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synthesizing short RNA sequences that are complementary to a single-stranded piece of DNA

DNA polymerases can't start polymer synthesis on single-stranded DNA templates, hence primase is required.

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Ligase takes the role of re-attaching the gaps in the  DNA strand and joining it to the newer strand. The function of primase is to produce primer which allows the RNA polymerase to join, while Ligase allows the joining of the gaps in the DNA after the removal of primer.

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Group D ( Lina Aysha Oasha Tarefa Chaltham Hotoon )

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Group D ( Lina Aysha Oasha Tarefa Chaltham Hotoon )

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DNA polymerases bind the nucleotides/base pairs together, forming new strands of DNA.

The reason why DNA polymerases move 5' to 3', is because Nucleotides cannot be added to the phosphate (5') end because DNA polymerase can only add DNA nucleotides in a 5' to 3' direction. The lagging strand is therefore synthesized in fragments.

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Part (a)

The function of helicases is to separate the double-stranded DNA into single strands so that each strand is copied individually.

Part (b)

If there was a mutation present in the Helicases an error in the separation of the DNA strands could occur which in turn would lead to the copied DNA material being inaccurate.

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5' - 3' direction refers to the orientation of nucleotides (ATCG) of a single strand of DNA or RNA.  The 5' and 3' destinations refer to the number of carbon atom in a deoxyribose sugar molecule to which a phosphate group bonds.

What is 5'-3' / 3'-5'?

The 3′ (prime) and the 5′ (prime) refer to where the OH group is in the chain.

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They bind single-stranded DNA and assist reforming of the double helix. They unwind the double helix to form two separate single strands. They bind to single-stranded DNA and prevent reforming of the double helix.

If single-strand binding proteins were not available as the strands became separated they would anneal(recombine) to themselves and each other forming complex structures that could affect or stop the replication process.

SSBP provide energy for the 2 DNA strands to separate and to reconnect when DNA polymerase creates new nucleotides