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CAMHS has rebranded to Healthy Young Minds

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Our mental health services for children and young people have a new name and a brand new look! Healthy Young Minds will still provide the same supportive services across Bury, Oldham, Heywood, Middleton, Rochdale, Tameside, Glossop, Stockport, Trafford and in our inpatient units, Hope and Horizon.

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The effects of recreational drugs (such as cannabis, cocaine and heroin) on the brain, including depression, paranoia and psychosis.

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Regular cannabis use is known to be associated with an increase in the risk of later developing psychotic illnesses including schizophrenia; and if you have a family background of mental illness, you may also have an increased risk.

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Misuse of recreational drugs and mental illness

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Misuse of recreational drugs and mental illness

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Download the free NHS Stoptober app to help you quit smoking and start breathing easier.

Stoptober is a 28-day stop smoking challenge. The app allows you to:

track your progress

see how much you're saving

get daily support

If you can make it to 28 days smoke-free, you're 5 times more likely to quit for good!

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Download the free NHS Stoptober app to help you quit smoking and start breathing easier. Stoptober is a 28-day stop smoking challenge. The app allows you to: track your progress see how much you're saving get daily support If you can make it to 28 days smoke-free, you're 5 times more likely to quit for good!

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Cystic fibrosis is an inherited condition in which the lungs and digestive system can become clogged with thick, sticky mucus. Read about the symptoms, causes and treatments.

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Huntington's Disease | Huntington's Disease Association

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Huntington's disease is an inherited condition that damages certain nerve cells in the brain.

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Asthma affects the airways in the lungs and can cause a cough, wheezing and breathlessness. It is one of the most common long-term medical conditions in the UK.

Asthma affects the small airways that carry air in and out of your lungs. From time to time, the muscles surrounding these airways constricts after becoming irritated by inflammation.

Asthma in the UK

5.4 million people are treated for the condition

On average, three people per day or one person every eight hours dies from asthma

An estimated 75% of hospital admissions for asthma are avoidable and 90% of deaths are preventable

One in 11 children and one in 12 adults has asthma

It is more common in women than men

The NHS spends around £1 billion a year treating and caring for people with asthma

The airways are narrowed further as the amount of mucus lining the airways increases and sufferers may wheeze and struggle to draw a full breath.

Episodes can last from between an hour to weeks if left without treatment.

Asthma is a chronic condition, which means attacks can occur throughout your life. However, whilst there are times when severe episodes strike, for most asthmatics there are long periods during which they have few, if any, symptoms.

It can affect anyone at any age, but it tends to be worse in children and young adults.

While asthma is caused by an inflammation of the airways, scientists don't know exactly what causes this inflammation. Asthmatic and allergic tendencies run in families and scientists believe there are a number of different genes that react with environmental factors to trigger the onset of asthma.

Whilst scientists are searching for the genes involved, they do already know that there are a number of things that could increase the risk of developing the condition.

These include:

Exposure to allergens (proteins which can cause an allergic reaction) during pregnancy - from foods in the mother's diet, for example

Being brought up in a house where there is a pet, especially a cat

Having certain illnesses as a child

Being exposed to cigarette smoke in the womb or early life - babies whose mothers smoke are twice as likely to develop asthma

Having allergies to things such as pollen, house-dust mites and mould

Contributing factors in the Western world include air pollution and processed foods

Once you have asthma, there are a number of triggers known to cause a flare up, known as an asthma attack. These triggers vary from person to person, but include: weather conditions; certain medications; exposure to chemicals and traffic fumes; foods; exercise; strong emotions; and infections. Smoking and exposure to second-hand smoke is particularly dangerous for asthmatics.
For further information on possible triggers and treatments, please visit NHS Choices

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Asthma affects the airways in the lungs and can cause a cough, wheezing and breathlessness. It is one of the most common long-term medical conditions in the UK. Asthma affects the small airways that carry air in and out of your lungs. From time to time, the muscles surrounding these airways constricts after becoming irritated by inflammation.

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Pollution as an asthma trigger | Asthma UK

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Worried about air pollution affecting your asthma? Find out more about managing this common asthma trigger....

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Alcohol Poisoning and Liver Disease | Effects of Alcohol Abuse

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Drinking too much alcohol can lead to alcohol poisoning three types of liver conditions - fatty liver, hepatitis, and cirrhosis.

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Alcohol-related liver disease (ARLD) refers to liver damage caused by excess alcohol intake. There are several stages of severity and a range of associated symptoms.

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The liver is our largest internal organ and it has 500 different roles, including the breakdown of food into energy and helping the body get rid of waste products and fight infections - particularly in the bowel ¹. And yet, when your liver is damaged, you generally won't know about it - until things get serious.

Drinking alcohol can increase your risk of developing liver disease and cause irreparable damage to this very important part of your body. In fact, alcohol is a major cause of the 25% increase in deaths from liver disease in England over the last decade (from 9,231 in 2001 to 11,575 in 2009) ².

Overall, alcohol-related liver disease accounts for well over a third (37%) of liver disease deaths. And figures show victims of liver disease are getting younger - more than one in 10 of deaths of people in their 40s are from liver disease, most of them from alcochol-related liver disease ³.

The types of liver disease

There are many types of liver disease, three of the most common are:

1. Alcohol-related fatty liver-disease
Where the liver is damaged after alcohol abuse.
2. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

A build-up of fat within liver in liver cells.

3. Viral (Hepatitis)
An inflammation (swelling) of the liver caused by a viral infection.
4. Autoimmune (chronic hepatitis)
Severe form of hepatitis where blood cells attack and destroy liver cells.
All types of liver disease above can cause damage to the liver. The advice on this page is specific to alcohol-related liver disease.

Alcohol-related liver disease can be prevented if you understand the impact excessive alcohol drinking can have on your liver and take-steps to control the amount you drink. For more information on how alcohol affects your health, read about the short and long-term effects of alcohol in your body.

How does alocohol impact the liver?

Liver disease is the term used to describe damage to the liver. There are two types of liver disease:

Acute is when liver problems develop over a few months

Chronic is damage over a number of years

There are lots of different causes of liver disease, including drinking alcohol to excess which causes 'alcoholic liver disease'. Scientists are not sure exactly why drinking too much alcohol can damage your liver but the reasons include:

1. Oxidative stress. When our liver tries to break down alcohol, the resulting chemical reaction can damage its cells. This damage can lead to inflammation and scarring as the liver tries to repair itself.

2. Toxins in gut bacteria. Alcohol can damage our intestine which lets toxins from our gut bacteria get into the liver. These toxins can also lead to inflammation and scarring.

Use our simple Unit Calculator to find out exactly how much you're drinking
Drinking alcohol can increase your risk of developing liver disease

Evidence about how much and how often you need to drink to increase your chances of developing liver disease is unclear. But all the research shows that the more alcohol you drink, the more likely you are to develop liver disease.

Evidence suggests that other factors that increase your risk of developing liver disease include:

Being dependent on alcohol-around seven in 10 people with alcoholic liver disease have an alcohol dependency problem⁴.

Being overweight -excess weight can exacerbate many of the mechanisms of liver damage caused by excessive drinking⁵

Excessive drinking can make your liver get fat

Drink more than eight units a day (four pints of 4% lager) if you're a man and over five units a day (a couple of 175ml glasses of wine) if you're a woman, for two or three weeks and you're likely to develop something called 'fatty liver' ⁶.

This is when the liver turns glucose into fat, which it sends round the body to store for use when we need it. Alcohol affects the way the liver handles fat so your liver cells get stuffed full of it.

If this happens, you may feel a vague discomfort in your abdomen because your liver is swollen. You might also feel sick and lose your appetite. A blood test may be able to show if you have fatty liver.

The good news: If you stop drinking for two weeks and do not exceed the low risk alcohol unit guidelines your liver should start shedding the excess fat. But if you don't change your drinking pattern, that fatty liver is the first stage of developing liver disease.

Stopping drinking will help reduce damage and the progression of alcohol-related liver disease.

Are you drinking too much? Find out with our Find out if you're drinking too much with our Alcohol Self Assessment tool

Identifying liver disease: the symptoms

People can spend 20 years damaging their liver and not feel any of the effects this is doing to them.

Early symptoms of liver disease can include:

Later stage liver damage symptoms are more serious - and you'll know about them.

They can include:

Bleeding in the gut

Easy bruising

Fatigue

Jaundice (yellow skin)

Increased sensitivity to alcohol and drugs, both medical and recreational (because the liver cannot process them

Itching

Liver cancer

Swelling of the legs ankles, or abdomen

Vomiting blood

Weakness, loss of appetite⁷

When you develop cirrhosis, cutting out alcohol is essential to prevent you from dying from liver failure which is when your liver stops working completely. In the most serious cases of cirrhosis, you will only be considered for a liver transplant if you do not drink alcohol for at least three months ⁸

If you start soon enough, you can reverse problems with your liver caused by alcohol

Drinking within the government's low-risk alcohol unit guidelines (drinking no more 14 units a week for both men and women) and spreading those units over three days or more will help keep your risk of developing liver disease low. Reducing the amount you drink can help reverse damage of the earlier stage alcohol-related liver disease.

Visit the British Liver Trust's Love Your Liver website for tips on how to achieve better liver health and to use their liver Health Check tool.

Once cirrhosis develops, prognosis partly depends on whether or not you continue drinking. Those who continue to drink will feel sicker and die sooner. Even for those with symptoms, stopping drinking has a beneficial effect - it is never "too late" to stop drinking - even with cirrhosis.

Staying in control

You can keep your risk low by staying within the government's recommended low risk guidance. Here are three ways you can cut back:

1. Spread your alcohol-intake out over three days or more. . If you want to cut down, a great way is to spread your drinking out over the days a week. Test out having a break for yourself and see what positive results you notice.

2. Eat well.A healthy meal before you start drinking, and low-fat, low-salt snacks between drinks can help to slow down the absorption of alcohol. Good nutrition can help to support your liver to function and plays a crucial role in your health⁹.

3. Keep track of what you're drinking.Your liver can't tell you if you're drinking too much, but the MyDrinkaware drink tracking tool can. It can even help you cut down.

Further information

Your GP can help you figure out if you should make any changes in your drinking, and offer help and advice along the way.

If you're concerned about someone's drinking, or your own, Drinkline runs a free, confidential helpline. Call 0300 123 1110 (weekdays 9am - 8pm, weekends 11am - 4pm).

The British Liver Trust provides support and information on liver disease and also funds research. Call their free helpline Monday to Friday from 10am to 4.30pm on0800 652 7330 or visit the British Liver Trust website.

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The liver is our largest internal organ and it has 500 different roles, including the breakdown of food into energy and helping the body get rid of waste products and fight infections - particularly in the bowel 1. And yet, when your liver is damaged, you generally won't know about it - until things get serious.

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Exposure to UV radiation is the main factor that causes skin cells to become cancer cells.

Almost all skin cancers (approximately 99% of non-melanoma skin cancers and 95% of melanoma) are caused by too much UV radiation from the sun or other sources such as solaria (solariums, sunbeds, and sun lamps).

Skin cancer develops in the cells in the epidermis - the top or outer layer of the skin. UV radiation is made up of UVA and UVB rays which are able to penetrate the skin and cause permanent damage to the cells below:

UVA penetrates deeply into the skin (the dermis) causing genetic damage to cells, photo-ageing (wrinkling, blotchiness etc) and immune-suppression.

UVB penetrates into the epidermis (top layer of the skin) causing damage to the cells. UVB is responsible for sunburn - a significant risk factor for skin cancer, especially melanoma.

If the body is unable to repair this damage the cell can begin to divide and grow in an uncontrolled way. This growth can eventually form a tumour.

UVA and UVB both contribute to suburn, skin ageing, eye damage and melanoma and other skin cancers.

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How ultraviolet (UV) radiation causes skin cancer - Cancer Council NSW

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Exposure to UV radiation is the main factor that causes skin cells to become cancer cells. Almost all skin cancers (approximately 99% of non-melanoma skin cancers and 95% of melanoma) are caused by too much UV radiation from the sun or other sources such as solaria (solariums, sunbeds, and sun lamps).

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Most non melanoma skin cancers are caused by exposure to the sun. This may be long term exposure, or short periods of intense sun exposure and burning.

Age

The older you are, the more likely you are to develop non melanoma skin cancer. But skin cancers can develop in younger people too.

Sun exposure

Most skin cancers are caused by exposure to the sun. This may be long term exposure, or short periods of intense sun exposure and burning. The ultraviolet light in sunlight damages the DNA in the skin cells. This damage can happen years before a cancer develops.

Previous skin cancer

People who have already had a skin cancer have a greater risk of getting another one compared to someone who hasn't had one. Researchers think this is most likely because of sun exposure. You should cover up in the sun and look out for any signs of another skin cancer.

Although there is an increased risk, this doesn't mean that you will definitely develop another skin cancer.

Family history of skin cancer

Most non melanoma skin cancers don't run in families. But research has found some families seem to have a higher number than normal.

Of course, skin type runs in families. So people from fair skinned families will be more at risk. But there might also be some other inherited genes that slightly increase the risk of non melanoma skin cancer in some families.

You have an increased risk of developing a squamous cell skin cancer (SCC) if one of your parents has had an SCC. People who have a family history of melanoma have an increased risk of basal cell skin cancer (BCC).

Skin conditions

People with certain skin conditions can be more likely to develop skin cancer. These include:

Other risks

Other possible causes

Stories about potential causes are often in the media and it isn't always clear which ideas are supported by evidence. There might be things you have heard of that we haven't included here. This is because either there is no evidence about them or it is less clear.

These include the following:

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Most non melanoma skin cancers are caused by exposure to the sun. This may be long term exposure, or short periods of intense sun exposure and burning. The older you are, the more likely you are to develop non melanoma skin cancer. But skin cancers can develop in younger people too.

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13 600 cases of melanoma skin cancer every year are linked to overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) light. Find out how to prevent skin cancer by enjoying the sun safely.

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Smoking can cause lung disease, heart disease and certain cancers.

Nicotine is the addictive substance in tobacco. It quickly reaches the brain and creates a dependency so that smokers become addicted.

Effects on the air passages

Sticky mucus in the lungs traps . The mucus is normally swept out of the lungs by the on the lining the trachea, and . However, cigarette smoke contains harmful chemicals that damage these cells, leading to a build-up of mucus and a smoker's cough. Smoke irritates the bronchi, causing bronchitis .

Effects on the alveoli

Smoke damages the walls of the . The alveoli walls break down and join together, forming larger air spaces than normal. This reduces the efficiency of gas exchange, so people with the lung disease (a type of COPD or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) carry less oxygen in their blood and find even mild exercise difficult.

Carbon monoxide

Carbon monoxide, CO, combines with the in red blood cells. This reduces the ability of the blood to carry oxygen, putting strain on the and increasing the risk of coronary heart disease and strokes.

Lung cancer

Carcinogens are substances that cause cancer. Tobacco smoke contains many carcinogens, including tar. Smoking increases the risk of lung cancer, and cancer of the mouth, throat and oesophagus.

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BBC Bitesize - GCSE Biology (Single Science) - Respiratory system - Revision 5

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Smoking can cause lung disease, heart disease and certain cancers. Nicotine is the addictive substance in tobacco. It quickly reaches the brain and creates a dependency so that smokers become addicted. Sticky mucus in the lungs traps . The mucus is normally swept out of the lungs by the on the lining the trachea, and .

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BBC - GCSE Bitesize: Recreational drugs: tobacco

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A secondary school revision resource for Edexcel GCSE Biology about the use of drugs, alcohol and cigarettes

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You probably know that cigarette smoking causes breathing problems and lung cancer. But did you know it also makes you more likely to have a heart attack?

Every cigarette you smoke makes you more likely to get heart disease. Roughly 1 out of 5 deaths from heart disease is directly related to smoking.

People who smoke are two to four times more likely to get heart disease. The risk is even greater for women who smoke and also take birth control pills.

Cigarette smoke is also bad for the people around you. Secondhand smoke can cause heart disease and lung cancer in people who don't smoke.

How Does Smoking Cause Heart Disease?

The nicotine in smoke:

How Does Quitting Smoking Help?

Soon after you stop, your odds of getting heart disease or high blood pressure will drop. After 1 to 2 years of not smoking, you'll be much less likely to get heart disease.

Of course, kicking the habit also makes you less likely to get lung cancer and many other types of cancer, emphysema, and many other serious conditions.

The bottom line: Odds are you'll live longer, and you'll feel better.

How to Quit Smoking

It helps to plan ahead. Set a date to stop smoking and then stick to it.

Write down your reasons for quitting smoking. Read over the list every day, before and after you quit.

Keep a record of when you smoke, why you smoke, and what you're doing when you smoke. You'll learn what triggers you to smoke.

You may want to first stop smoking cigarettes in certain situations, such as during your work break or after dinner, before actually quitting.

Make a list of things you can do instead of smoking. Be ready to do something else when you want to smoke.

Ask your doctor about medication or about using nicotine gum or patches. Some people find these aids helpful. For some, you'll need a doctor's prescription. Others are available over the counter, which means you don't need a prescription.

Join a smoking cessation support group or program. Call your local chapter of the American Lung Association. Let family and friends know that you are quitting, and ask for their support.

Continued

How Can I Avoid Smoking Again?

Don't carry a lighter, matches, or cigarettes. Keep all of these smoking reminders out of sight.

If you live with someone who smokes, ask them not to smoke around you, or better yet, to quit with you.

Don't focus on what you're missing. Think about the healthier way of life you're gaining.

When you get the urge to smoke, take a deep breath. Hold it for up to 10 seconds and exhale slowly. Repeat this several times until the urge to smoke passes.

Keep your hands busy. Doodle, play with a pencil or straw, or work on a computer.

Change activities that were connected to smoking cigarettes. Take a walk or read a book instead of taking a cigarette break.

When you can, avoid places, people, and situations associated with smoking. Hang out with people who don't smoke. Go to places that don't allow smoking, such as the movies, museums, shops, or libraries.

Don't substitute food or sugar-based products for cigarette smoking. Eat low-calorie, good-for-you foods (such as carrot or celery sticks, sugar-free hard candies) or chew gum when the urge to smoke strikes so you can avoid weight gain.

Drink plenty of fluids, but limit alcoholic and caffeinated beverages. They may be triggers that make you want to smoke.

Exercise. It helps you burn off stress and relax. Consider starting a fitness program before you quit.

Get support for quitting. Tell people about your progress. Be proud of what you're doing!

Work with your doctor to make a plan using over-the-counter nicotine-replacement aids or prescription medication.

How Will I Feel When I Quit Smoking?

It probably will be tough for a while, but it's worth it.

You may crave cigarettes, be irritable, feel hungry, cough often, get headaches, or have trouble concentrating. These symptoms of withdrawal happen because your body is used to nicotine, the active addictive agent within cigarettes.

You'll probably notice it most during the first 2 weeks after quitting. When it happens, remember why you're quitting. Tell yourself that these are signs that your body is healing and getting used to being without cigarettes.

The withdrawal symptoms won't last. They're strongest when you first quit but will usually go away within 10 to 14 days.

You may still want to smoke, especially with certain people or during situations where you're used to smoking. If you smoke again, start over. Most people quit three times before they're successful. Plan ahead and think about what you'll do next time you get the urge to smoke.

WebMD Medical Reference Reviewed by Suzanne R. Steinbaum, MD on November 21, 2017

Sources

SOURCES:

American Heart Association: "Smoking and Cardiovascular Disease."

CDC: "Health Effects of Cigarette Smoking."

American Heart Association: "Understand Your Risk of Heart Attack."

CDC: "Smoking Cessation."

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute: "What Are the Benefits of Quitting Smoking?"

CDC: "Smoking & Tobacco Use: Heart Disease and Stroke."

Smokefree.gov: "Have You Built a Quit Plan?"

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You probably know that cigarette smoking causes breathing problems and lung cancer. But did you know it also makes you more likely to have a heart attack? Every cigarette you smoke makes you more likely to get heart disease. Roughly 1 out of 5 deaths from heart disease is directly related to smoking.

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Cigarette smoke and circulatory diseases

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Cigarette smoke and circulatory diseases

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Create a powerpoint explaining how the following factors affect health

Include one slide per factor

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Include:

The vitamin or mineral

The disease caused by deficiency

Foods you will find the vitamin or mineral in

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are only needed in small amounts to maintain a healthy body. A lack of vitamins in the diet leads to deficiency symptoms .

Vitamin C

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is needed to help heal wounds and maintain healthy connective tissue (which gives support to other tissues and organs).

Good sources of vitamin C include:

citrus fruits (such as oranges, lemons and limes)

leafy green vegetables (such as sprouts and broccoli)

Vitamin C deficiency leads to scurvy. The symptoms of scurvy include bleeding and swelling of the gums, loss of teeth, tiredness and muscle and joint pain.

Vitamin D

The human body can make vitamin D when our skin is exposed to sunlight.

Good dietary sources of vitamin D include:

eggs

margarine and breakfast cereals fortified with vitamin D

oily fish

Vitamin D is needed to maintain healthy bones and teeth. Vitamin D deficiency leads to rickets and bone pain.

Vitamin A

Vitamin A is needed to maintain good vision, healthy skin and strong immunity against infection.

Good sources of vitamin A include:

milk, and dairy products (such as cheese and yoghurt)

mackerel and other oily fish

Vitamin A deficiency leads to night blindness , which is when a person finds it difficult to see well in dim light.

The body can convert beta-carotene (found in carrots, spinach and mangoes, for example) into vitamin A.

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BBC Bitesize - GCSE Biology (Single Science) - Diet - Revision 2

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are only needed in small amounts to maintain a healthy body. A lack of vitamins in the diet leads to deficiency symptoms . Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is needed to help heal wounds and maintain healthy connective tissue (which gives support to other tissues and organs).

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BBC - GCSE Bitesize: Underweight, overweight

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A secondary school revision resource for OCR GCSE Science about understanding ourselves, diet and digestion

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Tyffani Benard

Based in Virginia, Tyffani Benard began writing health-related articles in 2010. Her work has appeared in various online publications. Benard has a background in dentistry and science, and enjoys making these complicated subjects accessible to the general public through her writing. She holds a Doctor of Dental Surgery from Howard University and a Bachelor of Science in biology from Florida A&M University.

Healthy living not only makes you feel good, but it can keep you from experiencing many diseases and health conditions. Obtaining adequate nutrition is an essential part of living a healthy life. Poor nutrition can result from failure to eat enough or failure to choose the right kinds of foods. The United States Department of Agriculture food pyramid provides recommendations on amounts to consume from each food group to attain proper nutrition. Failing to choose a balanced diet full of nutritious foods increases your risk of developing many preventable diseases.

Video of the Day

Although there are some uncontrollable factors that may predispose you to developing diabetes, it is a preventable disease with a healthy lifestyle. Obesity, high blood pressure and increased cholesterol are strong risk factors for developing diabetes. According to the American Diabetes Association, good nutrition is one of the best ways to prevent diabetes. The ADA recommends choosing a balanced diet full of whole grain foods and fresh fruits and vegetables. Before being diagnosed with diabetes, many people find that they have prediabetes. This is a condition in which blood glucose levels are higher than normal but not high enough to be diabetes. Oftentimes, establishing good nutrition and exercise habits can prevent prediabetes from progressing to full blown diabetes.

Anemia occurs when red blood cells are unable to carry enough oxygen to your body's cells. Symptoms of anemia include fatigue, sensitivity to cold temperatures, headache and a fast, irregular heartbeat. Anemia has various causes, and some are related to deficiencies in certain nutrients. The Mayo Clinic indicates that iron deficiency anemia affects 1 to 2 percent of American adults. Your body needs iron to make hemoglobin to transport oxygen throughout the body, and it is found in meat and poultry. Anemia can also be caused by a lack of vitamin B12, which your body needs to make red blood cells. Vitamin B12 is found in fortified grains and animal products.

Osteomalacia and rickets are caused by a deficiency of vitamin D, calcium or phosphate. Osteomalacia occurs in adults, while rickets occurs in children. Osteomalacia and rickets cause soft, weak bones, pain and muscle weakness. Sometimes these diseases result from an inability to absorb vitamin D or not getting enough sunlight so that your body can make its own vitamin D. Vitamin D also regulates blood levels of calcium and phosphate. These diseases can also occur from not getting enough vitamin D, calcium or phosphorus in the diet. These vitamins are found in dairy products, fortified foods and vegetables. Replacing the missing nutrients in the diet will relieve most symptoms of these diseases.

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List of Diseases Caused by Poor Nutrition

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Healthy living not only makes you feel good, but it can keep you from experiencing many diseases and health conditions. Obtaining adequate nutrition is an essential part of living a healthy life. Poor nutrition can result from failure to eat enough or failure to choose the right kinds of foods.

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You need to include at least 3 deficiency diseases.