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INSTRUCTIONS​

You will be put into small groups and will complete a research activity to find out as much as you can about the method you have been given.​

You have 30 minutes to complete as much of the following as possible and then we will share this back as a group (add to the Padlet board on lesson resources).​

Identify what the method is – what it is? Any examples?​

Explain how can it be used – what does it need to include?​

Analyse what you need to consider when using this method?​

Evidence an relevant source of information to support your findings​

Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of the method​

Higher thinking: What do you need to be cautious of when using this method? Are they always useful in different situations?​

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it is the process of voting in an election

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A systematic procedure for reviewing or evaluating documents. Document analysis requires data to be analyzed and examined to have a better understanding which in turn helps the organization or the project become successful and reduce risk.

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This article examines the function of documents as a data source in qualitative research and discusses document analysis procedure in the context of actual research experiences. Targeted to research novices, the article takes a nuts-and-bolts approach to document analysis. It describes the nature and forms of documents, outlines the advantages and limitations of document analysis, and offers specific examples of the use of documents in the research process. The application of document analysis to a grounded theory study is illustrated.

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(PDF) Document Analysis as a Qualitative Research Method

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This article examines the function of documents as a data source in qualitative research and discusses document analysis procedure in the context of actual research experiences. Targeted to research novices, the article takes a nuts-and-bolts approach to document analysis.

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Survey is primary  research method. Example- the collection of information from a sample of individuals through their responses to questions

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A focus group is a form of qualitative research in which a group of people are asked about their perceptions, opinions, beliefs and attitudes towards a product, service, concept, advertisement, idea, or packaging.

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how to select questions that will obtain the most valuable information / provides guidelines to help [devise] such questions / make the distinction between questionnaires and interview schedules / discuss the use of open-ended and closed questions / show how to avoid ambiguous, leading, double-barrelled and hypothetical questions / describe the types of questions that can be asked and the order in which they should be placed / discuss the varieties of format for questionnaires and interview schedules (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)-Newell, R. (1993). Questionnaires.

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it is similar to the survey and questionnaire

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An interview is generally a qualitative research technique which involves asking open-ended questions to converse with respondents and collect elicit data about a subject.

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1. Choose your topic of discussion.

2. Choose your questions or discussion prompts.

3. Prepare your focus group questionnaire.

4. Ask your questions.

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it is usually used for asking two questions and in return to see the responses by the targeted people

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1.The analysis of the date does not disturb the operational.
2.The analysis of data can be  interrupted and continued at any time.

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1. Determine your research objective. Understand the objective and goals of your research.

2. Determine questions and create a research guide.

3. Establish your method of gathering data.

4. Observe.

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1. The mode of Data Collection
2. Categorize information and categorize it clearly
3.Clear Question Structure.

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1. Surveys give you the opportunity to compare results.

2. It is an inexpensive method of conducting research.

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Document analysis is very helpful for stakeholders as well as shareholders.

Ex1: Investors could ask the organization to show them financial documents from the recent past years, for the investors to analyze and examine their financial performance to see if it is worth investing and if the project has potential.

Ex2: Shareholders wanting to expand and look for ways to improve their business, could refer back to past years' documents and see what went successful and what did not. By doing so they will have a better understanding of the profitability of the project and then work on what's important from there.

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1.Documents may not be complete or written in an objective fashion so you will have to adopt a critical stance and not assume that the information contained within them is precise or unbiased.

2.The number of documents involved can lead to information overload. Which parts of which document are most relevant to your question? Which is largely about the progress of your project and the factors that have helped or hindered that progress?

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1. you have to make sure that people are interested to your questions
2. you have to think about how many polls are you going to send out
3. you have to think about which specific group of people you would like to ask for

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A questionnaire is include a series of questions that are asked of your customers. These questions are typically a combination of close-ended and open-ended questions.questionnaires should be used to collect more general information - qualitative or quantitative data - regarding features and preferences

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- Market research from government or competitors/business itself.
- Purpose of document
- Author/creator
- Type of document (financial, market research...etc.)
- Context (place and time)

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1.participants be of the same sex, age-range, and socio-economic background.
2.the participants do not know each other prior to the discussion
3.Areas of interest to be discussed during the session need to be specified by the moderators and organizers prior to the session
4.create an environment that encourages members to share their views

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consider
1 Thinking about our research The people we need to target.
2 How do we ensure the academic and rational nature of our investigations.

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Structured interviews focus on the accuracy of different responses, so they can collect highly organized data. For the same question structure, different respondents have different types of answers - the resulting answers can be analyzed collectively.
They can be used to make contact with large samples of the target population.
The standardization of structured interviews makes the interview process easier.

And this way can help you explain, better understand, and explore research subjects' opinions, behavior, experiences, phenomenon, etc. Interview questions are usually open-ended questions so that in-depth information will be collected.

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1. There is always a risk that people will provide inaccuracies  answers.

2. Customized surveys can run the risk of containing certain types of errors.

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Limited scope of assessment of obtained results.

The accuracy of information overpowers the detail of information.

Respondents are forced to select from the provided answer options.

The researcher is expected to always adhere to the list of decided questions irrespective of how interesting the conversation is turning out to be with the participants.

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Advantages:
* Easily Measure Customer Reaction
* Time-Saving

Disadvantages
* focus groups are much more expensive compared to other
* Not as In-Depth as Other Market Research

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Before the presidential election of 1824, Andrew Jackson led John Quincy Adams in the race for president of the United States by 335 votes to 169. Jackson won the popular vote both in the state and nationally. This is the first known poll.

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https://smallbusiness.chron.com/advantages-disadvantages-focus-group-784.html

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Focus group usually refer to a group of 10 or fewer volunteers who gather to discuss a particular product or idea. The market research firm will ask them a series of questions or give them a product to try, after which they freely share their opinions, ideas and reactions. All their responses are viewed and studied to measure the likely reaction of the larger market population. Focus groups are usually tools used by the advertising industry to measure the potential impact of a new product.

Advantage: Easily Measure Customer Reaction

A focus group is a useful method that can be used to measure the reaction of customers to your new product or company strategies. Focus groups usually provide immediate ideas for the improvement of particular products or concepts. They also help identify the product requirements of the end-user as well as other needs not addressed by the company and its competitors. In addition, focus groups provide insights on the current position of your competitors in the mind of the customer, as well as measuring the reaction of customers to a product's design, packaging, price and message.

Disadvantage: Not as In-Depth as Other Market Research

Compared to individual interviews, focus groups are not as efficient in covering maximum depth on a particular issue. A particular disadvantage of a focus group is the possibility that the members may not express their honest and personal opinions about the topic at hand. They may be hesitant to express their thoughts, especially when their thoughts oppose the views of another participant.

Advantage: Time-Saving Opportunity

The condensed nature of a focus group makes it possible for your business to solicit a quantity of opinions and feedback on multiple aspects of a product without the time intensive process of individually soliciting interviews. Time saved in the research phase of product development is key in rapidly evolving industries, particularly if a comprehensive focus group allows you to expedite a product's journey to the marketplace.

Disadvantage: Expense

Compared with surveys and questionnaires, focus groups are much more expensive to execute. Participants sometimes offer their time for free; others will have to be compensated in cash or in kind. Most of the expense is incurred behind the scenes, however. The questionnaires and product demonstrations must be carefully created to ask the right questions and elicit the type of responses that will be most valuable to the company's market research.

Disadvantage: Moderator Bias

Moderators can greatly impact the outcome of a focus group discussion. They may, intentionally or inadvertently, inject their personal biases into the participants' exchange of ideas. This can result in inaccurate results. Moderators can also lead focus group participants into reaching certain assumptions or conclusions about an idea or product. Out of fear in going against the opinion of the moderator, or even out of fear of disappointing the moderator, participants may not disclose their true and honest opinions.

References

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Advantages & Disadvantages of a Focus Group

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Advantages & Disadvantages of a Focus Group. Focus group usually refer to a group of usually 10 or fewer individuals. The group usually consists of volunteers gathered to discuss a particular product or idea. They are asked a series of questions or are gi

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1.making focus group design choices explicitly in relation to the type of evidence required would enhance the empirical value and rigor associated with focus group utilization.
2.descriptive framework to highlight contrasting design characteristics and the type of evidence they generate.

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explain: Secondary research or desk research is a research method that involves using already existing data. Existing data is summarized and collated to increase the overall effectiveness of research.
include:
l  Decide on your research goals

l  Create a list of questions

l  Invite the participants

l  Gather your responses

l  Analyse the results

l  Write a report

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- A data based the action or process of closely observing or monitoring something or someone.
- highly trained researchers generally watch how people or consumers behave and interact in the market under natural conditions
- Figure out when you want to observe
Get permission to observe
take notes on the observation
- it will help to understand and read people
- advantage :Greater Accuracy
disadvantage: not everything is open for observation

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more direct when you want to ask a few simple questions

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Advantages of quedvantages of questionnaires
1.Easy to conduct and surely, large amounts of information can be obtained from a large number of respondents. Questionnaires are also cost-effective when the researchers aim to target a large population.
2.Broad coverage. Local, national, and international respondents can be easily reached by questionnaires. The Internet and particularly, social media have made it easy to use questionnaires to reach out to respondents afar.
3.Responses received are frank and anonymous. Unlike interviews, questionnaires are good for sensitive & ego-related questions.

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https://www.alchemer.com/resources/blog/designing-surveys/
https://www.voxco.com/blog/are-surveys-qualitative-or-quantitative-research/#:~:text=A%20survey%20can%20be%20qualitative,is%20a%20mixed%2Dmethod%20survey.

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10 Key Things To Consider When Designing Surveys

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Keep this handy 10-point checklist nearby when you’re designing surveys, and you’ll be collecting better data in no time.

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10 Key Things To Consider When Designing Surveys

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Prone to a lot of mistakes, not rigorous enough.can not get more information.

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Disadvantage
1 Lack of validity
2 waste time
3 high cost
-Jones, S., Murphy, F., Edwards, M., & James, J. (2008). Doing things differently: advantages and disadvantages of web questionnaires. Nurse researcher, 15(4).

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Primary sources of information are useful to a project's start as it examines the customer base in the local community. Surveys and questionnaires are going to be mostly used in examining the feasibility and market demand for Luxrious Clothing. Surveys and Questionnaires provide the owners of the business with a better understanding of their targeted audience and project feasibility. By doing so, the owners will be able to create an overflow of information to help the project succeed. Concluding, the surveys and questionnaires will be essential for the project’s success as it gives primary qualitative data about the local community and the possible customer base.