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https://quizlet.com/18302398/ap-biology-chapter-10-photosynthesis-flash-cards/

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https://quizlet.com/1748261/ap-biology-chapter-8-flash-cards/

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Occurs primarily in hot, arid climates.

Reduces yield of photosynthesis.

-consumes O2, evolves CO2, produces no ATP, and decreases photosynthetic output

-active site of rubisco can accept O2 as well as CO2

-decreases photosynthetic output by reducing organic molecules used in the Calvin Cycle

-Happens when O2 concentrations are higher than CO2 concentrations in plant leaves. O2 ends up being transferred to RuBP rather than CO2.

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Exergonic reaction: net release of free E to surroundings. (spontaneous)

Endergonic reaction:  absorbs free E from surroundings. (non-spontaneous)

If a chemical process is exergonic, the reverse must be endergonic.

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Enthalpy- the internal energy of a system

Enthropy-

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study of energy transformations

1st Law:  conservation of energy; Energy is transferred and transformed, not created nor destroyed.

2nd Law:  transformations increase entropy (disorder, randomness)

Combo:  quantity of Energy is constant, quality is not

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Occurs in the stroma and forms sugar from CO2 molecules using ADP and NADPH.

-Begins with carbon fixation, which incorporates CO2 into organic molecules.

-Rubisco catalyzes carbon fixation by attaching CO2 molecules to RuBP

-The 6C molecule produced immediately breaks into two 3C molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate.

-Reduction occurs next, as energy from ATP and NADPH transforms 3-phosphoglycerate into G3P. One G3P leaves the cycle.

-Remaining G3P molecules are regenerated into RuBP using energy from ATP.

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reduction of carbon compounds

requires energy

releases oxygen

requires carbon dioxide

in the chloroplast

requires chlorophyll plant cells only

light reactions and Calvins cycle

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is the study of energy transformations that occur in nature

a closed system, such as liquid in a thermos, is isolated from its surroundings

in an open system energy and matter can be transferred  between the systems and its surroundings

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Kinetic Energy- the energy of motion (ex. heat)

Potential Energy- stored energy (ex. sugar)

Chemical Energy- energy stored in bonds of chemical compounds (ex. hydrolysis- split of water)

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involves only photosystem I and is the simplest pathway.

when electron is excited at Photosystem I (P700) instead of going on to the second ETC, the electron cycles back to the first ETC

ATP is made, but no NADPH is made, nor O2 released.

Function:  the Calvin Cycle uses more ATP than NADPH. Noncyclic flow generates equal amounts of ATP and NADPH. Cyclic flow makes up the difference.

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1. Photosystem II absorbs a photon- electron is excited and captured by the primary electron acceptor.

2. Water is split to replace the electron in P680. Oxygen is released as waste. Hydrogen ions (protons) are used later…

3. Excited electron is passed down an Electron Transport Chain in the thylakoid to Photosystem I.

4. ETC is used to power chemiosmosis by creating a proton gradient. This proton motive force creates ATP by photophosphorylation- requires light. At bottom of ETC, electron is given to P700

5. Electron is re-excited at P700 by another photon. Captured by a second primary electron acceptor.

6. Excited electron is passed to a second ETC which is used to create NADPH from NAPD (used in Calvin Cycle to make sugar).

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PSII to PSI, the primary pathway, involves both photosystems and produces ATP and NADPH using light energy.

occurs in thylakoid membrane

passes electrons continuously from water to NADP

produces ATP by noncyclic photophosphorylation

produces NADP and O2

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Anabolic:

building process such as protein synthesis; photosynthesis; consume energy

Catabolic:

breaking down process such as cellular respiration; release energy

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Visible light: consists of wavelengths that produce colors we can see

shorter wavelength -> longer wavelength

higher energy-> lower color (?)

Photons: light behaves like it appears in discrete particles

Pigments: substances that absorb visible light

different pigments absorb different wavelengths

wavelengths that are not absorbed are reflected or transmitted

leaves appear green because chlorophyll reflects and transmit green light

Spectrometer: measures a pigment's ability to absorb various wavelengths

machine sends light through pigments and measures the fraction of light transmitted at each wavelength

a photosystem consists of a reaction complex surrounded by light harvesting complexes

light harvesting complexes (pigment molecules bound to proteins) funnel energy of photons to the reaction center

a primary electron acceptor in the reaction center accepts an excited electron from chlorophyll a

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125 - Photons In this video Paul Andersen explains how light travels in photons which can be described as both particles and waves. Einstein showed that photons can be described as particles using the photoelectric effect to show that the energy of a photon is related to the frequency and Planck's constant.

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first layer of leaves of plants is cuticle layer (hydrophobic because of lipids)

mesophyll: tissue of the interior of the leaf, cells contain many chloroplasts

stomata: pores on the bottom of the leaves, regulate gas exchange to occur, guard cells

roots & veins: absorb and transport water and minerals from soil to leaves

palisade layer under cuticle layer (mesophyll layer)

Spongy mesophyll below palisade layer, gas and h2o move freely

Vein: transports materials through xylem- h20, phloem- food, sap, nutrients

chloroplast: double membranous- outer and inner, and an intermembrane space

thylakoid: connected sacs in chloroplasts, may be stacked (called granum/grana)

high concentration of thylakoid sacs- pigment molecules (chlorophyll)

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Absorption spectrum is a graph plotting a pigment's light absorption versus wavelength

the absorption spectrum of chlorophyll a suggests that violet blue and red light work best for photosynthesis

accessory pigments such as chlorophyll b broaden the spectrum used for photosynthesis

accessory pigments called carotenoids absorb excessive light that would damage chlorophyll, hydrocarbon tail and porphyrin ring (light absorbing head- magnesium atom at center)

an action spectrum profiles the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths of radiation in driving a process

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Light + 6CO2+ 6H2O -----> C6H12O6 + 6O2