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Cyanosis is an example of skin discoloration; specifically, the skin takes on a blueish/purplish hue. Most commonly, areas such as the toes, lips, and fingers take on the discoloration. There are also different types of cyanosis, including peripheral cyanosis and central cyanosis. Cyanosis can be caused by low levels of oxygen in red blood cells. It can also be caused by lung deseases and CNS dysfunction. Different types of cyanosis require different treatment options. However, surgery, IV fluids, and warming up affected areas are possible treatments to the condition.

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Jaundice is a condition where the skin turns yellow. Other symptoms of jaundice are similar to that of the flu; specifically, it includes fever, abdominal pain, chills. The discoloration of the skin is caused by bilirubin, which is a bile pigment with a yellowish hue. The condition has different causes, some of which includes gallstones, tumors, and liver failure. Treatment options of jaundice vary depending on the cause. For example, jaundice can be treated by surgery, but it can also be treated by iron supplements and steroid medications.

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A skin rash is where the skin is irritated and/or swollen. A rash can have many symptoms; some symptoms include itchy skin, blisters, or patches of raw and exposed skin. There are many different factors that can cause a rash. For example, rashes can be caused as a result of infections, heat, and disorders of the immune systems. They can also be caused as a reaction to medications. Treatment options can include different creams (that can ease discomfort) and medications like corticosteroids (that reduce symptoms).

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A first degree burn is characterized by red skin (non-blistered). It affects the top layer of the skin. Symptoms of a first degree burn include redness, pain, irritation, and mild swelling. A first degree burn can be caused by a number of factors. Hot objects (including hot water), along with the sun, are some causes of first degree burns. To treat a first degree burn, one must immediately cool the burn (either with a compress or with cold water). Then, bandages, pain medication, and substances like petroleum jelly can be used to ease the symptoms. Skin with a first degree burn should avoid sun exposure as well.

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Similar to a first degree burn, a second degree burn is characterized by red, swollen, irritated skin. However, second degree burns can also appear wet and have blisters. Second degree burns are more severe than first degree burns. This is so because it affects both the epidermis and the dermis layers of the skin. Causes of second degree burns can vary from sun exposure, to electrical contact. To treat a second degree burn, one must first cool down the burn (but not use ice). In this case, creams and ointments can cause infections; instead, a sterile bandage should be placed (loosely) over the burn to prevent further infection.

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Like a first and second degree burn, third degree burns are characterized by red, swollen, irritated skin. A third degree burn can appear charred and white (or yellow), and there is no sensation due to the destroyed nerve endings. It is similar to a second degree burn in that it affects the epidermis and the dermis (2 layers of the skin). However, it is much more severe because it could also damage muscles, tendons, and even bones. Third degree burns can be caused by extremely hot liquids, contact with an extremely hot object, and contact with fire. To treat a third degree burn, one should remove restrictive clothing/items from the wound. Applying a sterile bandage can also prevent infections. However, due to the severity of third degree burns, a person with a third degree burn should be hospitalized.

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Squamous cell carcinoma, or SCC, is a relatively common type of skin cancer. A patient with SCC has rapidly (abnormal) growth of squamous cells in the skin. Symptoms of SCC include open sores, wart-like growth, and a rough and reddish patch on the skin. Causes of SCC include the use of tanning beds, a weak immune system, a family history of skin cancer, and exposure to the sun. There are various treatment options that are successful in helping patients with SCC. The cancer is curable through surgeries and radiation. The earlier SCC is caught, the more likely it will be cured through such treatments.

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Basal cell carcinoma, or BCC, is the most common form of skin cancer. In fact, it is the most frequent form out of all cancers. BCC is characterized by a rapid (abnormal) growth of basal cells in the skin. Symptoms of BCC can include a lesion with dark spots, translucent bumps, and a flat, reddish patch on the skin. BCC can be caused by exposure to UV rays (from sunlight), exposure to radiation, and indoor tanning. BCC can be cured by a wide range of surgeries (including laser surgery), medications, and radiation therapy. Similar to SCC, the earlier the tumor is caught and removed, the more effective the treatment.

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Melanoma is a type of skin cancer that is characterized by the rapid (abnormal) growth of melanocytes (cells that produce melanin and gives skin its color). Symptoms of melanoma include a dark-colored mole, itchy skin, and bleeding around the lesion. Melanoma can be caused by a variety of factors, including ones that are environmental and genetic. Like other types of skin cancer, it is believed that overexposure to UV radiation (from the sun) and indoor tanning beds can cause melanoma. The most common treatment for melanoma is surgery (excision).

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Vitiligo is a skin condition characterized by pale patches of skin (caused by a lack of melanin) that appear on the skin. It affects many different areas of the skin but is most common on the face, hands, skin creases, and neck. Symptoms of vitiligo, as previously stated, include premature graying of hair and patchy loss of skin color that develops over time. Vitiligo is caused by a lack of melanocytes, which gives a patchy appearance to the skin. While there is no cure for vitiligo, repigmentation and/or depigmentation therapies are used to create a more "uniform" skin tone.

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Ichthyosis is characterized by dry, rough, and scale-like skin. Symptoms of ichthyosis include itchy and dry skin that has a "dirty" appearance. Scales on the skin can also appear to be white, gray, or brown. This condition is caused by a genetic mutation; this mutation can be inherited from either one (or both) parents. Individuals who inherit the mutation from both parents face more severe ichthyosis. Treatment options for this condition include moisturizing and exfoliating dry areas.

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Rosacea is characterized by blushing and redness of the skin. Symptoms include visible blood vessels, facial redness, pus-filled bumps, and thick skin. Rosacea can be caused by a variety of factors; causes of the condition include stress, exposure to sunlight, alcohol, spicy foods, extreme temperatures (hot and cold), and exercise. There are many creams, cleansers, and gels that can be prescribed or purchased to reduce the symptoms of rosacea. Examples include Brimonidine and azelaic acid.