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C'est une scientifique espagnole, elle est ingénieure industrielle. Elle est née à Valladolid et a 51 ans. Elle a grandi dans un environnement scientifique. Sa mère est docteur en physique et son père était professeur d'ingénierie des télécommunications.

Elle dirige le groupe du Conseil supérieur de la recherche scientifique (CSIC) qui a développé le premier exosquelette bionique au monde pour les enfants atteints d'amyotrophie spinale, une maladie dégénérative. C'est une scientifique de renommée mondiale.

Elle concevait des robots orientés vers l'industrie. Lorsqu'elle a rencontré une fille quadriplégique, elle a décidé de concentrer son travail sur les robots afin d'améliorer la vie des personnes atteintes d'amyotrophie spinale, et de contribuer à la rééducation et à augmenter la mobilité des enfants souffrant des maladies neuromusculaires dégénératives. Alors, Elena a décidé de créer un exosquelette bionique appelé Atlas 2020. L'exosquelette est comme une cuirasse mécanique, qui interprète les mouvements que la personne veut effectuer.

Elle est également la fondatrice de Marsi Bionics, une plateforme qui aide les entreprises ou les particuliers à financer des exosquelettes pour ces enfants dans le besoin.

https://www.educaweb.com/noticia/2020/02/11/6-cientificas-espanolas-inspirarte-estudiar-ciencias-19078/

Écrit par Irene Martín Zambrana.  Groupe: FR2SAXX1715A

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C’est une femme française, elle est neé à Paris en 1947. Elle est chercheuse en virologie.  Elle a détecté le rétrovirus responsable du SIDA, en 1983, avec Luc Montaigner.

Elle a reçu le prix Nobel de médecine en 2008 pour cette co-découverte.

Au temps de son enfance, elle aimait les sciences naturelles. C’est pour ça qu’elle a décidé de suivre des études scientifiques de biologie. Elle pensait que ces études étaient trop théoriques. Alors elle a décidé de chercher un laboratoire où elle pourrait entrer dans le concret. Elle a réussi à entrer dans l'équipe de travail de Luc Montagnier. Ces travaux conduiront à la découverte du VIH (Virus de l’Immunodéficience Humaine) publiée en mai 1983.

À partir de ça, toute sa vie professionnelle sera ensuite consacrée à l’étude de ce virus. Grâce à sa découverte, beaucoup de personnes peuvent vivre avec le VIH sans développer le SIDA. Actuellement, elle continue avec la lutte contre le VIH/SIDA, pour améliorer la qualité de vie de tous les malades du VIH.

https://www.medecinesciences.org/images/stories/news/Portraits-de-femmes-2017.pdf

Patricia Sevilla.
FR2SAXX1715A

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Elena García Armada est née en 1971 et est un ingénieur industriel espagnol.

Elle a developpé le premier exosquelette bionique du monde. Le intention principal de ce prototype est aider les enfants souffrant d’une amyotrophie spinale.

Elena vivait dans un ambiant totalement scientifique parce que sa mère est docteur en physique et son père est titulaire de la chaire d’electromagnétisme.

Elle a obtenu son doctorat en robotique en 2009 à l’Université polytechnique de Madrid (UPM). Maintenant elle est scientifique titulaire au Centre d'Automation et de Robotique (CAR) CSIC-UPM.

En 2009 elle a rencontré Daniela, une enfant qui se trouve dans un état de tétraplégie sévère aprés un accident de la circulation. Le travail de Elena se spécialisait en la fabrication de appareil pour améliorer la vie des enfants avec problème physique.

Source: https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elena_Garc%C3%ADa_Armada

Écrit par Amit Thadani.  Groupe de classe: FR2SAXX1715A

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Françoise Barre-Sinoussi est une virologue française. Elle est née à Paris en 1947.

C'est une femme très passionnée par son travail qui pensait que rester assise sur les bancs de la faculté des sciences ne lui faisait pas apprendre grand-chose sur la recherche. Elle a donc commencé très jeune à travailler à temps partiel alors qu'elle étudiait à l'université.

Elle a étudié les Sciences à l'université de Paris et puis, une maîtrise en biochimie. Finalement, elle a obtenu un doctorat en virologie. Elle est spécialisée dans les infections virales et elle a obtenu sa plus grande reconnaissance: isoler le VIH et découvrir qu'il était la cause du SIDA avec Luc Montagnier. Dès ce moment, Françoise Barre-Sinoussi a orienté sa carrière vers la recherche sur le SIDA. Grâce à son travail, elle a réussi à prévenir le sida grâce à des vaccins et à combattre l'infection. Elle a été distinguée du titre de Chevalier de la Légion Française en 1996 et elle a reçu le prix Nobel de médecine en 2008.

Actuellement, Françoise Barre-Sinoussi continue à travailler à l'éradication du VIH au département des rétrovirus de l'Institut Pasteur et elle visite les régions affectées par le SIDA.

Références bibliographiques

https://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/b/barre_sinoussi.htm

https://www.conicyt.cl/mujeres-en-ciencia-y-tecnologia/mujeres-destacadas/premios-nobel/francoise-barre-sinoussi/

https://mujeresconciencia.com/2017/07/04/francoise-barre-sinoussi-nos-hemos-relajado-en-la-lucha-contra-el-sida/

https://mujeresconciencia.com/2017/10/10/francoise-barre-sinoussi-una-virologa-frente-al-vih/

Écrit par Marta Marín Muñoz.  Groupe de classe: FR2SAXX1715A

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"The brains of people are more interesting than the looks I think," Hollywood actress and inventor Hedy Lamarr said in 1990, 10 years before she passed.

The striking movie star may be most well-known for her roles in the 1940s Oscar-nominated films 'Algiers' and 'Sampson and Delilah.' But it is her technical mind that is her greatest legacy, according to a new documentary on her life called ' Bombshell: The Hedy Lamarr Story. ' The film chronicles the patent that LaMarr filed for frequency-hopping technology in 1941 that became a precursor to the secure wi-fi, GPS and Bluetooth now used by billions of people around the world.

LaMarr's life story is indeed remarkable. Born in Austria to Jewish parents, she married her first husband in 1934 at age 19. Unhappily married to an affluent, domineering munitions manufacturer, LaMarr fled their home by bicycle in the middle of the night.

She emigrated to the U.S. in the lead up to World War II and caught the eye of MGM studio head Louis B. Mayer on the ship from London to New York. LaMarr spoke little English but talked her way into a lucrative contract to act in Hollywood films. The Viennese beauty soon settled into life in Beverly Hills and socialized with luminaries including John F. Kennedy and Howard Hughes, who provided her with equipment to run experiments in her trailer during her downtime from acting. It was in this scientific environment that LaMarr found her true calling.

"Inventions are easy for me to do,' the Austrian accented LaMarr says in 'Bombshell.' "I don't have to work on ideas, they come naturally."

What did not come naturally to LaMarr however, was the notoriety and compensation she deserved for her ideas. The patent she filed with co-inventor George Antheil aimed to protect their war-time invention for radio communications to 'hop' from one frequency to another, so that Allied torpedoes couldn't be detected by the Nazis. To this day, neither LaMarr nor her estate have seen a cent from the multi-billion-dollar industry her idea paved the way for, even though the U.S. military has publicly acknowledged her frequency-hopping patent and contribution to technology.

LaMarr's work as an inventor was barely publicized in the 1940s, an oversight that 'Bombshell' director and Reframed Pictures Co-Founder, Alexandra Dean, believes fits into the narrow narrative for a movie-star in those days.

"From Hedy they absolutely wanted glamour," says Dean in an interview in New York. "They wanted somebody to stare at in the movie theaters that would help forget all their troubles."

Professor Jan-Christopher Horak, the Director of UCLA Film & Television Archive, states in 'Bombshell' that MGM studio head Louis B. Mayer, who first signed LaMarr to a Hollywood contract, saw women as fitting into one of two buckets: they were either seductive, or, they were to be put on a pedestal and admired from afar. A woman being both sexy and admirable was not something Professor Horak believes Mayer was willing to accept or project to film audiences.

"Louis B. Mayer divided the world into two kinds of women: Madonna and whore. I don't think he ever believed she was anything but the latter," says Horak in the film, referring to LaMarr.

Dr. Simon Nyeck, the Chair of Branding at the ESSEC Business School in Paris and a previous Fellow at Harvard Business School, agrees that Hollywood categorized women in a binary way. Dr. Nyeck teaches 'Anthropology of a Powerful Brand' at ESSEC, and is an expert on the use of female archetypes in advertising and media.

According to Dr. Nyeck, women are positioned as one of three archetypes: The powerful, clever Queen, the seductive Princess, or the Femme Fatale who is a combination of both. He says these archetypes date back to Greek mythology and are still used to depict women in media and advertising today. Dr. Nyeck says that 'Femme Fatale' is the category that the beautiful, brilliant inventor LaMarr fit into, and that multi-dimensional women are often seen as very threatening.

"A powerful lady who is sexy, but smart... It is really scary for most guys," Dr. Nyeck says. "You just expose how weak we are."

Dr. Nyeck notes that historically, women have been positioned in the media within an antiquated, one-dimensional framework created from a male perspective. In that framework, multi-faceted women like Lamarr are often only valued for their physicality, and not for their ability to think, invent or create. That narrative about the limited capabilities of women is projected to impressionable audiences around the world.

"The position of the ladies is almost like toys," says Dr. Nyeck. "They have no say. And that's exactly the problem."

Because of this, Dr. Nyeck is not surprised that LaMarr's entrepreneurial efforts to produce and direct films in the 1940s were not encouraged. Or that it has taken decades for the narrative around Lamarr to evolve to give her credit as the inventor that she was.

"The subject of history for so long had been men," says 'Bombshell' director Alexandra Dean. "And it has been men telling the story of history, they've been the storytellers. So, of course, the heroes with all the complexity and the drama, are men, you know. The female subject is often somebody who is just there to highlight the qualities and complexity of the male subjects."

The Executive Director of the ACLU of Southern California agrees that Hollywood has a powerful ability to not just reflect culture but to shape it. Villagra was a panelist at the UN Women USNC L.A. Media Summit event that I chaired in May 2016. He voiced his concerns about gender discrimination in Hollywood and that there are so few female directors.

"When men are almost exclusively making film and television shows, they're telling predominately male stories," says Villagra. "They're depicting women through a male lens, through a male gaze. They're reinforcing stereotypes of women, and they're reinforcing male privilege."

Recent statistics support his case. Just 7% of the 250 highest-grossing US film releases were directed by a woman in 2016, according to a report from the Center for the Study of Women in Television and Film at San Diego State University. Yet the Motion Picture Association of America says that the U.S./Canadian box office generated a record-breaking $11.4-billion in 2016, and that 52% of those moviegoers were female.

The success of female-directed 'Wonder Woman' which brought in more than $820-million across the globe in 2017, and Disney's 'Frozen' written and directed by Jennifer Lee that grossed $1.2-billion in 2013, reiterates that female directors are capable of excelling in the job.

LaMarr's daughter, Denise Loder, is proud of her mother's inventive mind and the work that she did throughout her career to push the boundaries of how women are perceived. She notes that her mom and Betty Davis were two of the first women to own production companies and to tell stories from a female perspective.

"She was so ahead of her time with being a feminist," says Loder in 'Bombshell.' "She has never been called that, but, she certainly was."
'Bombshell: The Hedy Lamarr Story' opens in theaters nationwide in March 2018.
... Read More

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Hedy Lamarr: The Incredible Mind Behind Secure WiFi, GPS And Bluetooth

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The patent Lamarr filed aimed to protect her 1941 invention for radio communications to 'hop' from one frequency to another so that Allied torpedoes couldn't be detected by the Nazis. The technology became a precursor to secure wi-fi, GPS and Bluetooth used by billions of people around the world.

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2.Sophie Germain (1776-1831) Mathématicienne française connue pour sa théorie des nombres.  Il a fait de grands progrès dans la théorie de l'élasticité.  L'une de ses œuvres les plus importantes est l'étude de ce que l'on appellera plus tard les nombres premiers de Sophie Germain.

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2.Sophie Germain (1776-1831) Mathématicienne française connue pour sa théorie des nombres.  Il a fait de grands progrès dans la théorie de l'élasticité.  L'une de ses œuvres les plus importantes est l'étude de ce que l'on appellera plus tard les nombres premiers de Sophie Germain.

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Conchi perez
Francés A2

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Marie Curie, physicist and chemist, pioneer in the field of radioactivity

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Marie Curie, physicist and chemist, pioneer in the field of radioactivity

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https://padlet.com/biosylvia/n2uhfvkpv7o4eudl

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https://www.physicamedica.com/article/S1120-1797(13)00240-8/fulltext

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The very first programmer in history was a woman

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The very first programmer in history was a woman

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Ada Lovelace, in full Ada King, countess of Lovelace, original name Augusta Ada Byron, Lady Byron, (born December 10, 1815, Piccadilly Terrace, Middlesex [now in London], England-died November 27, 1852, Marylebone, London), English mathematician, an associate of Charles Babbage, for whose prototype of a digital computer she created a program. She has been called the first computer programmer.

Lovelace was the daughter of famed poet Lord Byron and Annabella Milbanke Byron, who legally separated two months after her birth. Her father then left Britain forever, and his daughter never knew him personally. She was educated privately by tutors and then self-educated but was helped in her advanced studies by mathematician-logician Augustus De Morgan, the first professor of mathematics at the University of London. On July 8, 1835, she married William King, 8th Baron King, and, when he was created an earl in 1838, she became countess of Lovelace.

Lovelace became interested in Babbage's machines as early as 1833 when she was introduced to Babbage by their mutual friend, author Mary Somerville, and, most notably, in 1843 came to translate and annotate an article written by the Italian mathematician and engineer Luigi Federico Menabrea, "Notions sur la machine analytique de Charles Babbage" (1842; "Elements of Charles Babbage's Analytical Machine"). Her detailed and elaborate annotations (especially her description of how the proposed Analytical Engine could be programmed to compute Bernoulli numbers) were excellent; "the Analytical Engine," she said, "weaves algebraic patterns, just as the Jacquard-loom weaves flowers and leaves."

Babbage only built a small part of the Analytical Engine, but Lovelace's efforts have been remembered. The early programming language Ada was named for her, and the second Tuesday in October has become Ada Lovelace Day, on which the contributions of women to science, technology, engineering, and mathematics are honoured.

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Ada Lovelace | Biography, Computer, & Facts

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Ada Lovelace, English mathematician, an associate of Charles Babbage, for whose digital computer prototype, the Analytical Engine, she created a program in 1843. She has been called the first computer programmer. Ada Lovelace Day, the second Tuesday in October, honors women's contributions to science and technology.

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Grace Brewster Murray Hopper (1906-1992) was a computer pioneer and naval officer. She earned a master's degree (1930) and a Ph.D. (1934) in mathematics from Yale. Hopper is best known for her trailblazing contributions to computer programming, software development, and the design and implementation of programming languages. A maverick and an innovator, she enjoyed long and influential careers in the U.S. Navy and the computer industry.
Early Life and Education
The daughter of Walter Fletcher Murray (Yale B.A. 1894, Phi Beta Kappa) and Mary Campbell Van Horne, Grace Brewster Murray was born in 1906 in New York City. Her father owned an insurance company. In 1928, she graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Vassar College with degrees in mathematics and physics. After receiving her master's degree in mathematics from Yale, Hopper began teaching mathematics at Vassar while pursuing her doctorate. She completed her Ph.D. in mathematics from Yale in 1934. During a one-year sabbatical from Vassar, Hopper studied with the famous mathematician Richard Courant at New York University.
Service in the Navy
After the bombing of Pearl Harbor and the United States' entry into World War II, Hopper decided to join the war effort. She was initially rejected because of her age and diminutive size, but she persisted and eventually received a waiver to join the U.S. Naval Reserve (Women's Reserve). In December 1943, she took a leave of absence from Vassar, where she was an associate professor, and completed sixty days of intensive training at the Midshipmen's School for Women at Smith College in Northampton, Massachusetts.

After receiving her commission (lieutenant junior grade), Hopper was assigned to the Bureau of Ships Computation Project at Harvard University. There, she joined a team working on the IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator, better known as the MARK I, the first electromechanical computer in the United States. Under the guidance of Howard Aiken, who had developed the MARK I, Hopper and her colleagues worked on top-secret calculations essential to the war effort-computing rocket trajectories, creating range tables for new anti-aircraft guns, and calibrating minesweepers. One of the first three "coders" (now known as programmers), Hopper also wrote the 561-page user manual for the MARK I.

After the war ended, Hopper turned down a full professorship at Vassar to continue her work with computers. In 1946, she left active service when the Navy declined her request for a regular commission due to her age, but she remained a naval reservist. From 1946 to 1949, she continued to work on the MARK II and MARK III computers under Navy contracts. At the end of her three-year term as a research fellow, she left Harvard because there were no permanent positions for women.
A Programming Pioneer
In 1949, Hopper joined the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation in Philadelphia as a senior mathematician. The company, which was soon acquired by Remington Rand and then Sperry Rand, had built the first electronic computer (ENIAC) under army contracts. In the early 1950s Eckert-Mauchly was developing the Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC I), the first commercial electronic computer. While working on the UNIVAC I and II, Hopper pioneered the idea of automatic programming and explored new ways to use the computer to code. In 1952 she developed the first compiler called A-0, which translated mathematical code into machine-readable code-an important step toward creating modern programming languages.

In 1953, Hopper proposed the idea of writing programs in words, rather than symbols, but she was told her idea would not work. Nevertheless, she continued working on an English-language compiler, and in 1956 her team was running FLOW-MATIC, the first programming language to use word commands. Unlike FORTRAN or MATH-MATIC, which used mathematical symbols, FLOW-MATIC used regular English words and was designed for data processing purposes. She also demonstrated how programs could be written in word-based languages other than English.

Hopper's project of creating word-based languages helped expand the community of computer users. Making computers accessible to people without an engineering or math background was especially important at a time when computer companies were marketing their products to the private sector. By developing programs that used word commands rather than symbols, Hopper believed that more people would feel comfortable using computers, particularly for business applications such as payroll. In a 1980 interview Hopper explained, "What I was after in beginning English language [programming] was to bring another whole group of people able to use the computer easily...I kept calling for more user-friendly languages. Most of the stuff we get from academicians, computer science people, is in no way adapted to people."[i]

As the number of computer languages proliferated, the need for a standardized business language increased. In 1959, Hopper took part in the Conference on Data Systems Languages (CODASYL), the goal of which was to develop a common business language that could be used across industries and sectors. The finished product was COBOL, short for "common business-oriented language." Although many people contributed to this effort, Hopper is widely recognized for her work designing COBOL, developing compilers for it, and encouraging its broad adoption. By the 1970s, COBOL was the "most extensively used computer language" in the world.[ii]

Throughout her career in the computer industry, Hopper remained a Navy reservist. In 1966, age restrictions forced her to retire from the Navy as a commander. She later called it "the saddest day of my life."[iii] Just months later, however, she was recalled to active service to help standardize the Navy's multiple computer languages and programs. She retired from UNIVAC, a division of Sperry Rand, in 1971.

Nicknamed "Amazing Grace" by her subordinates, Hopper remained on active duty for nineteen years. She retired from the Navy as a rear admiral at the age of 79-the oldest serving officer in the U.S. armed forces. That same year she went to work as a senior consultant in public relations at the Digital Equipment Corporation, where she worked until her death in 1992. Hopper was buried with full military honors in Arlington National Cemetery.

Rear Admiral Hopper was the recipient of more than forty honorary degrees, and many scholarships, professorships, awards, and conferences are named in her honor. In 1972 she received Yale's Wilbur Lucius Cross Medal awarded to outstanding alumni. In 1973, she became the first woman and the first American to become a Distinguished Fellow of the British Computer Society. In 1991, President George Bush awarded Hopper the National Medal of Technology "for her pioneering accomplishments in the development of computer programming languages that simplified computer technology and opened the door to a significantly larger universe of users;" she was the first woman to receive the nation's highest technology award as an individual.[iv] In 1996, the Navy commissioned the USS Hopper, a guided military destroyer. In 2016, Hopper posthumously received the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation's highest civilian honor, in recognition of her "lifelong leadership role in the field of computer science."[v]
A Gifted Teacher and Communicator
Hopper was not only a brilliant mathematician and computer scientist; she was also a gifted teacher and communicator. Although she left her faculty position at Vassar to join the Navy, teaching remained an important part of her life. In 1959, Hopper was a visiting and then adjunct lecturer at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania. In the 1960s and 1970s, she taught and lectured at Penn, George Washington University, and for the U.S. Naval Reserve. Outside of academia, she organized myriad workshops and conferences to promote the understanding of computers and programming. In her remarks upon accepting the National Medal of Technology, Hopper said, "If you ask me what accomplishment I'm most proud of, the answer would be all the young people I've trained over the years; that's more important than writing the first compiler."[vi]

Hopper's talents as a teacher also helped her communicate with a wide variety of audiences-technical experts, engineers, business leaders, data processors, young people, and the general public. She helped persuade business clients of the value of adopting new technologies, and her biographer Kurt Beyer describes her as a "spokesperson for the evolving computer industry" in the 1950s.[vii] Hopper played a similar role for the Navy. From 1977 to 1986, she was "the Navy's foremost propagandist for its computer program as...[its] representative to learned societies, industry associations, and technical symposia."[viii] In the last years of her life, she did similar public relations work for the Digital Equipment Corporation. Throughout her career, Hopper placed great value on being able to explain complex situations and problems to many different audiences. "I've come to feel that there is no use doing anything unless you can communicate," she said in a 1980 interview.[ix]
A Visionary Trailblazer
Hopper came of age at a time of unusual opportunity for women. A relatively high number of women were receiving doctorates in the 1920s and 1930s-numbers that would not be matched again until the 1980s.[x] World War II also created opportunities for women to enter the workforce in greater numbers. Nonetheless, her success in a male-dominated field and in male-dominated organizations, including the U.S. Navy, was exceptional.

An optimist as well as a visionary, Hopper celebrated the potential of computers. "I think we consistently...underestimate what we can do with computers if we really try," she once said.[xi] In a 1983 interview on "60 Minutes," host Morely Safer asked if the computer revolution was over. Hopper replied, "No, we're only at the beginning...We've got the Model-T." Until the end of her life, Rear Admiral Grace Hopper looked forward with confidence to new technologies and their problem-solving capabilities.
Further Reading
Kurt W. Beyer, Grace Hopper and the Invention of the Information Age (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2009).

Kathleen Broome Williams, Grace Hopper: Admiral of the Cyber Sea (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2004).

[vii] Beyer, Grace Hopper, 11.

[ix] Pantages/Hopper Oral History, 26.

[xi] Pantages/Hopper Oral History, 48.

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Grace Brewster Murray Hopper (1906-1992) was a computer pioneer and naval officer. She earned a master's degree (1930) and a Ph.D. (1934) in mathematics from Yale. Hopper is best known for her trailblazing contributions to computer programming, software development, and the design and implementation of programming languages.

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Bertha Benz, a pioneer

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Women working at the factories during World War II

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Women working at the factories during World War II

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https://sites.google.com/view/war-mum/working-at-the-factories?authuser=0

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Employers found that women could do many jobs as well as men but they didn't make as much money as male workers. The men were paid more, although women were doing the same work.

The government´s policy was that women should get the same pay as men get for similar work. One advantage was that when women started working, they earned $3 per week as domestic workers and $230 per month in factories as welders. If someone had children, the government also provided day care for them.

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Women´s roles in factories during World War Two Although the women had already worked during the First World War, when this finished, they went back to their homes.

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NASA.gov brings you the latest images, videos and news from America's space agency. Get the latest updates on NASA missions, watch NASA TV live, and learn about our quest to reveal the unknown and benefit all humankind.

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Samantha, la prima donna europea comandante di una missione spaziale!

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Samantha, la prima donna europea comandante di una missione spaziale!

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Samantha Cristoforetti, biografia. Storia, vita privata e curiosità su AstroSamantha

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Samantha Cristoforetti nasce a Milano il 26 aprile 1977. E’ la più famosa astronauta italiana. Ha infranto record sin dal momento in cui è stata la prima donna ad approdare dell’Agenzia Spaziale Europea. Durante la sua brillante carriera ha conquistato traguardi e collezionato riconoscimenti. Scopri…