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Hoplite: A heavily armed foot soldier of Ancient Greece
Polytheism: The belief or worship of more than one God

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Clyne, J, et al (2012) History 7: The Ancient World. South Yarra, Vic: Macmillian

Darlington, R. (2005). Greece: Spartan Society 371 BC: Melbourne, Vic: Heinema (Source B)

Earsie, B. Sarah, M. (2000) The Ancients: Melbourne, Vic: Oxford (Source C)

Gary, N, et al (2000) Investigating Global History: Melbourne, Vic: Thomson|Nelson (Source D)

History.com. (2015). Leonidas. Retrieved on 12/9/16 from: www.history.com/topics/ancient-history/leonidas (Source G)

History.com. (2016). Sparta. Retrieved on 12/9/16 from: www.history.com/topics/ancient-history/sparta (Source E)

iitutor. (2015). Festivals: Hyakinthia, Gymnopaedia, Karneia | iitutor . [Online Video]. 25 December 2015. Available from: https://youtu.be/XQK_CqYWg74. [Accessed: 20 September 2016]. (Source H)

The British Museum. (2016). The Spartan Life. Retrieved on 18/9/16 from: www.ancientgreece.co.uk/staff/background/resources (Source F)

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| NAME | GOD OF...
| 1. Zeus | King of the Gods
| 2. Hera | Queen of the Gods
| 3. Poseidon | The Sea
| 4. Hades | The Underworld
| 5. Hestia | Hearth/Home
| 6 Athena | Wisdom/War
| 7. Artemis | Moon/Hunt
| 8. Apollo | Light/Music/Prophecy
| 9. Aphrodite | Love/Beauty
| 10. Hephaestus | Fire/Forge
| 11. Ares | War
| 12. Hermes | Messenger/Divine Herald

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Life in Sparta seemed strict for all males because of how controlled they were by the state. The women seemed to have a very different life in Sparta compared to other countries because they weren’t invisible, and they had a purpose. The easiest and best life to live would probably be the Periokoi because they were allowed to leave Sparta and didn’t have any official obligations, unlike everyone else. But the most difficult life for someone in Sparta would definitely have to be the Helots because they were slave and they didn’t have any free will or any say in what happens to them. Therefore, depending on one’s social class the difficulty of an individual’s life differed dramatically.

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In the battle of Thermopylae, for two days, 300 Spartans kept the entire Persian army from entering Greece. More than half of those 300 Spartans died. Their sacrifice lead to a Greek victory over the Persians.  Spartan dominance lasted about a century, but their reputation has lasted about 2,500 years, and counting. (Source G)

In the 4th century BC, Sparta was no longer constantly at war and entered a peaceful period. The need to produce warriors was no longer so great and this had a huge impact on how they lived. The women limited the size of their families and wore jewellery, perfume and dyed clothes, a luxury that not many Greek women got.

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For a time, the great city-state of Sparta dominated Ancient Greece. Spartan soldiers were revered as ideal warriors. In Sparta’s standing army of 10,000 each man carried: a spear (6-10 feet), a sword (12-20 inches), a shield made of bronze and wood (3’ diameter) that was convex to deflect impact. Each man wore bronze battle armour (breastplate, graves and helmet). The Spartans invented the Phalanx which was a close, deep formation of armed soldiers working together to assault their enemy. Within the Phalanx no soldier was superior to another. For all of Sparta’s military victories, they are most famous for a defeat.

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Leonidas was the king of Sparta from 490BC until his death at the batter of Thermopylae. Although he lost the battle, his death was seen as a heroic sacrifice because he sent most of his army away when he realised that they had been outmanoeuvred by the Persian Army. Although there were over 3,000 soldiers went into battle, only 300 of these soldiers were actually Spartan. This is because at the time of the battle it was the period of the sacred games at Olympia and the most important Spartan religious festival, the Karneia, and at this time no fighting was permitted. (Source G)
Sparta produced what is probably the most iconic military in ancient history. The ancient Spartan warriors are known for their bravery, professionalism and skill, a reputation well deserved. It was believed at the time that one Spartan soldier was worth several men from any other state.

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Horrific Medieval Torture Methods & Devices

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Eeriest & Strangest Broadcast Interruptions In History

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Subscribe for a new video every week! ►► http://goo.gl/lYWszy Check out the NEW Top5s website! ►► http://www.Top5s.co.uk ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ The Spartans were Greek warriors from ancient Sparta. They were known as the greatest warriors ever of ancient Greece. Sparta become great by its unique system of laws, made by the famous law-giver Lycurgus.

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A main festival that was celebrated in Sparta was the Karneia. The Karneia was celebrated in the holy month of Karneios which in our calendar is August/September. There were two rituals that were carried out and celebrated. One was a music one and the other was a race. The Karneia festival became a mostly musical festival that celebrates heroic deeds and great events. Although the reason for starting the festival is obscure, it is believed that the Spartans held the festival to celebrate the return of the sons of Herakles or the founding of Sparta itself. (Source H)

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The Greeks worshipped their gods by praying and making sacrifices. Often priests wore white and garlands made of flowers. They would purify the worshippers with holy water before a prayer was said and a sheep or an ox was led to the alter. A couple of hairs were pulled from the forehead of the animal and placed into the fire and an offering. The animal was then killed and its blood was collected. The dead animal was then skinned and cut open. The priests examined the insides of the animal and if the guts or livers were wrong it was considered a bad sign for the future (Source D).

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All Greeks were polytheistic. They believed in a different god depending on their needs at the time. The gods they looked to quite often was The Twelve Olympians. The Twelve Olympians consisted of: Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Hades, Hestia, Athena, Artemis, Apollo, Aphrodite, Hephaestus, Ares, Hermes.

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Spartan women were better fed and better educated than any other Greek women. They were well-known for their beauty and their healthy strong babies. In order to uphold this belief, the Spartan women were educated and trained like the Spartan men however they were not training for war, they were training to stay healthy so that when they were to get married they would have a large healthy family. Spartan girls training included: javelin, discus, running and wrestling. When they exercised the girls were often naked, but they usually wore short tunics to allow free movement. All Spartan children were taught to be tough and to endure pain. The girls were expected to keep very fit and tough so that they may manage the helots if they dare disobey orders. The women were a very respected class but is not usually known as such. The women ran farms while the men trained, they were in charge of the helots and what happens around the farm. They made sure the food was well grown and cared for. These women very independent and even though they weren't noticed too much, it would be very obvious if they stopped doing their jobs (Source A, B).

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At age 7, Spartan boys entered a state-sponsored education, military training and a socialisation program known as the Agoge. The boys had very strict education and training, they were not fed well and were punished if they were caught stealing any food however this didn't stop the boys from trying. Cowardice was seen almost as a crime. The boys were often taken to Artemis Orthia to show their toughness by being whipped. The boys stayed at the Agoge until they turned 30. When they reached an age around 18 some men were chosen to become part of an Ekklesia organised group called the Secret Police. These men were taught to hunt Helots that were suspected of rebellion and were instructed to kill any helot that shows any sign of rebellion. Boys and girls were expected to participate in gymnastics and musical competitions. (Source A, C, E).

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Above the Spartiates were the two kings. One king came from the Agaid family and one came from the Eurypontid family. Sparta had two kings so that one may go to war and rule the Spartiates and helots that were fighting and the other one could stay and rule Sparta. These kings had some judicial powers but had to always consult with the Ekklesia before making a big decision.

The Ekklesia consisted of all male citizens over the age of 30 who wanted to attend meetings. They were allowed only to vote but not debate when an issue was raised and they appointed generals as well as granting and taking away Spartan citizenship. The Ekklesia elected the five Ephors that supervised and protected the Kings when they went to war. Each month the Ephors would swear an oath to uphold the powers of the kings. However, the Ephors could not be re-elected after one year of service. The Ekklesia also elected the Gerousia, a group of 30 members (including the two kings) that proposed laws that were put to the Ekklesia (Source A, B).

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The forth, and final, class is the rarest of them all. The Parthenai were children of unmarried Spartans. They were neither Periokoi or Helot but they didn't have any political rights and were often frowned upon (Source B).

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The third social class were the Helots. The Helots were the state-owned slaves that were taken prisoner from previous battles. They had no political rights and were treated poorly. The Spartans often humiliated them by making them drink a lot until they were drunk and then make fools of them in public by pushing them over or making them dance. The helots were owned by the Spartan as a whole, not by individuals, however each Spartan did have a set of helots that would work for them and, when the time came, go to war with them (Source A, F).

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The second social class were the Periokoi. They were free non-citizens that lived outside the borders of Sparta. They specialised in trade and marketing and had a very happy life. Although they didn’t have any political rights, they were allowed to travel and leave Sparta, therefore they were more free than any other Spartan social class (Source A).

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The first, and main, social class were the Spartiates. The Spartiates were the citizens with full political rights. They specialised in warfare, were all male and spent most of their lives training in the military for war (Source A).

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Sparta was an Ancient Greek city located in the southern region of Greece called Laconia. It was a warrior society that defeated many army’s including Athens in 431-404BC. Spartan culture was centered on loyalty to the state and military services