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Attempting to redirect the argument

EX: Mike: It is morally wrong to cheat on your spouse, why on earth would you have done that?

Ken: But what is morality exactly?

Mike: It’s a code of conduct shared by cultures.

Ken: But who creates this code?...

Reasoning:  Ken avoids the conversation and starts one that he can respond to

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distracting the truth of the conclusion by using pity.
EX: I really deserve an “A” on this paper, professor.  Not only did I study during my grandmother’s funeral, I also passed up the heart transplant surgery, even though that was the first matching donor in 3 years.

Reasoning: If we pity her  and if we were to adjust the grade accordingly due to her circumstances.

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Rather than attacking the argument itself you attack the speaker of the claim

EX: Tony wants us to believe that the origin of life was an “accident”.  Tony is a godless SOB who has spent more time in jail than in church, so the only information we should consider from him is the best way to make license plates.

Reasoning:  His claim is not true because of his circumstances.

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using authority to support an argument when the authority is not an expert on the argument.

EX: Marilyn vos Savant says that no philosopher has ever successfully resolved the problem of evil.

Reasoning: No philosopher has ever successfully resolved the problem of evil because Marilyn vos Savant says so due to her authority it is believed

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arguments that appeal to the growing popularity

Increasingly, people are coming to believe that Eastern religions help us to get in touch with our true inner being.

Reasoning: Eastern religions help us to get in touch with our true inner being because many people believe it.

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when one event leads to another
if A then B then C. . . then eventually Z

The book "If you give a mouse a cookie"

Because it shows how if one event happens another one is going to happen.

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conclusions based off of a small sample size.

EX: My Christian / atheist neighbour is a real grouch.

Reasoning: Christians / atheists are grouches based solely on this one person.

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Persuasion by appealing to Emotion -
Emotional response to topic

EX: “He had meant the best in the world, and been treated like a dog—like a very dog. She would be sorry someday—maybe when it was too late. Ah, if he could only die TEMPORARILY!”

Reasoning: He places feelings of pity into the readers mind so they take his side.

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Persuasion by appealing to Logic -
Facts, credibility

EX: "Cigarette smoke contains over 4,800 chemicals, 69 of which are known to cause cancer."

Reasoning: It provides cold facts that cannot be argued.

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Persuasion by appealing toEthics -

culture, beliefs, customs

EX: “Doctors all over the world recommend this type of treatment.”

Reasoning: American Culture highly believe the opinions of doctors in the matter of medical treatments.