# data[].attributes.body
One single drop of blood has about a million cells.

# data[].attributes.body
One single drop of blood has about a million cells.

# data[].attributes.body
Animal cells have an outer covering called membrane

# data[].attributes.body
Cells are made up of proteins and organelles.

# data[].attributes.body
people are made up of 6 trillion to 10 trillion cells

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Turning off a single gene leads to a roughly three- to fivefold gain in the yield of laboratory methods for producing red blood cells from stem cells, according to a multi-institutional team led by researchers at Harvard-affiliated Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center.

These findings, published in Cell Stem Cell, suggest a way to cost-effectively manufacture red blood cells from stem cells; the patients who could potentially benefit include those who cannot use blood currently available in blood banks.

Previous research has shown that it is possible to force different kinds of stem cells to produce transfusion-grade red blood cells in a laboratory, but, at $8,000 to $15,000 per unit of blood, current processes are expensive. This is the first study to combine stem cells, powerful gene editing tools, and data from genome-wide association studies (GWAS).

The research team behind the Cell Stem Cell study - led by senior author and Dana-Farber/Boston Children's pediatric hematologist Vijay Sankaran - homed in on their target gene, called SH2B3, after GWAS data revealed that naturally occurring variations in its sequence that reduced its activity also resulted in increased red blood cell production.

"There's a variation in SH2B3 found in about 40 percent of people that leads to modestly higher red blood cell counts," Sankaran said. "But if you look at people with really high red blood cell levels, they often have rare SH2B3 mutations. That said to us that here is a target where you can partially or completely eliminate its function as a way of increasing red blood cells robustly.

"There are many patients with rare blood types or blood disorders who need very specific kinds of blood and cannot accept most donated blood," Sankaran continued. "Also, there are patients for whom there is a possibility of using red blood cells as a way of delivering therapies."

Sankaran, an assistant professor of pediatrics at Harvard Medical School, and his collaborators - including study co-first authors Felix Giani, Claudia Fiorini, and Aoi Wakabayashi of Dana-Farber/Boston Children's - wanted to see if it was possible to use SH2B3 as a target to genetically increase the yield of laboratory-based red blood cell production processes (as opposed to tweaking cells in culture by adding cytokines and other factors).

The researchers first used RNA interference (RNAi), which silences gene expression, to turn down SH2B3 in donated adult, human, blood-forming stem cells and hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) from human umbilical-cord blood.

The team's data confirmed that shutting off SH2B3 with RNAi skewed an HSPC's profile of cell production to favor red blood cells. Adult and cord-blood stem cells treated with RNAi produced three to five and five to seven times more red blood cells than controls, respectively. Using multiple tests, the team found that the red blood cells produced by RNAi were essentially indistinguishable from control cells.

Sankaran and his team recognized that their HSPC/RNAi approach would be very difficult to scale up to a level that could impact the clinical need for red blood cells. Thus, in a separate set of experiments, they used CRISPR gene editing to permanently shut off SH2B3 in human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines, which can be renewed readily in a laboratory. They then treated the edited cells to encourage blood cell production. Under these conditions, the edited hESCs produced three times more red blood cells than controls. Again, the team could find no significant differences between red blood cells from the edited stem cells and controls.

Sankaran thinks that SH2B3s enforce some kind of upper limit on how much red blood cell precursors respond to calls for more cell production.

"This is a nice approach because it removes the brakes that normally keep cells restrained and limit how much red blood cell precursors respond to different laboratory conditions," Sankaran explained.

He noted that in his vision, stem cells edited to keep SH2B3 turned off would be maintained in culture as a kind of cellular starter and used to produce red blood cells for treatment purposes; the edited stem cells themselves would never be used for direct treatment.

He also believes that with further development, the combination of CRISPR and hESCs could increase the yields and reduce the costs of producing red blood cells in the laboratory to the level where commercial-scale manufacture could be feasible.

"This is allowing us to get close to the cost of normal donor-derived blood units," he said. "If we can get the costs down to about $2,000 per unit, that's a reasonable cost."

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Red blood cell production increases, but cost goes down

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Turning off a single gene leads to a roughly three- to fivefold gain in the yield of laboratory methods for producing red blood cells from stem cells, according to a multi-institutional team led by researchers at Harvard-affiliated Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Turning off a single gene leads to a roughly three- to fivefold gain in the yield of laboratory methods for producing red blood cells from stem cells, according to a multi-institutional team led by researchers at Harvard-affiliated Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center.

These findings, published in Cell Stem Cell, suggest a way to cost-effectively manufacture red blood cells from stem cells; the patients who could potentially benefit include those who cannot use blood currently available in blood banks.

Previous research has shown that it is possible to force different kinds of stem cells to produce transfusion-grade red blood cells in a laboratory, but, at $8,000 to $15,000 per unit of blood, current processes are expensive. This is the first study to combine stem cells, powerful gene editing tools, and data from genome-wide association studies (GWAS).

The research team behind the Cell Stem Cell study - led by senior author and Dana-Farber/Boston Children's pediatric hematologist Vijay Sankaran - homed in on their target gene, called SH2B3, after GWAS data revealed that naturally occurring variations in its sequence that reduced its activity also resulted in increased red blood cell production.

"There's a variation in SH2B3 found in about 40 percent of people that leads to modestly higher red blood cell counts," Sankaran said. "But if you look at people with really high red blood cell levels, they often have rare SH2B3 mutations. That said to us that here is a target where you can partially or completely eliminate its function as a way of increasing red blood cells robustly.

"There are many patients with rare blood types or blood disorders who need very specific kinds of blood and cannot accept most donated blood," Sankaran continued. "Also, there are patients for whom there is a possibility of using red blood cells as a way of delivering therapies."

Sankaran, an assistant professor of pediatrics at Harvard Medical School, and his collaborators - including study co-first authors Felix Giani, Claudia Fiorini, and Aoi Wakabayashi of Dana-Farber/Boston Children's - wanted to see if it was possible to use SH2B3 as a target to genetically increase the yield of laboratory-based red blood cell production processes (as opposed to tweaking cells in culture by adding cytokines and other factors).

The researchers first used RNA interference (RNAi), which silences gene expression, to turn down SH2B3 in donated adult, human, blood-forming stem cells and hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) from human umbilical-cord blood.

The team's data confirmed that shutting off SH2B3 with RNAi skewed an HSPC's profile of cell production to favor red blood cells. Adult and cord-blood stem cells treated with RNAi produced three to five and five to seven times more red blood cells than controls, respectively. Using multiple tests, the team found that the red blood cells produced by RNAi were essentially indistinguishable from control cells.

Sankaran and his team recognized that their HSPC/RNAi approach would be very difficult to scale up to a level that could impact the clinical need for red blood cells. Thus, in a separate set of experiments, they used CRISPR gene editing to permanently shut off SH2B3 in human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines, which can be renewed readily in a laboratory. They then treated the edited cells to encourage blood cell production. Under these conditions, the edited hESCs produced three times more red blood cells than controls. Again, the team could find no significant differences between red blood cells from the edited stem cells and controls.

Sankaran thinks that SH2B3s enforce some kind of upper limit on how much red blood cell precursors respond to calls for more cell production.

"This is a nice approach because it removes the brakes that normally keep cells restrained and limit how much red blood cell precursors respond to different laboratory conditions," Sankaran explained.

He noted that in his vision, stem cells edited to keep SH2B3 turned off would be maintained in culture as a kind of cellular starter and used to produce red blood cells for treatment purposes; the edited stem cells themselves would never be used for direct treatment.

He also believes that with further development, the combination of CRISPR and hESCs could increase the yields and reduce the costs of producing red blood cells in the laboratory to the level where commercial-scale manufacture could be feasible.

"This is allowing us to get close to the cost of normal donor-derived blood units," he said. "If we can get the costs down to about $2,000 per unit, that's a reasonable cost."

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Red blood cell production increases, but cost goes down

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Turning off a single gene leads to a roughly three- to fivefold gain in the yield of laboratory methods for producing red blood cells from stem cells, according to a multi-institutional team led by researchers at Harvard-affiliated Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Turning off a single gene leads to a roughly three- to fivefold gain in the yield of laboratory methods for producing red blood cells from stem cells, according to a multi-institutional team led by researchers at Harvard-affiliated Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center.

These findings, published in Cell Stem Cell, suggest a way to cost-effectively manufacture red blood cells from stem cells; the patients who could potentially benefit include those who cannot use blood currently available in blood banks.

Previous research has shown that it is possible to force different kinds of stem cells to produce transfusion-grade red blood cells in a laboratory, but, at $8,000 to $15,000 per unit of blood, current processes are expensive. This is the first study to combine stem cells, powerful gene editing tools, and data from genome-wide association studies (GWAS).

The research team behind the Cell Stem Cell study - led by senior author and Dana-Farber/Boston Children's pediatric hematologist Vijay Sankaran - homed in on their target gene, called SH2B3, after GWAS data revealed that naturally occurring variations in its sequence that reduced its activity also resulted in increased red blood cell production.

"There's a variation in SH2B3 found in about 40 percent of people that leads to modestly higher red blood cell counts," Sankaran said. "But if you look at people with really high red blood cell levels, they often have rare SH2B3 mutations. That said to us that here is a target where you can partially or completely eliminate its function as a way of increasing red blood cells robustly.

"There are many patients with rare blood types or blood disorders who need very specific kinds of blood and cannot accept most donated blood," Sankaran continued. "Also, there are patients for whom there is a possibility of using red blood cells as a way of delivering therapies."

Sankaran, an assistant professor of pediatrics at Harvard Medical School, and his collaborators - including study co-first authors Felix Giani, Claudia Fiorini, and Aoi Wakabayashi of Dana-Farber/Boston Children's - wanted to see if it was possible to use SH2B3 as a target to genetically increase the yield of laboratory-based red blood cell production processes (as opposed to tweaking cells in culture by adding cytokines and other factors).

The researchers first used RNA interference (RNAi), which silences gene expression, to turn down SH2B3 in donated adult, human, blood-forming stem cells and hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) from human umbilical-cord blood.

The team's data confirmed that shutting off SH2B3 with RNAi skewed an HSPC's profile of cell production to favor red blood cells. Adult and cord-blood stem cells treated with RNAi produced three to five and five to seven times more red blood cells than controls, respectively. Using multiple tests, the team found that the red blood cells produced by RNAi were essentially indistinguishable from control cells.

Sankaran and his team recognized that their HSPC/RNAi approach would be very difficult to scale up to a level that could impact the clinical need for red blood cells. Thus, in a separate set of experiments, they used CRISPR gene editing to permanently shut off SH2B3 in human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines, which can be renewed readily in a laboratory. They then treated the edited cells to encourage blood cell production. Under these conditions, the edited hESCs produced three times more red blood cells than controls. Again, the team could find no significant differences between red blood cells from the edited stem cells and controls.

Sankaran thinks that SH2B3s enforce some kind of upper limit on how much red blood cell precursors respond to calls for more cell production.

"This is a nice approach because it removes the brakes that normally keep cells restrained and limit how much red blood cell precursors respond to different laboratory conditions," Sankaran explained.

He noted that in his vision, stem cells edited to keep SH2B3 turned off would be maintained in culture as a kind of cellular starter and used to produce red blood cells for treatment purposes; the edited stem cells themselves would never be used for direct treatment.

He also believes that with further development, the combination of CRISPR and hESCs could increase the yields and reduce the costs of producing red blood cells in the laboratory to the level where commercial-scale manufacture could be feasible.

"This is allowing us to get close to the cost of normal donor-derived blood units," he said. "If we can get the costs down to about $2,000 per unit, that's a reasonable cost."

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Red blood cell production increases, but cost goes down

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Turning off a single gene leads to a roughly three- to fivefold gain in the yield of laboratory methods for producing red blood cells from stem cells, according to a multi-institutional team led by researchers at Harvard-affiliated Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Turning off a single gene leads to a roughly three- to fivefold gain in the yield of laboratory methods for producing red blood cells from stem cells, according to a multi-institutional team led by researchers at Harvard-affiliated Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center.

These findings, published in Cell Stem Cell, suggest a way to cost-effectively manufacture red blood cells from stem cells; the patients who could potentially benefit include those who cannot use blood currently available in blood banks.

Previous research has shown that it is possible to force different kinds of stem cells to produce transfusion-grade red blood cells in a laboratory, but, at $8,000 to $15,000 per unit of blood, current processes are expensive. This is the first study to combine stem cells, powerful gene editing tools, and data from genome-wide association studies (GWAS).

The research team behind the Cell Stem Cell study - led by senior author and Dana-Farber/Boston Children's pediatric hematologist Vijay Sankaran - homed in on their target gene, called SH2B3, after GWAS data revealed that naturally occurring variations in its sequence that reduced its activity also resulted in increased red blood cell production.

"There's a variation in SH2B3 found in about 40 percent of people that leads to modestly higher red blood cell counts," Sankaran said. "But if you look at people with really high red blood cell levels, they often have rare SH2B3 mutations. That said to us that here is a target where you can partially or completely eliminate its function as a way of increasing red blood cells robustly.

"There are many patients with rare blood types or blood disorders who need very specific kinds of blood and cannot accept most donated blood," Sankaran continued. "Also, there are patients for whom there is a possibility of using red blood cells as a way of delivering therapies."

Sankaran, an assistant professor of pediatrics at Harvard Medical School, and his collaborators - including study co-first authors Felix Giani, Claudia Fiorini, and Aoi Wakabayashi of Dana-Farber/Boston Children's - wanted to see if it was possible to use SH2B3 as a target to genetically increase the yield of laboratory-based red blood cell production processes (as opposed to tweaking cells in culture by adding cytokines and other factors).

The researchers first used RNA interference (RNAi), which silences gene expression, to turn down SH2B3 in donated adult, human, blood-forming stem cells and hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) from human umbilical-cord blood.

The team's data confirmed that shutting off SH2B3 with RNAi skewed an HSPC's profile of cell production to favor red blood cells. Adult and cord-blood stem cells treated with RNAi produced three to five and five to seven times more red blood cells than controls, respectively. Using multiple tests, the team found that the red blood cells produced by RNAi were essentially indistinguishable from control cells.

Sankaran and his team recognized that their HSPC/RNAi approach would be very difficult to scale up to a level that could impact the clinical need for red blood cells. Thus, in a separate set of experiments, they used CRISPR gene editing to permanently shut off SH2B3 in human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines, which can be renewed readily in a laboratory. They then treated the edited cells to encourage blood cell production. Under these conditions, the edited hESCs produced three times more red blood cells than controls. Again, the team could find no significant differences between red blood cells from the edited stem cells and controls.

Sankaran thinks that SH2B3s enforce some kind of upper limit on how much red blood cell precursors respond to calls for more cell production.

"This is a nice approach because it removes the brakes that normally keep cells restrained and limit how much red blood cell precursors respond to different laboratory conditions," Sankaran explained.

He noted that in his vision, stem cells edited to keep SH2B3 turned off would be maintained in culture as a kind of cellular starter and used to produce red blood cells for treatment purposes; the edited stem cells themselves would never be used for direct treatment.

He also believes that with further development, the combination of CRISPR and hESCs could increase the yields and reduce the costs of producing red blood cells in the laboratory to the level where commercial-scale manufacture could be feasible.

"This is allowing us to get close to the cost of normal donor-derived blood units," he said. "If we can get the costs down to about $2,000 per unit, that's a reasonable cost."

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Red blood cell production increases, but cost goes down

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Turning off a single gene leads to a roughly three- to fivefold gain in the yield of laboratory methods for producing red blood cells from stem cells, according to a multi-institutional team led by researchers at Harvard-affiliated Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Turning off a single gene leads to a roughly three- to fivefold gain in the yield of laboratory methods for producing red blood cells from stem cells, according to a multi-institutional team led by researchers at Harvard-affiliated Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center.

These findings, published in Cell Stem Cell, suggest a way to cost-effectively manufacture red blood cells from stem cells; the patients who could potentially benefit include those who cannot use blood currently available in blood banks.

Previous research has shown that it is possible to force different kinds of stem cells to produce transfusion-grade red blood cells in a laboratory, but, at $8,000 to $15,000 per unit of blood, current processes are expensive. This is the first study to combine stem cells, powerful gene editing tools, and data from genome-wide association studies (GWAS).

The research team behind the Cell Stem Cell study - led by senior author and Dana-Farber/Boston Children's pediatric hematologist Vijay Sankaran - homed in on their target gene, called SH2B3, after GWAS data revealed that naturally occurring variations in its sequence that reduced its activity also resulted in increased red blood cell production.

"There's a variation in SH2B3 found in about 40 percent of people that leads to modestly higher red blood cell counts," Sankaran said. "But if you look at people with really high red blood cell levels, they often have rare SH2B3 mutations. That said to us that here is a target where you can partially or completely eliminate its function as a way of increasing red blood cells robustly.

"There are many patients with rare blood types or blood disorders who need very specific kinds of blood and cannot accept most donated blood," Sankaran continued. "Also, there are patients for whom there is a possibility of using red blood cells as a way of delivering therapies."

Sankaran, an assistant professor of pediatrics at Harvard Medical School, and his collaborators - including study co-first authors Felix Giani, Claudia Fiorini, and Aoi Wakabayashi of Dana-Farber/Boston Children's - wanted to see if it was possible to use SH2B3 as a target to genetically increase the yield of laboratory-based red blood cell production processes (as opposed to tweaking cells in culture by adding cytokines and other factors).

The researchers first used RNA interference (RNAi), which silences gene expression, to turn down SH2B3 in donated adult, human, blood-forming stem cells and hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) from human umbilical-cord blood.

The team's data confirmed that shutting off SH2B3 with RNAi skewed an HSPC's profile of cell production to favor red blood cells. Adult and cord-blood stem cells treated with RNAi produced three to five and five to seven times more red blood cells than controls, respectively. Using multiple tests, the team found that the red blood cells produced by RNAi were essentially indistinguishable from control cells.

Sankaran and his team recognized that their HSPC/RNAi approach would be very difficult to scale up to a level that could impact the clinical need for red blood cells. Thus, in a separate set of experiments, they used CRISPR gene editing to permanently shut off SH2B3 in human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines, which can be renewed readily in a laboratory. They then treated the edited cells to encourage blood cell production. Under these conditions, the edited hESCs produced three times more red blood cells than controls. Again, the team could find no significant differences between red blood cells from the edited stem cells and controls.

Sankaran thinks that SH2B3s enforce some kind of upper limit on how much red blood cell precursors respond to calls for more cell production.

"This is a nice approach because it removes the brakes that normally keep cells restrained and limit how much red blood cell precursors respond to different laboratory conditions," Sankaran explained.

He noted that in his vision, stem cells edited to keep SH2B3 turned off would be maintained in culture as a kind of cellular starter and used to produce red blood cells for treatment purposes; the edited stem cells themselves would never be used for direct treatment.

He also believes that with further development, the combination of CRISPR and hESCs could increase the yields and reduce the costs of producing red blood cells in the laboratory to the level where commercial-scale manufacture could be feasible.

"This is allowing us to get close to the cost of normal donor-derived blood units," he said. "If we can get the costs down to about $2,000 per unit, that's a reasonable cost."

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Red blood cell production increases, but cost goes down

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Turning off a single gene leads to a roughly three- to fivefold gain in the yield of laboratory methods for producing red blood cells from stem cells, according to a multi-institutional team led by researchers at Harvard-affiliated Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Turning off a single gene leads to a roughly three- to fivefold gain in the yield of laboratory methods for producing red blood cells from stem cells, according to a multi-institutional team led by researchers at Harvard-affiliated Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center.

These findings, published in Cell Stem Cell, suggest a way to cost-effectively manufacture red blood cells from stem cells; the patients who could potentially benefit include those who cannot use blood currently available in blood banks.

Previous research has shown that it is possible to force different kinds of stem cells to produce transfusion-grade red blood cells in a laboratory, but, at $8,000 to $15,000 per unit of blood, current processes are expensive. This is the first study to combine stem cells, powerful gene editing tools, and data from genome-wide association studies (GWAS).

The research team behind the Cell Stem Cell study - led by senior author and Dana-Farber/Boston Children's pediatric hematologist Vijay Sankaran - homed in on their target gene, called SH2B3, after GWAS data revealed that naturally occurring variations in its sequence that reduced its activity also resulted in increased red blood cell production.

"There's a variation in SH2B3 found in about 40 percent of people that leads to modestly higher red blood cell counts," Sankaran said. "But if you look at people with really high red blood cell levels, they often have rare SH2B3 mutations. That said to us that here is a target where you can partially or completely eliminate its function as a way of increasing red blood cells robustly.

"There are many patients with rare blood types or blood disorders who need very specific kinds of blood and cannot accept most donated blood," Sankaran continued. "Also, there are patients for whom there is a possibility of using red blood cells as a way of delivering therapies."

Sankaran, an assistant professor of pediatrics at Harvard Medical School, and his collaborators - including study co-first authors Felix Giani, Claudia Fiorini, and Aoi Wakabayashi of Dana-Farber/Boston Children's - wanted to see if it was possible to use SH2B3 as a target to genetically increase the yield of laboratory-based red blood cell production processes (as opposed to tweaking cells in culture by adding cytokines and other factors).

The researchers first used RNA interference (RNAi), which silences gene expression, to turn down SH2B3 in donated adult, human, blood-forming stem cells and hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) from human umbilical-cord blood.

The team's data confirmed that shutting off SH2B3 with RNAi skewed an HSPC's profile of cell production to favor red blood cells. Adult and cord-blood stem cells treated with RNAi produced three to five and five to seven times more red blood cells than controls, respectively. Using multiple tests, the team found that the red blood cells produced by RNAi were essentially indistinguishable from control cells.

Sankaran and his team recognized that their HSPC/RNAi approach would be very difficult to scale up to a level that could impact the clinical need for red blood cells. Thus, in a separate set of experiments, they used CRISPR gene editing to permanently shut off SH2B3 in human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines, which can be renewed readily in a laboratory. They then treated the edited cells to encourage blood cell production. Under these conditions, the edited hESCs produced three times more red blood cells than controls. Again, the team could find no significant differences between red blood cells from the edited stem cells and controls.

Sankaran thinks that SH2B3s enforce some kind of upper limit on how much red blood cell precursors respond to calls for more cell production.

"This is a nice approach because it removes the brakes that normally keep cells restrained and limit how much red blood cell precursors respond to different laboratory conditions," Sankaran explained.

He noted that in his vision, stem cells edited to keep SH2B3 turned off would be maintained in culture as a kind of cellular starter and used to produce red blood cells for treatment purposes; the edited stem cells themselves would never be used for direct treatment.

He also believes that with further development, the combination of CRISPR and hESCs could increase the yields and reduce the costs of producing red blood cells in the laboratory to the level where commercial-scale manufacture could be feasible.

"This is allowing us to get close to the cost of normal donor-derived blood units," he said. "If we can get the costs down to about $2,000 per unit, that's a reasonable cost."

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Red blood cell production increases, but cost goes down

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Turning off a single gene leads to a roughly three- to fivefold gain in the yield of laboratory methods for producing red blood cells from stem cells, according to a multi-institutional team led by researchers at Harvard-affiliated Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center.

# data[].attributes.body
The human body has more than 200 cells.

# data[].attributes.body
A eukaryotic cell has a nucleus

# data[].attributes.body
All chromosomal DNA is stored in the cell nucleus

# data[].attributes.body
All animals are organisms, form the largest whale to the smallest flea .

# data[].attributes.body
A nucleus contains a complete set of the organism's genes

# data[].attributes.body
What I found interesting about cells is that some cells can fight off infections, diseases

# data[].attributes.body
plant can make 90 percent of the cells

# data[].attributes.body
White Cells can help you prevent geting a virus agian or let it come back weaker.

# data[].attributes.body
Cells are made up of proteins and organelles.

# data[].attributes.body
The neutrophil seeks out invading bacteria. When it it finds one, its membrane flows around the bacteria and pulls it into the neutrophil cell, where it is digested.

# data[].attributes.body
Our bodies make 100 million new red blood cells per minute

# data[].attributes.body
DNA carries the instructions of a cell.

# data[].attributes.body
Single cells, such as bacterium, can only be seen through a powerful microscope.

# data[].attributes.body
All animals begin as a single animal cell.

# data[].attributes.body
hair cells are actually dead cells that have been bound with a kind of protein.

# data[].attributes.body
A diet for someone with diabetes is designed to make the maximum amount of energy reach hungry muscle and organ cells

# data[].attributes.body
Robert Hooke was one of England's greatest scientists. Hooke's illustration of cells was extremely advanced for the time period he lived in which was 1635-1703.

# data[].attributes.body
1.Scientist have named over 1.8 million cell species already.
2.Bacteria are 0.0004 inches in length.

# data[].attributes.body
Some single-celled organisms called bacteria are so tiny that 5 side by side measured only 1/10,000 of an inch (0.00025 centimeters)

# data[].attributes.headline
Some Cells Work Alone, Some work with other cells.

# data[].attributes.subject
Some Cells Work Alone, Some work with other cells.

# data[].attributes.body
UNKNOWN

# data[].attributes.body
A gene in worms seemed to allow the animals to live much longer they would without it.

# data[].attributes.headline
The average human is made of 60 - 100 trillion cells

# data[].attributes.subject
The average human is made of 60 - 100 trillion cells

# data[].attributes.body
Muscle cells can extend and retract
;D

# data[].attributes.body
Some cells live for many years, but others

# data[].attributes.body
plant cells are though they are called membranes

# data[].attributes.body
The average human is made of 60 - 100 trillion cells

# data[].attributes.body
Animal cells have an outer covering called the cell membrane. The cytoplasm is enclosed in the membrane much like a gel in a plastic bag.

# data[].attributes.body
All living things are made up of cells

# data[].attributes.body
Cells are made of parts called Organelles.

# data[].attributes.body
THE LARGEST ORGAN IN THE BODY IS YOUR SKIN!!! WOW!!!

# data[].attributes.body
The average human is made of more than 75 trillion cells.

# data[].attributes.body
Everything you that you think, learn, remember, and feel has up to 10 billion nerve cells

# data[].attributes.body
They were discovered around 1665 by Robert Hooke

# data[].attributes.body
Phones don't have cells

# data[].attributes.body
Plant cells produce three types of tissues, such as Photosynthesis, Vascular, and Dermal.

# data[].attributes.body
that cells are made oh ingredients. that is call protoplasm

# data[].attributes.headline
Savannah- ¨The human brain is a pinkish-gray mass made up of about ten billion nerve cells, all linked together¨.

# data[].attributes.subject
Savannah- ¨The human brain is a pinkish-gray mass made up of about ten billion nerve cells, all linked together¨.

# data[].attributes.body
The small cells are better than the big ones.

# data[].attributes.body
did you know there is no cure for a cold it will always happen and you can't stop it

# data[].attributes.body
In order for a cell to work with other cells, the cell membrane must be able to let certain items pass through.

# data[].attributes.body
1. Neurons carry messages throughout the body. They tell the brain to move your finger when you touch something hot.
2. Moon jellyfish glow because of a chemical called luciferin in their cells.
3. Bones may look solid. But they are actually more like fabric, because they have gaps between the cells.
4. Strings of chromosomes from DNA, which look like a twisted ladder.
5. Amoebas change their shape as they move.
6. You have millions of molecules of H2O (water) in your body.

# data[].attributes.body
They are very important to us!

# data[].attributes.body
I fount interesting is the mitochondrion because I liked its nice name PowerHouse.

# data[].attributes.body
There are so many different types of cells

# data[].attributes.body
That there is so many cells.

# data[].attributes.body
Some living things only have one cell.

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The color of a plant depend on what pigments are found within its cells.

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I found that the many different parts of the cell were interesting, since I did not know there were so many functions in such a small cell.

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there is a limit to how big a cell can grow.

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They are very well organized with it's parts and the parts have many different functions

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Cells are awesome! They are super small and we can only see them with a microscope!

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There are many different parts of cells and many kinds of cells.