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Critical Thinking - Defense Mechanisms. 

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Critical Thinking - Defense Mechanisms. 

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The skin ( protects our inside from physical damage, dehydration, and microbe infection). The sebaceous gland(Releases acids that make the skin acidic and prevents the growth of pathogens).

Respiratory system (that has nasal hair which keeps out dust and larger organisms )

The lysozyme enzyme (this is located in the nose, eye, and mouth which breaks down the cell walls of mini bacteria)

Platelets (helps form blood clots to slow or stop bleeding and prevent the wound from becoming infected )

Hydrochloric acid (in our stomach which kills most of the pathogens that we swallow )

White blood cells(also known as neutrophils, ingest and produce antibodies that kills pathogens)

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1. skin
2. nasal hairs
3. mucus
4. blood
5. stomach
6. intestines
7. white blood cells

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Our biggest organ is in fact our skin.

Skin protects us from:

Physical damage

Microbe infection

Dehydration

Defense system:

Sebaceous glands: Makes the skin acidic and prevents the growth of bacteria and pathogens

Nasal Mucus: Traps the pathogens in the nose; prevents it from fully entering the body.

Nose hair also traps and prevents.

Tears, mucus and saliva contains lysozyme enzymes that break down pathogens.

Platelets and Fibrin form a blood clot when there is a wound on the skin

White blood cells: Kill and ingest pathogens

Other White blood cells produce antibodies to specifically kill them

Our stomach has friendly bacteria that stops the pathogens.

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1. Skin acts as a physical barrier from microorganism.
2. The stomach burns the microorganism or pathogens.
3. White blood cells kills pathogens by providing antibodies against the pathogens
4. The intestines stops the pathogens from taking over
5. Sebaceous glands secretes acidic oils that help prevents the growth of pathogens on the skin.
6. Eyes - tears
7. Nose sneezes mucus
8. Respiratory system
9. Nasal hair
10. Sticky mucus
11. little hairs(cillia)

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Defense Mechanism-

-Our biggest organ is our skin (skin protects our insides from physical damages)
-Enzymes
-White blood cells
-Lysozyme
-HCI acid
-Blood contains plate lets and fiber
-nasal hair keeps out dust

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Defense Mechanism:
1- skin (sebaceous glands )
2- respiratory system
3- intestines
4- white blood cell
5- antibodies
7- lysosomes enzyme
8- nasal hair
9- mucus
10- blood
11- acid in our stomachs (platelets)

Woodleen
Bianca
Marvlynn
Angela

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The infectious disease process are the incubation stage, the prodromal stage, the accurate stage, the declining stage, the convalescent stage

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The incubation Stage

This stage is considered the silent stage because often it is not known when the pathogen gains entry into there host and starts replicating. The length of the incubation period depends on the disease; some are very short, whereas others are lengthy. The stage ends when the first signs and symptoms of the disease appear

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There are five stages of the infectious disease process which are incubation, prodromal, acute, declining, and convalescent stage.
The convalescent stage is when the symptoms start to vanish, and the pathogen is mostly eliminated. The patient starts to feel better and go back to their normal healthy state.

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PROBLEM SOLVING: List the five steps in the infectious disease process and give an explanation for each. 

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PROBLEM SOLVING: List the five steps in the infectious disease process and give an explanation for each. 

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1. The incubation stage or silent stage

This is the stage where the pathogens enter the body and start duplicating. Depending on the disease, the incubation period can be as short as three days or as long as ten years.

1. The prodromal stage

The prodromal stage refers to the period after incubation and before the characteristic symptoms of infection occur. Infections may still be transmitted during this stage. During this stage, the infectious agent continues replicating, which triggers the body's immune response and mild, nonspecific symptoms.

1. The acute stage

It is when the disease reaches its highest point of development for example severe aches, chills, vomiting, etc. The symptoms during this stage can help tell apart one disease from another.

1. The declining stage

In this stage the symptoms start to diminish and the infection is still present, but the patient’s health begins to return to normal.

1. The convalescent stage

this is when all of the symptoms have gone away, most of the pathogens have left the body, and the patient is able to get their strength back and go back to normal activities.

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1. Teamwork: List and define major types of infectious agents.

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1. Teamwork: List and define major types of infectious agents.

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The major types of infectious agents are ..

1. Bacteria - they are microorganisms that vary in their morphology (form and structures of organisms). Bacteria in the body do not always indicate that there is a disease present; many types of bacteria are beneficial. However, if it gets into the wrong area of the body such as the bloodstream or becomes overpopulated, it can feed on the body’s vital nutrients while releasing toxins, which causes problems to the body due to the invasion.
Fun fact:  Bacteria reproduce by cell division approximately every 20 minutes.

2. Viruses - viruses are the smallest of the microorganisms, may be viewed only by an electron microscope. Viruses are classified by the type of DNA or RNA. A virus can reproduce itself only within a host, by attaching itself to a cell and taking over the cell’s nucleus. It then uses the hostage cell to self-replicate the virus, often destroying the host cell.
Fun fact: Commonly known viruses include HIV/AIDS, herpes, chicken pox, hepatitis, the common cold, and influenza.

3. Fungi - they are simple parasitic plants that depend on other life-forms for a nutritional source. Molds (multi-celled) fungi can be found both indoors and outdoors and grow best in warm, damp, and humid conditions. Molds spread and reproduce by spore formation. Roughly 100 types of fungi are common in humans; approximately only 10 of these are pathogenic.

4. Parasites - they are organisms that depend on another living organism for nourishment. Parasites that can cause disease in humans are classified as protozoa, helminths, and ectoparasite.

5. Rickettsiae - they are known as obligate parasites because they depend completely on their host for survival. Rickettsiae are larger than viruses. Most rickettsial pathogens are transmitted by ectoparasites such as fleas, lice, mites, and ticks during blood-feeding or from scarification of infectious feces from these vectors that may be deposited on the skin.

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5) Explain how used needles, lancets, capillary tubes, glass slides, and other sharp instruments are to be handled.

Discard all sharp instruments and never break the needles off, do not put the needle cover in between your teeth to remove it when removing it from an injection.

Wear PPE (protective gloves, masks, face shields, gowns or aprons, and goggles) when splashing of any blood or body fluid is possible while you are working to prevent contact with mucous membranes, blood, or any body fluid of any patient (Figures 34–11A and B).

Place reusable metal instruments in a disinfectant solution after rinsing in cold water in preparation for proper cleaning and sterilization.

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5. Creativity: Explain how used needles, lancets, capillary tubes, glass slides, and other sharp instruments are to be handled.

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5. Creativity: Explain how used needles, lancets, capillary tubes, glass slides, and other sharp instruments are to be handled.

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Explain how used needles, lancets, capillary tubes, glass slides, and other sharp instruments are to be handled.

They should be handled with extreme caution; needles should never be recapped, broken off, or removed by hand after use from disposable syringes to prevent self-injury; all sharps products should be placed should be placed in a leakproof, puncture-proof sharps container that is usually red in color and displays the biohazard label.

Steps to get rid of sharp material:

Place reusable metal instruments in a disinfectant solution after rinsing in cold water in preparation for proper cleaning and sterilization.

Use disposable equipment in mouth-to-mouth resuscitation procedures, such as mouthpieces, resuscitation bags, or any other ventilation supplies necessary for emergency use.

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3) Identify methods of controlling the growth of microorganisms. - Critical Thinking

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3) Identify methods of controlling the growth of microorganisms. - Critical Thinking

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Methods of controlling microorganisms are by the meaning of physical agents and chemicals. - Some physical agents include low and cold temperatures.
- We can sanitize and disinfect constantly.
- Wear a face mask that covers the mouth and nose.
- Practicing good habits of proper exercise, enough rest, good nutrition, and proper hygiene.

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Question 3 - Identify methods of controlling the growth of microorganism- Confidence 

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Question 3 - Identify methods of controlling the growth of microorganism- Confidence 

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Methods of controlling the growth of microorganism would be to wash your hands Daily/apply gloves when working on a infected patient, sanitize, disinfection, Sterilization techniques and (PPE) which means personal protective equipment. These methods will break the chain of infections.

The infection disease process that Kyle is experiencing is the declining stage, during this stage the infection is still there but the person's health is going back to normal.

Defense mechanisms: White blood cells, skin, nose hair, Sebaceous glands, Hydrochloric acid in our stomach, the platelets and fibrin in our blood (blood clot), sticky mucus, Lysozyme enzyme.

Key words-
(PPE)- Personal Protective equipment
Sterilization
Disinfection

Sanitize