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These three clusters explain the different implications SES can have on ones mental health. The research proves that income level, unemployment, and education level all play into why there is an increased rate of mental illness among groups of these categories, compared to others.
- Fixing the issue of SES equality is near impossible, but efforts such as the Criminal Justice/Mental Health Consensus Project will help those suffering. Giving people adequate help, and proposing a practical sentence that reflects their conditions, is what society needs to accomplish. Those of low, or high, SES need to be brought to justice, but not in a way that discards their health - the driving factor to what causes the high rate of crime we see.

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In Table 2, out of the sample, those of the lowest education levels, "Primary Incomplete," those people are those with the highest prevalence of mental illness. Higher levels of anxiety, personality disorders, depression and more are more common among those of little to no education.
- Families of the lowest education levels find that their kids struggle most with mental illness.

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Whether one never finished a primary education, or are well through college, a prevalence of mental illness is reflected.
-  Selection (mental illness can inhibit socioeconomic attainment and lead people to drift into the lower social class or never escape poverty) and Causation (experiencing economic hardship increases the risk of subsequent mental illness) hypothesis
Table 1: causation (low education level) attributes to mental illness, not selection (mental illness leads to low education)
- College education also increased the development of mental illness, just with different implications.

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Ones mental state depends on a number of factors, one of those being job loss. Major life transitions often lead to increased rates of psychological distress as shown on Table 4 where job loss have some of the highest rates of mental illness for men and women.

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Increased rates of unemployment create increased rates of "hostility, depression, and anxiety." This psychological distress is is an outcome of job loss.
- Overarching question: job loss leads to increased rates of mental illness which leads to a 5.7% increase in homicides.

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Those with income levels of $15,000 or less experience higher levels of depressive symptoms. Similar to those of extreme material wealth, higher levels of depressive symptoms and anxiety are seen compared to the more "average" sample. Table 1 shows how low income correlates with ones level of psychological distress.

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Income levels directly correlate to ones mental state. For example, "blue-collar and factory workers" who have a lower income are proven to experience the highest rates of mental illness as shown on Table 1.

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- One's wealth status correlates to job status. Those of lower income have either (1) a low paying job or (2) are unemployed.
- Both these clusters are major causes of increased mental illness.
- Both tables show increased rates of mental illness: Those with low income have the highest numbers of psychological distress. Those with no job have the highest numbers of presence of mental illness.

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- Those who experience job loss, or had no job to begin with, are those who have the lowest levels of education.
- Table 4: Those who experience job loss are also those with who have the lowest levels of education. Therefore, they have the highest rates of mental illness.

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How are socioeconomic factors related to mental illness?

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What is the association between wealth and mental health? - K N Carter, T Blakely, S Collings, F Imlach Gunasekara and K Richardson (2)

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What is the association between wealth and mental health? - K N Carter, T Blakely, S Collings, F Imlach Gunasekara and K Richardson (2)

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- The results reported that high psychological distress was greater with those of low SES and income levels compared with those of the highest SES. Inequalities in wealth are strongly associated with psychological distress.
- "There was a linear inverse relationship between wealth and level of psychological distress with more respondents in the lower wealth quintiles scoring moderate to very high levels of psychological distress than respondents in the upper wealth quintiles."
- "32% of females reporting higher levels of distress in the lowest wealth quintile, compared with 28% of males."

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Life Transitions, Role Histories, and Mental Health - Blair Wheaton (2)

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Life Transitions, Role Histories, and Mental Health - Blair Wheaton (2)

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- The findings provide a basic framework for interpreting the effects of varying types of life transitions, and argue against the presumption that life transitions are inherently stressful, suggesting instead a need to specify prior social circumstances that determine whether or not a transition is potentially stressful.
- "The effect of job loss on mental health depends on a number of factors. The final model included two strong and interpretable 4-way interactions. Each interaction involved three components in common -job loss, prior work problems, and gender, standing for a differential impact by gender of work problems on the experience of job loss."

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College Students: Mental Health Problems and Treatment Considerations - Paola Pedrelli (3) 

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College Students: Mental Health Problems and Treatment Considerations - Paola Pedrelli (3) 

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- "Anxiety disorders are the most prevalent psychiatric problems among college students, with approximately 11.9 % of college students suffering from an anxiety disorder."
- "Eating disorders such as bulimia, anorexia, and binge eating are common and often have their onset during adolescence with a rapid increase in risk during early adulthood. For instance, a survey of 2,822 college students reported that 9.5% of students screened positive for an eating disorder with a greater proportion of females relative to males."
- Survey of 274 institutions, 88 % of counseling center directors reported an increase in “severe” psychological problems over the previous 5 years including learning disabilities, self-injury incidents, eating disorders, substance use, and sexual assaults.

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Socioeconomic Disparities in Health Behaviors - Fred C. Pampel, Patrick M. Krueger and Justin T. Denney (1) 

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Socioeconomic Disparities in Health Behaviors - Fred C. Pampel, Patrick M. Krueger and Justin T. Denney (1) 

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- Those with good jobs and benefit packages gain access to aids for healthy behavior without having to purchase them. In addition, the work sites of higher prestige professional, managerial, and administrative employees more often have clean indoor air rules that make smoking more difficult, and they sometimes offer smoking cessation programs that help smokers quit.
- Blue-collar and factory workers have less access to these benefits.
- Comparing health behaviors also applies to health care consumption. High-SES groups may see adoption of healthy behaviors and effective use of medical care as closely linked in the pursuit of health. Medical care, which depends greatly on access to insurance and relates directly to income and affluence

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Low Socioeconomic Status and Mental Disorders: A Longitudinal Study of Selection and Causation during Young Adulthood - Richard A. Miech, Avshalom Caspi, Terrie E. Moffitt, Bradley R. Entner Wright and Phil A. Silva (1)

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Low Socioeconomic Status and Mental Disorders: A Longitudinal Study of Selection and Causation during Young Adulthood - Richard A. Miech, Avshalom Caspi, Terrie E. Moffitt, Bradley R. Entner Wright and Phil A. Silva (1)

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- They found that adolescent mental disorders were more likely to be found among youth in families with low education levels than would be expected.
- Found that study members with low educational attainment at age 21 reported significantly higher levels of anxiety.
- At age 21, study members with low educational attainment were more likely to meet DSM criteria for either conduct disorder or antisocial personality disorder. In all antisocial disorder models, the relationship between education and mental disorder was monotonic.

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The Culture of Affluence: Psychological Costs of Material Wealth - Suniya S. Luthar (3) 

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The Culture of Affluence: Psychological Costs of Material Wealth - Suniya S. Luthar (3) 

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- Among suburban girls in the 10th grade, one in five reported clinically significant levels of depressive symptoms, reflecting rates 3 times as high as those among normative samples. Incidence of clinically significant anxiety among both girls and boys in the suburban high school was also higher than normative values (22% and 26% vs. 17%). Similar patterns were seen for substance use. Of suburban girls, 72% reported ever having used alcohol, for example, as compared with 61% in normative samples, and parallel values for boys' use of illicit drugs were 59% versus 38%.
- 2 main factors leading to the increased use of alcohol/drug, anxiety, and depression: excessive pressures to achieve and isolation from parents (both literal and emotional)

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Negative socioeconomic changes and mental disorders: a longitudinal study - María Gabriela Barbaglia, Margreet ten Have, Saskia Dorsselaer, Jordi Alonso and Ron de Graaf (3)

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Negative socioeconomic changes and mental disorders: a longitudinal study - María Gabriela Barbaglia, Margreet ten Have, Saskia Dorsselaer, Jordi Alonso and Ron de Graaf (3)

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- Their findings determined that negative socioeconomic changes occurring within a short time period significantly increased the risk of incident mental disorders, particularly of mood disorders. Men are more affected than women indicating a large percentage of men with disorders.
- Results: "After 3 years, 6% had lost their job, 1 1 % had a substantial household income reduction and 12.2% had developed a mental disorder. Household income reductions increased the risk of any mental disorder, particularly the risk of mood. Job loss increased the risk of mood disorders."

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Education and Income: Which Is More Important for Mental Health? - R. Araya, G. Lewis, G. Rojas and R. Fritsch (2)

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Education and Income: Which Is More Important for Mental Health? - R. Araya, G. Lewis, G. Rojas and R. Fritsch (2)

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- People with less education feel socially trapped and helpless; contributing to the emergence of psychiatric disorders according to some psychological theories.

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Involuntary Job Loss: Institutional Interventions and a Research Agenda - Carrie R. Leana and John M. Ivancevich (1)

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Involuntary Job Loss: Institutional Interventions and a Research Agenda - Carrie R. Leana and John M. Ivancevich (1)

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-  In numerous studies, job loss has been associated with diminished psychological well being. Symptoms range from increases in hostility, depression, and anxiety ,to decreases in self-esteem, positive affect, experienced pleasure, life satisfaction, and self-satisfaction.
- General Health Questionnaire: Persons scoring higher on this measure indicated increased worry, strain, sleeplessness, and loss of concentration. More serious still, many studies have reported significant increases in suicide rates among job losers. 1 percent rise in unemployment rates was associated with a 4.1 percent increase in suicides and a 5.7 percent increase in reported homicides.

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Overall Research Question: Should mental illness be taken into account during court trials?

Criminal Justice/Mental Health Consensus Project - Council of State Governments
- A project focused on increasing policymakers' activeness in continuing the jurisdictions, bipartisanship, and maintaining policies of change to improve the criminal justice system’s response to people with mental illness.
- Outside factors, like those I will discuss below, are normally out of one's control. It is unfair for criminal justice systems to remain unwilling to adjust sentences and accommodate for people with metal illness. People cannot control their SES, leading to their mental illness and increased rate of crime.

Toward an Agenda for Reform of Justice and Mental Health Systems Interactions - Pamela Casey, Ingo Keilitz and Thomas L. Hafemeister
- Create an agenda to improve the strategies and interactions between the justice and mental health systems. This study is significant in order to conclude that mental health needs to be addressed in criminal justice cases. With proper tools and practices, accounting for those with mental illnesses properly in trials proves the validity of considering mental health in court.