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“Cantigas de Santa Maria of European and Islamic musicians in 13th century playing stringed instruments,” by unknown artist. PressBooks

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The Middle English (1066-1500) is the period that emerged after the Old Period (450-1150). In agreement with Fredy Lim (2016) after the invasion of the Romans to the British island, it is attacked again in the year 1066 by William of Normandy with the purpose of bringing his language to the islands, but this was quickly displaced by English which was the language they were forced to learn and therefore to speak; However, this invasion brought changes to the language, making it much easier to learn, which is currently very helpful.

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"English Literature: Medieval to Renaissance" by unknow artist. Sofia University.

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It is known that Middle English begins in the year 1066 and this was subdivided into three periods ranging from Early Middle English, Middle Old English to Middle Central English. According to Britannica (2021) in this period literary dialects were formed and the spelling of Old English was affected as its vocabulary expanded to a number of words, different things were lost such as the pronunciation of some words and even different dialects were known later by some writers. However, it is because of William, that Anglo-Norman (the language created by the dominant language) became known and although it was not entirely English, it was seriously related to French.

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"Map of the Anglo-Norman World", by Adam Joyce. Pinterest.

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Callum (2016) says that Old English was partly extinguished by the new dialect that dominated Britain and although Middle English was gaining strength, Anglo-Norman was the preferred dialect for literature until the 14th century. An important fact that helped to settle the language was the arrival of several people from London (East Midland) combining Middle English and creating a new dialect. At this time, romanticism was developed in poetry and if we talk about religion, this was centralized and medieval, also some transcriptions of the bible were made to help the English language to establish itself with the other dialects.

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"Canterbury Tales" by Geoffrey Chaucer. BiblioWeb.

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Some of the most important figures of this period were Geoffrey Chaucer (he was known for Canterbury Tales), John Gower and William Langland. One of the best works was printed by Caxton in 1485, it was called Le Morte d'Arthur by Sir Thomas Malory, this was a book with compilations of French and English Arthurian romances. In addition, the Middle English Literature was characterized by moral, ethical and didactic subjects that made reference to Christianity, obviously, by this time the writings required an oral quality since people came to listen to them (EngLiT Zone, 2019).

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Page from 12th c. manuscript of the “Ormulum” by Orm. University of Connecticut.

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Both Old English and Middle English are derived from the same language and are differentiated by the time in which they originated. Koshal (2011) says that Old English had a free word order, with a variety of pronouns compared to Middle English which was more influenced by English and French, the structure of their sentences changed to have something more descriptive such as the subject-verb-object relationship.

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The Sound of the Middle English language (Numbers, Words & Sample Text)

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Learning about Middle English is extremely important because it allows us to understand all the changes that English literature has been through, from heroic poems to romanticism, as well as different religious transcriptions. The literary works that were developed in this period opened the door to new ones that continue to this day, making Old English more understandable with its influence.

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Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopedia. (2021). Middle English language. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Middle-English-language

Callum, A. (2019). What is Middle English and Why are its Literary Works so Important? https://medium.com/@callum_ashley/what-is-middle-english-and-why-are-its-literary-works-so-important-5f3a14a23c09

EngLIT Zone. (2019, November 10). History of English Literature| Middle English Period| Major Writers & Works| Medieval Literature. [Video file]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LeZSwnx3m4E&ab_channel=EngLITZone

Fredy Lim. (2016, January 23). Middle English Literature: Part 1. [Video file]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RoT89wltzt4

Koshal. (2019). Difference Between Old English and Middle English and Modern English. https://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-old-english-and-vs-middle-english-and-vs-modern-english/