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The planning, the design and the construction of a temporary retaining system like C824 are highly complex. It will require many

different disciplines to work together to achieve a safe and satisfactory conclusion. Clear policies, particularly by the owner and the builder, and firm directions are therefore essential from the outset so that those working on the project clearly understand the processes and the critical roles they play.

Certainty in quality assurance and control is critical particularly in deep excavation projects. Quality is not something to be “controlled” at the end of the line by inspectors but something that had to be “assured” throughout the entire work process from top management decision to the individual action on the worksite. The elimination of unnecessary difficulty which impacts quality through good engineering design and the use of management system that successfully or effectively deal with each of the construction processes is crucial. Each of them must separately and severally resolve this.

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Government stated that:” As an immediate measure, LTA is engaging independent consulting engineers to carry out checks on the design of temporary works for all their projects. These engineers will ensure that all procedures and chekcs have been carried out, and that works are constructed according to the design.”

Such independent checks should be undertaken in all temporary works for deep excavation as is the current practice for permanent works. This is simply because structural safety of temporary works is as important as that of permanent works and should be designed according to established codes and checked by competent persons.

MOM also endorses the need for an independent checker to review the design. MOM’s experts went further to propose that the initial design of important structures which would include temporary works structures should involve a review by an independent checker in the form of another consulting team”.

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Risk assessment should also consider major hazard events which could affect workers and the public and not simply risks to individuals at work. Risk assessment should be a fundamentals step in the procedure adopted by all parties: it is inappropriate wholly to leave the control of risk to contractors. Identified risks can be communicated to others by preparing and making available a risk register covering safety, design and construction matters, as required by the Government in its response to the COI’s Interim Report. Essentially, a risk-based approach to design, construction and management is required. A high quality anagement by all parties is required which:

a. Recognizes the uncertainties that may be present: the M3 area in C824 is demanding and unforgiving

b. Eliminates uncertainties and hazards where possible by a risk-based approach to design and construction

c. M inimizes the degree of uncertainties where it is not

d. Devises system for successfully managing the residual uncertainties

e. Involves a rigorous review and inspection regime when unfamiliar technologies are used or when a known technology is extended beyond the normal range of application as stated in Interim Report

Human beings are prone to making unintentional errors and intentionally violating safety systems. Machines cannot carry out safety critical tasks. Reliance is placed on human beings for solving complex problems. Human errors can be detected by three means: self-monitoring, environment signals, and from other people who have detected or flagged such errors.

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Fundamental Lessons: