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as First Consul, marches his troops from Northern Italy into Austria. His advance to Vicuna was forestalled by a peace treaty. For his part in ending the campaign, Austria gave France their possessions in the Low Countries (Belgium) and control of the Rhine's western banks. His crossing the Alps was started by his army's move from France into Italy, and continued in his later approaches to Vienna. The Alpine farmers were helpful in Napoleon's navigation of the Saint Bernard's Pass, and a Swiss Pierre Nicholas Dorsaz was very helpful as a guide, in helping to prevent Napoleon's mule from slipping down a slope and into a crevasse. Dorsaz was rewarded 60 Louis (the coins that were still used in the Republic) for his help, and to use in the purchase of a farm.

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In an effort to preserve the balance of power in Congress between slave and free states, the Missouri Compromise was passed in 1820 admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state. In 1854, the Missouri Compromise was repealed by the Kansas-Nebraska Act.

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Bleeding Kansas describes the period of repeated outbreaks of violent guerrilla warfare between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces following the creation of the new territory of Kansas in 1854. In all, some 55 people were killed between 1855 and 1859.

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The abolitionist movement was an organized effort to end the practice of slavery in the United States. The divisiveness and animosity fueled by the movement, along with other factors, led to the Civil War and ultimately the end of slavery in America.

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The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, that brought an official end to the Mexican-American War (1846-1848), was signed on February 2, 1848, at Guadalupe Hidalgo, a city north of the capital where the Mexican government had fled with the advance of U.S. forces.

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The Compromise of 1850 was a package of five separate bills passed by the United States Congress in September 1850 that defused a political confrontation between slave and free states on the status of territories acquired in the Mexican American War. Calhoun and congressional debate over the territories continued.

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California was admitted to the Union as a free state

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In 1849, Californians sought statehood and, after heated debate in the U.S. Congress arising out of the slavery issue, California entered the Union as a free, nonslavery state by the Compromise of 1850. California became the 31st state on September 9, 1850.

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Passed on September 18, 1850 by Congress, The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 was part of the Compromise of 1850. The act required that slaves be returned to their owners, even if they were in a free state. The act also made the federal government responsible for finding, returning, and trying escaped slaves.

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Divided to rest of the Mexican Cession into the territories of New Mexico and Utah.

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Divided to rest of the Mexican Cession into the territories of New Mexico and Utah.

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Divided to rest of the Mexican Cession into the territories of New Mexico and Utah.

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the remainder of the Mexican cession was divided into the two territories of New Mexico and Utah and organized without mention of slavery

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"Uncle tom's cabin or Life Among the Lowly" was written in 1852 by Harriet Beecher Stowe, an activist who wrote the book to show the evils of enslavement. The book became a best-seller and had a huge impact on the way that Northerners viewed enslavement. It helped further the cause of Black activism, and even Abraham Lincoln recognized that this book's publication was one of the events that led to the outbreak of the Civil War.

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It became law on May 30, 1854. The Kansas-Nebraska Act repealed the Missouri Compromise, created two new territories, and allowed for popular sovereignty. It also produced a violent uprising known as “Bleeding Kansas,” as proslavery and antislavery activists flooded into the territories to sway the vote.

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Charles Sumner Attacked by Preston Brooks on the U.S. Senate Floor

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Charles Sumner Attacked by Preston Brooks on the U.S. Senate Floor

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Charles Sumner Attacked by Preston Brooks on the U.S. Senate Floor

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One of the most publicized events in Bleeding Kansas was when, on May 21, 1856, pro-enslavement supporters in Missouri—known as the "Border Ruffians"—sacked Lawrence, Kansas, which was known to be a staunch free-state area. One day later, violence occurred on the floor of the U.S. Senate. Congressman Preston Brooks, who favored enslavement, attacked Sen. Charles Sumner with a cane after Sumner had given a speech condemning the pro-enslavement forces for the violence occurring in Kansas.

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The Dred Scott Decision outraged abolitionists, who saw the Supreme Court's ruling as a way to stop the debate about slavery in the territories. The divide between North and South over slavery grew and culminated in the secession of southern states from the Union and the creation of the Confederate States of America

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Economic and social differences between the North and the South.

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Economic and social differences between the North and the South.

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In the North, the economy was based on industry. They built factories and manufactured products to sell to other countries and to the southern states. They did not do a lot of farming because the soil was rocky and the colder climate made for a shorter growing season. In the South, the economy was based on agriculture.

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 Kansas Voters Reject the Lecompton Constitution

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 Kansas Voters Reject the Lecompton Constitution

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 Kansas Voters Reject the Lecompton Constitution

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When the Kansas-Nebraska Act passed, Kansas was allowed to determine whether it would enter the Union as a free state or one that practiced enslavement. Numerous constitutions were advanced by the territory to make this decision. In 1857, the Lecompton Constitution was created, allowing for Kansas to be a state that practiced enslavement. Pro-enslavement forces supported by President James Buchanan attempted to push the Constitution through the U.S. Congress for acceptance. However, there was enough opposition that in 1858 it was sent back to Kansas for a vote. Even though it delayed statehood, Kansas voters rejected the Constitution and became a free state.

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The fight between Slave and Non-Slave State Proponents.

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The fight between Slave and Non-Slave State Proponents.

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The fight between Slave and Non-Slave State Proponents.

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The fight between Slave and Non-Slave State Proponents. They were called "Border Ruffians." Problems came to a head in violence at Lawrence, Kansas.

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John brown was a dedicated activist who had been involved in anti-enslavement violence in Kansas. On Oct. 16, 1859, he led a group of 17, including five Black members, to raid the arsenal located in Harper's Ferry, Virginia (now West Virginia). His goal was to start an uprising led by enslaved people using the captured weapons. However, after capturing several buildings, Brown and his men were surrounded and eventually killed or captured by troops led by Col. Robert E. Lee. Brown was tried and hanged for treason. This event added more fuel to the growing Black activist movement that helped lead to open warfare in 1861.

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The abolitionist movement began as a more organized, radical, and immediate effort to end slavery than earlier campaigns. It officially emerged around 1830. Abolitionism started in states like New York and Massachusetts and quickly spread to other Northern states.

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Under the Constitution, the state legislatures retain much of their sovereignty to pass laws as they see fit, but the federal government also has the power to intervene when it suits the national interest. And under the “supremacy clause” found in Article VI, federal laws and statutes supersede state law.

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Secession, as it applies to the outbreak of the American Civil War, comprises the series of events that began on December 20, 1860, and extended through June 8 of the next year when eleven states in the Lower and Upper South severed their ties with the Union. The term secession had been used as early as 1776.