre-made breakfast but making this breakfast before you go to bed may not be that easy.
   
   Recipe for Apple-Cinnamon overnight oats 
   
   1. Take ⅔ cup of oats 
   2. Pour 1 cup of milk 
   3. Add ¼ tsp of cinnamon 

1. Mexican Egg wrap 

1. Add 2 tsp of olive oil to cook. 
2. Scramble one complete egg and one egg white
3. Add 1 cup of baby spinach and saute it 
4. Take a tortilla to pour the egg spinach mixture
5. Add Mexican cheese blend
6. ¼ cup salsa
   
   Roll up and feast.

1. Fiesta salad

1. Smashed avocado and tomato toast 

1. Take 1 ripe avocado and smash it. 
2. Add some lemon juice to it.
3. Take a toast and spread the smashed avocado.
4. Top with baby tomatoes.
5. Add basil and enjoy. 

1. Chicken with mushroom sauce
   
   Try the advantages of your craving and try this chicken with mushroom sauce recipe.
   
   Recipe for Chicken with mushroom sauce
   
   1. Add oil, take crushed garlic and mushrooms to fry till golden brown.

1. Conductive hearing loss: It occurs when the sound fails to travel from the outer ear to the eardrum and middle ear resulting in difficulty to hear soft sounds. The conductive hearing loss is caused due to ear infection, allergies, wax in the ear, etc. 

1. Sensorineural hearing loss: It occurs when there is damage in the inner parts of the ear resulting in muffled hearing of distinct, normal, or loud sounds. It is caused due to birth defects, infections, ageing, trauma to the head, working around loud noise. 

1. Mixed hearing loss: It happens when both the conductive hearing problem and a sensorineural hearing problem occur together. 

1. Hearing loss is not only confined to aged people 
2. Earwax is good for your ears 
3. Your hearing senses are all on 
4. Your ears are considered a window to the heart 
5. Women with hearing loss are more likely to witness depression 
6. Lifestyle behaviors affecting the heart are also responsible for affecting hearing. 
7. A woman with diabetes is twice likely to have a hearing impairment 
8. Noise leads to the problem of hearing loss 

1. Auditory training: Auditory training and rehab treatments help a patient relearn the process of noise to sound. Exercises like listening to an audiobook, using apps, and other similar activities can help sharpen the hearing. 

1. Cochlear implants: Cochlear implant is the process under which a thin electrode is inserted that stimulates electricity and helps improve speech comprehension. A cochlear implant includes a microphone, speech processor, transmitter, electrodes, etc. 

1. Hearing aids: Hearing aids are the most common method of treating hearing loss. The treatment process for hearing aids is known as fittings and is used to amplify the sound. Hearing aids are wearable devices that help in hearing. 

1. Hormonal changes 
2. Heavy & long periods 
3. Dark menstrual blood 
4. Irregular cycle 
5. Obesity 

1. Hormonal imbalances 
2. Problem with ejaculation 
3. Changes in testicles 
4. Obesity 
5. History of STI (Sexually Transmitted Infections) 

1. Information about overall health, sexual history, etc. 
2. Semen analysis 
3. Hormone testing 
4. Genital ultrasound 
5. Genetic testing 

1. Pelvic area testing 
2. Hysterosalpingography 
3. Laparoscopy 
4. Ovarian reserve testing 
5. Information about your medical history 

1. Surgery 
2. Medication 
3. Assisted reproductive technology 

1. IVF 
2. Surgery 
3. Medication 

1. Do not diet

1. Do not start a strenuous exercise 

1. Do not drink excess alcohol 

1. Do not put anything in the vagina 

1. Do not ignore the pain 

1. Condoms 

1. Protection against STD (Sexually transmitted Disease).
2. Improves protection 
3. Zero menstrual problems. 

1. A bit inconvenient 
2. Risk of failure 

1. Implants 

1. Highly effective 
2. No need for a pelvic exam 
3. Fewer periods 

1. Cost 
2. No protection against STDs. 

1. Vasectomies 

1. 100% effective 
2. Less risk of testosterone level 
3. Increased Sex drive, climaxes, etc. 

1. Feeling of discomfort 
2. Inflammation 
3. Sperm granuloma

1. Permanent birth control 

1. Birth Control Pills 

1. Less painful periods 
2. Reduced acne
3. Reduced risk of ovarian cancer 
4. 95% effective in nature 

1. Risk of blood clots 
2. Risk of cervical cancer 
3. Nausea and others 
4. Irregular vaginal bleeding 

1. What are the most common hair changes? 
   
   With uncertain changes happening in the body of a woman while she is pregnant the most common changes affecting hair include faster hair growth, more frizziness, more tangled hair than usual, dry or oily hair, etc. 
   
   
   
2. Does hair grow faster than usual?

1. Will my hair go back to normal? 
   
   
   

1. Experiencing hair loss, is it a matter of concern? 
   
   During pregnancy, the growth and the problem of hair loss are considered completely normal until you experience excessive hair fall or sudden hair loss. If you experience one of them, it is advised to speak to your doctor, try not to over brush your hair, and use mild shampoo and conditioner. 

1. An increment in TBG concentration is related to the increase in T4/T3 concentration. 
2. HCG acts like a TSH.
3. There is a high requirement for Iodine. 

1. Increased heartbeat 
2. Fatigue
3. Irregular heartbeat
4. Trouble sleeping 
5. Hot temperatures 
6. Shaking hands 
7. Weight loss 
8. Shivering hands 

1. Weight gain 
2. Extreme tiredness 
3. Constipation 
4. Cold temperatures 
5. Muscle pains 

1. Trisomy 21: Known as the most common type of down syndrome where every cell of the body has three copies of chromosomes 21 other than two. 
   
   
   
2. Translocation: Affecting 5% of the population translocation down syndrome is a type in which each cell of chromosome 21 is extra in parts or is collectively one. 
   
   
   
3. Mosaicism: Affecting people in the rarest case Mosaicism down syndrome is that type under which the child has an extra chromosome in some cells of their body. 

1. Short physical size 
2. Short neck
3. Small ears 
4. Small hands and feet 
5. Flat face features 
6. Eyes slanting to the outer corner 

1. Attention problem 
2. Delay in cognition 
3. Delay in toilet training 
4. Problems in language development 
5. Slow learning capabilities

1. Hearing loss 
2. Poor vision 
3. Obesity 
4. Sleep apnea 
5. Congenital heart defects 

1. Under the first trimester

1. Under the second trimester 
   
   In the second trimester, the tests done are blood tests, ultrasound, and quadruple marker screens that help diagnose and determine defects in the brain and spinal cord if any. 

1. Others 
   
   Other than the tests carried out during the first and second trimester there are several other prenatal tests that can help determine the signs of building down syndrome. The tests done are amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling, percutaneous umbilical blood sampling, etc. 

1. 
   Stress: A little stress is fine, but an extreme level of stress can throw the body out of balance. It leads to the activation of the hormone cortisol, which induces amenorrhea or missed periods.
   
   
   
2. Weight changes: Sudden weight changes in your body are somehow responsible for changes in the menstrual cycle, affecting the hypothalamus.
   
   
   
3. Excessive exercise: Anything that is overdone is harmful. Excessive exercise is responsible for causing changes in pituitary hormones and thyroid hormones, impacting the ovary.
   
   
   
4. Hormonal changes: The biggest culprit of imbalances in the period cycle is hormonal changes, leading to different health conditions like PCOD and PCOS.
   
   
   
5. Peri-Menopause: Due to the lower estrogen level produced in the body, the stage of peri-menopause occurs, which leads to changes in the Menstrual Cycle. 
   
   

1. 
   Greens: Add green leafy food items to your diet like spinach, cabbage, kale, broccoli, etc., which helps in increasing the number of vitamins. 
   
   
   
2. Whole grains: Add whole-grain food items to your diet that have fiber-like rye, buckwheat, and others that release carbohydrates in your body and do not cause a spike in your sugar level.
   
   
   
3. Omega-3 fatty acids: Add food items that are rich in Omega-3 fatty acids and help regulate the menstrual cycle by regulating your hormones. Opt for food items like flaxseeds, chia seeds, etc.
   
   
   
4. Oats: Opt for oats and try to maintain the sugar level as it is rich in fiber content and helps keep the bowels regular.
   
   
   
5. Vitamin-D enriched food: Opt for and consume food that is rich in vitamin D. Add food items like fish, eggs, meat, and other vitamin-D enriched food items. 
   
   

1. 
   Processed foods: Limit food items that are processed in nature as they have a high GI linked to an increase in insulin levels that leads to diabetes. The food items to limit are cheese, tinned vegetables, and meat products like salami, bacon, etc.
   
   
   
2. Sugary foods: As PCOS is linked to an increase in insulin levels, leading to problems like diabetes, you are always advised to avoid more consumption of sugary foods like cakes, puddings, shakes, etc.
   
   
   
3. Unhealthy fats: saturated fats or hydrogenated fats help increase the estrogen level and make the condition of PCOS more severe. Avoid unhealthy fat food items like butter, beef fat, pork fat, etc.
   
   
   
4.  Gluten: Limit yourself to the consumption of foods containing gluten like wheat, rye, barley, etc.
   
   

1. 
    Under age 21: No pap smear is needed.
   
   
   
2. Under age 21-29: Begin with having a pap test every three years.
    
3. Under age 30-65: Appear for co-testing, including a pap smear every 3 years, and an HPV test every 5 years.
   
   
   
4. Above age 65: No pap smear is required, apart from if you have had negative results in the past. 
   
   

1. 
   Itching in the area of the vagina and vulva. 
2. Vaginal redness and swelling.
3. Burning sensations while you urinate. 
4. Thick and white vaginal discharge. 
5. Vaginal burning during intercourse. 
   
   

1. Total hysterectomy: A surgical operation in which the entire uterus and cervix are removed.
   
   
2. Supracervical hysterectomy: A surgical operation in which the upper part of the uterus apart from the cervix is removed.
   
   
3. Radical hysterectomy: A surgical operation in which the whole uterus, the tissues on the side, the cervix, and the top part of the vagina are removed.
   
   

1. Abnormal or heavy vaginal bleeding.
   
   
2. Severe pain with periods.
   
   
3. Uterine fibroids
   
   
4. Uterine prolapsed 
   
   
5. Cervical or uterine cancer, or abnormalities
   
   

1. Vaginal hysterectomy: A surgical technique where the uterus is removed via an incision in the vagina with zero visible scars.
   
   
2. Abdominal hysterectomy: A surgical technique where the uterus is removed with an extended cut in the lower abdomen.
   
   
3. Laparoscopic hysterectomy: A surgical technique where four small incisions are made around the abdomen and the upper part of the uterus is removed in pieces.
   
   

1. You may experience vaginal bleeding, so use a pantiliner or a sanitary pad to catch the discharge.
   
   
2. For at least 4 weeks, refrain from lifting anything heavy.
   
   
3. Do not insert anything in the vagina for at least 4 weeks.
   
   
4. Do not indulge in sexual intercourse for six weeks after the operation. 
   
   
5. Take shower and try to clean the incision with a little soap and water.
   
   

• Braxton hicks: Also known as practice or false labor contractions Braxton hicks generally begin in the third trimester. The key indicators of this contraction include sensations that are painful, contractions in the groin area, and others.
• Prodromal labor: Considered a precursor to fully active labor, prodromal labor starts around the same time each day and stops at regular intervals. The common indicators of prodromal labor are no cervical changes after 24–36 hours and strong contractions that do not get closer together.
• Early labor: It refers to a stage where a person’s cervix enlarges between 0 and 6 centimeters. Early labor comes with different symptoms, like a dull ache, backache, pelvic pressure, strong cramps, and others.
• Active labor: Refers to the time when contractions become more pronounced and painful. Active labor includes several symptoms, like contractions happening every 5 minutes, contractions lasting for 60 seconds or more, pain and pressure in the back, etc.

Also Read : Pregnancy Guide: Different Positions of Your Baby in the Womb