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Consent - Humphries looked in public toilets to see if men got up to naughty acts without obtaining consent.

right to withdraw - allowing the participant to withdraw at any time in the study

protection of participants - Venkatesh was gang leader for a day which is very dangerous.

Debrief - Chelsea Headhunters capped some ladys knees because the husband did not debrief them

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Questionnaires - Can take little time to distribute as they can be performed online or sent via post, however they can have a low response rate.

Interviews - Time consuming as it takes a while to gather a sample.

Observations - Time consuming as may take a while to see results you are looking for, and to make sure you are not breaking any ethical rules.

Self Reports - Participants may lie in order to seem more likeable.

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A questionnaire is a list of written questions that can be completed in one of two basic ways through a sociological perspective;

Firstly, respondents could ask to complete the questionnaire with the researcher not present. - This is called a postal questionnaire.

Secondly, respondents could be asked to complete the questionnaire by verbally responding to questions in the presence of the researcher. - This variation is called a structural interview.

However, as similar as the two seem they are also two different types of questions;

The first type is known as a "closed ended" question. This is when a questionnaire by a researcher provides a suitable list of responses. - This then mainly produces Quantitative Data.

The second type is known to be an "open ended" question. This is a question when the researcher does not provide the respondent with a set of responses to chose from however, the respondent is rather asked to answer in "Their own words" - This is then seen as Qualitative Data.

Views of questionnaires:

Interpretivists do not seem to like the idea of questionnaires because both the questions and fixed responses reflect what the sociologist thinks is important. Reason being is that closed questionnaires do not allow people to speak for themselves and do not allow for the fact that although people may share similar views, their reasons for doing so may be different.

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Snowball sampling - people who recommend potential participants for the sample

Random sampling - picking people at random to do a sample

Stratified sampling - a mini reproduction of the population. It is randomly sampled within categories of the sample. Its goal is to represent the population.

Quota sampling - the research is deliberately sets the proportions of levels or strata within the sample

Purposive sampling - non-representative subset of some larger population, and is constructed to serve a very specific need or purpose

Convenience sampling - a matter of taking what you can get. It is an accidental sample. Selection may be unguided but is probably not random

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There are 3 types of interviews; structured, semi-structured and unstructured.

Structured: When the interviewer plans out what they are going to ask and stick to that.

Semi-structured: The interviewer has a rough plan of what they want to ask, but do not necessarily stick to the plan.

Unstructured: The interviewer has no set plan of what to ask.

Positivists are more likely to use structured interviews because they use quantitative data. whereas Interpretivists are more likely to use semi-structured or unstructured.

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Observations are the careful watching and recording of a group of individuals or group. There are two types, covert and overt.

Covert:

A covert observation is when the group being observed are unaware of the fact they are being watched. The researcher goes undercover acting as one of the participants in order to get the most valid data.

Strength of covert:

High valid data

Prevents the hawthorn effect

Weakness of covert:

Unethical - no informed consent

Unreliable, not generalizable

Theorist:

Laud Humphries - tea room trade.

Overt:

An overt observation is when the group of people being observed are aware of this and are also aware of the aims of the research.

Strength of overt:

Automatic informed consent

Allows for withdrawal

Weakness of overt:

High demand characteristics

Possible unnatural behaviour

Hawthorn effect may occur

Theorist:

Sudhir Venkatesh - Gang leader for a day