# data[].attributes.body
Annul-to cancel
Dissenter-an individual with views that were not the same
Mary I- Daughter of HenryVIII, made England Catholic again and persecuted protestants
Recant-to take back one's opinions
Henry VIII- English King who separated England from the Pope and made England protestant

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1.      What were the problems and issues that provoked religious reforms in Western Christianity? (SOL WHII 3.a)
Conflicts that challenged the authority of the Church in Rome

·      Merchant wealth challenged the Church’s view of usury.

·      German and English nobility disliked Italian domination of the Church.

·      The Church’s great political power and wealth caused conflict.

·      Church corruption and the sale of indulgences were widespread and caused conflict.

2.    What were the beliefs of Martin Luther, John Calvin, Henry VIII, and Elizabeth I? (SOL WHII 3.a)
Martin Luther (the Lutheran tradition)

·      Views: Salvation by faith alone, Bible as the ultimate authority, all humans equal before God

·      Actions: 95 theses, birth of the Protestant Church

John Calvin (the Calvinist tradition)

·      Views: Predestination, faith revealed by living a righteous life, work ethic

·      Actions: Expansion of the Protestant Movement

King Henry VIII

·      Views: Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome

·      Actions: Divorced; broke with Rome; headed the national church in England; appropriated lands and wealth of the Roman Catholic Church in England

Queen Elizabeth I

·      Anglican Church

·      Tolerance for dissenters

·      Expansion and colonialism

Victory over the Spanish Armada (1588)

3.    What were the major economic, political, and theological issues involved in the Reformation? (SOL WHII 3.b)
Reformation in Germany
• Princes in Northern Germany converted to Protestantism, ending the authority of the Pope in their states.
• The Hapsburg family and the authority of the Holy Roman Empire continued to support the Roman Catholic Church.
• Conflict between Protestants and Catholics resulted in devastating wars (e.g., Thirty Years’ War).
Reformation in France
• Catholic monarchy granted Protestant Huguenots freedom of worship by the Edict of Nantes (later revoked).
• Cardinal Richelieu changed the focus of the Thirty Years’ War from a religious to a political conflict. Catholic Reformation
• Dissenters prior to Martin Luther: Jan Huss, John Wycliffe
• Counter-Reformation:
– The Council of Trent reaffirmed most Church doctrine and practices.
– The Society of Jesus (The Jesuits) was founded to spread Catholic doctrine around the world.
– The Inquisition was used to reinforce Catholic doctrine

4.    What were some of the changing cultural values, traditions, and philosophies during the Reformation? (SOL WHII 3.c)
- Growth of secularism
- Growth of individualism
-Eventual growth of religious tolerance

5.    What was the role of the printing press in the spread of new ideas? (SOL WHII 3.c)
Growth of literacy was stimulated by the Gutenberg printing press.
• The Bible was printed in English, French, and German.
• These factors had an important impact on spreading the ideas of the Reformation and the Renaissance.