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- shows individual characters

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His final years at the Academy may be the years when he wrote the "Later" dialogues, including the Parmenides, Theatetus, Sophist,Statesmas,Timaeus,Critias,Philebus, and Laws. Socrates has been delegated a minor role in these texts. Plato uses these dialogues to take a closer look at his earlier metaphysical speculations. He discusses art, including dance, music, poetry, architecture and drama, and ethics in regards to immortality, the mind, and Realism. He also works with the philosophy of mathematics, politics and religion, covering such specifics as censorship, atheism, and pantheism. In the area of epistemology he discusses a priori knowledge and Rationalism. In his theory of Forms, Plato suggests that the world of ideas is constant and true, opposing it to the world we perceive through our senses, which is deceptive and changeable.

In 347 Plato died, leaving the Academy to his sister's son Speusippus. The Academy remained a model for institutions of higher learning until it was closed, in 529 CE, by the Emperor Justinian.

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This is the brightest and best work of Plato which deals with several factors like wisdom, virtue, government, justice and courage.

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It was built in 388 BC and is the first University of Europe. According to some it is also said to be the first proper University in the face of the earth.

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The Academy flourished for nearly three centuries following Plato’s death, but was destroyed in the sacking of Athens by the Roman general Sulla in 86 B.C. Though continually read in the Byzantine Empire and in the Islamic world, Plato was overshadowed by Aristotle in the Christian west. It was only in the Renaissance that scholars like Petrarch led a revival of Plato’s thought, in particular his explorations of logic and geometry. William Wordsworth, Percy Shelly, and others in the 19th-century Romantic movement found philosophical solace in Plato’s dialogues.

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The Athenian philosopher Plato (c.428-347 B.C.) is one of the most important figures of the Ancient Greek world and the entire history of Western thought. In his written dialogues he conveyed and expanded on the ideas and techniques of his teacher Socrates. The Academy he founded was by some accounts the world’s first university and in it he trained his greatest student, the equally influential philosopher Aristotle. Plato’s recurring fascination was the distinction between ideal forms and everyday experience, and how it played out both for individuals and for societies. In the “Republic,” his most famous work, he envisioned a civilization governed not by lowly appetites but by the pure wisdom of a philosopher-king.

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The chiton was worn by men and women and could be long or short. To make a chiton:

1. For a long chiton, the length of the material has to be the same as your height. When you fold it in half it should reach from finger-tip to finger-tip.

2. Sew along the side seam. Join the top edge at intervals with safety-pins or brooches, or by sewing. Don't forget to leave holes for your head and arms to go through. Slip it on over your head.

3. Tie a belt round your waist and pull up the extra material so that it hangs over the belt.

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The peplos was long and was worn only by women. To make your own peplos:

1. Take a large piece of material (like an old sheet). Its length has to be your height plus at least 18", and when you fold it in half it should reach from elbow to elbow. Fold over the top 18 " or so.

2. Wrap it round you, with one side open. Fasten it at the shoulders with safety-pins or brooches.

3. Tie a belt round your waist. Pull the extra material up so that it hangs over the belt and so that you don't trip up!

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Greek clothes were very easy to make and to put on. They were usually just made from a single piece of rectangular material, with no special shaping and very little sewing.

The most common piece of clothing worn by men and women was like a loose-fitting tunic, It had various names, but the most usual are Peplos and Chitons. Over this a heavier tunic or cloak could also be worn; the cloak was called a himation.

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1.  The importance of self-control: Sophrosyne, self-control, moderation, restraint of appetite, and balance, comprises one of the cardinal virtues of Greek popular morality, and it is highlighted by Xenophon in many ways.  Socrates is often said to have exemplified it in the highest degree.  Cyrus displays it when (Cyropaedia V.i-VII.iii) he is invited to look upon the most beautiful woman in Asia, who happens to be his prisoner of war. He firmly declines this temptation; his general Araspas by contrast stares at her endlessly, falls in lust, insults her honor and ignites a chain of events that ends in her suicide over her husband’s corpse.

2. A demanding work-ethic:  Hard work makes for virtue in several ways.  It conduces to health, it results in earned rewards, it keeps us off the streets of temptation, and builds character.  In the Oeconomicus, a treatise on household management, Xenophon tells the story of a visit paid by a Greek ambassador to Cyrus the Persian king in his royal gardens.  Cyrus astounds the Greek by stating that he himself laid out the garden plan and works in it regularly. Cyrus continues (Oeconomicus IV.24),

3. "I never yet sat down to dinner when in sound health, without first working hard at some task of war or agriculture, or exerting myself somehow."

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Xenophon is a political philosophy.  The main works examined in an effort to reconstruct this aspect of his thought are The Education of Cyrus (also known as Cyropaedia;) a partial biography of a Persian king building an empire, the Anabasis(account of the ill-fated Greek mercenary expedition in Persia) and Hiero (a conversation about tyranny). One thing is clear and beyond controversy: Xenophon has an abiding interest in describing leadership, the constellation of qualities that enables a person to function as a leader in groups, whether military, civic, or familial.

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Book VIII on papyrus Oxyrhynchus 2099, dated to early 2nd century AD.

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Herodotus traveled widely from one Persian territory to another. --Mediterranean to Egypt

-Palestine to Syria

-Babylon.

-Macedonia

-islands of the Greek Archipelago:

Rhodes, Cyprus, Delos, Paros, Thasos, Samothrace, Crete, Samos, Cythera and Aegina.

He sailed through the Hellespont to the Black Sea and kept going until he hit the Danube River. While he traveled, Herodotus collected what he called “autopsies,” or “personal inquiries”: He listened to myths and legends, recorded oral histories and made notes of the places and things that he saw.

When Herodotus was not traveling, he returned to Athens; there, he became something of a celebrity. He gave readings in public places and collected fees from officials for his appearances. In 445 B.C., the people of Athens voted to give him a prize of 10 talents–almost $200,000 in today’s money–to honor him for his contributions to the city’s intellectual life.

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THE FATHER OF HISTORY

Herodotus was born in about 485 B.C. in the Greek city of Halicarnassus.

He came from a wealthy and cosmopolitan Greek-Carian merchant family. In the middle of the 6th century B.C., Halicarnassus became a satrapy, or province, of the Persian Empire and was ruled by the tyrant Lygdamis. Herodotus’ family opposed Lygdamis’ rule and was sent into exile on the island of Samos. When he was a young man, Herodotus returned briefly to Halicarnassus to take part in an abortive anti-Persian rebellion. After that, however, the writer never returned to his home city again.

Herodotus set out to document the causes of wars fought by the Greeks and particularly the causes of the Persian invasions of 490 and 480 B.C.E., the latter occurring while Herodotus was still a boy. To that basic theme, he added extensive digressions, recording all that he could find out about each nation touched by the Persian advance.

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Xenophon was a Greek philosopher, soldier, historian, memoirist, and the author of numerous practical treatises on subjects.

While best known in the contemporary philosophical world as the author of a series of sketches of Socrates in conversation, known by their Latin title Memorabilia, Xenophon also wrote aSymposium and an Apology.

Xenophon’s influence in Antiquity, the Middle Ages, he was a pioneer in several literary genres including the first-person military memoir (Anabasis) , the biographical novel (Education of Cyrus), and the continued history (Hellenica).

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Statue of Athena (Athena Parthenos)

Details: Athena's head is inclined slightly forward. She stands with her left hand resting on an upright shield. Her left knee is slightly bent, her weight slightly shifted to her right leg. The Nike on her outstretched right hand is winged. The exact position of a spear, often omitted, is also not fully determined, whether held in the crook of Athena's right arm or supported by one of the snakes in the aegis.

Material used : wooden core, covered with shaped bronze plates covered in turn with removable gold plates

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Piece of broken vase/ pottery

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 The Protection of Democracy - Ostracism

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 The Protection of Democracy - Ostracism

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Athenians began the practice of ostracism after the victory of Battle of Marathon. It is a form of election designed to curb the power of any rising tyrant.

The procedure of ostracism was simple.

1. Once a year the people would meet in the Agora and take a vote to determine if anyone was becoming too powerful and was in a position to establish a tyranny.

2. If a simple majority voted yes, they met again in the Agora two months later. At this second meeting each citizen carried with him an ostrakon (potsherd) on which he had scratched the name of the person he wished ostracized.

3. If at least 6,000 votes were cast, the man with the most votes lost and was exiled for ten years.

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Athenian government evolved from a monarchy into an aristocracy. Under the aristocracy, Athenian wealth and power grew. Yet discontent spread among ordinary people. Then, Solon Reforms Government and help the citizens to get more rights. The citizen share wealth and power together after the reformation of government.

Only citizens could participate in government, and citizenship was restricted to landowning men. Women were excluded along with merchants and foreigners. So were the tens of thousands of Athenian slaves who lacked political rights as well as personal freedom, although it was their labor that gave citizens the time to participate in government.

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- his helmet

- his beard

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The golden age of Athenian culture flourished under the leadership of Pericles (495-429 B.C.).

He is from a powerful and political family.

He is a brilliant general, orator, patron of the arts and politician—”the first citizen” of democratic Athens, according to the historian Thucydides.  He then become a great leader of Athens.

He transformed his city’s alliances into an empire and graced its Acropolis with the famous Parthenon.

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plays role as Phidias

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plays role as Socrates

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plays role as Plato

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plays role as Xenophon

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plays role as Pericles

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plays role as Athena

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plays role as Herodotus

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statue of Zeus

Height : 3M

Material used : ivory plates and gold panels over a wooden framework

Details :The statue was crowned with a sculpted wreath of olive sprays. It had gold sandals, and a golden robe carved with animals and lilies. In its right hand was a small chryselephantine statue of crowned Nike , goddess of victory. Its left hand held a sceptre inlaid with many metals, supporting an angle . The throne was decorated in gold, precious stones, ebony, and ivory

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-Born in Athens in a family of artists

-His early youth was nourished by the inspiring influences that come from the victorious struggle of a people to maintain their national life during the wars

- studied his art first at Athens, with a native sculptor, Hegias

-The downfall of Pericles, due to the jealousies of his rivals, carried with it the ruin of Phidias, by charging him with appropriating to himself a portion of the gold which is used to built the sculpture of Athena

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In the classical period in Athens the artists attempt to render human and animal forms realistically. This entailed careful observation of the model as well as understanding the mechanics of anatomy how a body adjusts to a pose which is not stiffly frontal but with the weight shifted to one side of the body, and how a body behaves in violent motion.

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During the Golden age of Athens , thee art of Athens also reached its highest peak which is known a the Classical Period (490-323 BC)

The Classical Period divided into 3 stages

-Severe style (490-450BC)

-High Classical period (450-400BC)

-Late Classical period (400-323 BC)

Types of arts :

-sculptors

-vase painting

-painting

The famous artist in the period:

-Phidias

-Polyclitus

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Socratic method, also known as method of elenchus, elenctic method, or Socratic debate, is named after the classical Greek philosopher Socrates. It is a form of inquiry and discussion between individuals, based on asking and answering questions to stimulate critical thinking and to illuminate ideas. It is a dialectical method, often involving a discussion in which the defense of one point of view is questioned; one participant may lead another to contradict themselves in some way, thus weakening the defender's point.

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Name day celebration - Most Greeks are named after a religious saint. A very important tradition is that everyone who has a name coming from a saint celebrated by the church celebrates his name on a given day of the year. On the "name day" of someone, his friends and family visit him without invitation and offer wishes and small presents. The hostess of the house offers pastries, sweets and hors d'oeuvres to the guests. In Greece, name days are more important than birthdays.

Carnival In Greece - The Carnival is called "Apokries". The festival consists of two weeks of feast, beginning from the Sunday of Meat Fare and ends with the first day of the Lent, called Clean Monday (Kathari Deutera). Everyone is costumed and parties take place in the streets and bars, throwing coloured confetti to each other. The most famous Carnival Parade takes place in the city of Patra. In many towns around Greece and in the islands, local customs revive. The Carnival is believed to come from paganism, and more precisely from the old festivities worshiping Dionysus, the god of wine and feast.

Easter - Easter is the most important celebration for the Greeks, even more than Christmas. On Good Thursday or Good Saturday, women dye eggs in red and bake buns. On Good Friday, the day of mourning, the Epitaphios, the tomb of Christ with its icon, decorated with flowers, is taken out of the church and carried around the village followed by a slow procession. After the procession returns to the church where the believers kiss the image of the Christ.

Greek Independence Day - The Greek Independence Day is celebrating the declaration of the Independence War against the Ottomans on March 25th, 1821. Apart from a national celebration, this day is also a religious celebration dedicated to the Annunciation of Virgin Mary.

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4. Spitting

Some Greeks believe that spitting chases the devil away. That is why when someone talks about bad news (deaths, accidents, etc…) or compliments babies, children and even adults, the others slightly spit three times saying “ftou, ftou, ftou”.

5. Tuesday the 13th

Unlike the Western belief, in Greece the unlucky day is Tuesday the 13th and not Friday the 13th. Tuesday is considered to be the unluckiest day of the week because on Tuesday, May 29th, 1453 the city of Constantinople was besieged and taken by the Ottoman Turks. Greeks also consider the number 13 to be good luck and the main theory is the belief that having 12 apostles of Christ made Christ the 13th of the group. However, the combination of Tuesday and 13 as Tuesday the 13th of the month is considered a very unlucky day in Greek culture.

6. "Piase kokkino" (Touch Red)

Greeks believe that saying the same thing at the same time is an omen and the two people will get into a fight or an argument. Because of this, when people say the same thing together they must immediately follow by telling one another "piase kokkino" and both have to touch any red item they can find around them.

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One of the founders of Western philosophy

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BRAVESocrates was with friends when he drank the hemlock and uttered his last words. In death, as in life, Socrates was surrounded by people who were totally devoted to him: who loved, respected, and admired him. His comrades wanted him to run away to safety and begged him to leave Athens to preserve his life. Socrates chose to face his death penalty in the same fashion he had lived his life: with a clarity of spirit and devoid of fear.

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WISDOM

"I know that I am intelligent, because I know that I know nothing"

-Socrates

Socrates often brought people to the realization that they were not the best they could be, and perhaps they did not know what they thought they did. In the Symposium, Socrates says:

[Man] is always becoming a new being and undergoing a process of loss and reparation, which affects ... his soul as well. No man's character, habits, opinions, desires, pleasures, pains, and fears remain always the same; new ones come into existence and old ones disappear.

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The inscription on this Panathenaic amphora reads 'One of the prizes from Athens!'. It was the prize for a chariot race. The vase has an illustration of a chariot race on its other side.

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The Panathenaia was a huge festival held at Athens in Athena's honour. All sections of Athenian society were involved: men, women, citizens, slaves and foreigners living in Athens. The festival consisted of sacrifices, competitions and a huge procession to present a new robe to the ancient statue of Athena on the Acropolis.

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Most Greek cities had a sanctuary or temple dedicated to Athena because she was the 'protectress of the city'.

She is particularly associated with the city of Athens. There is a myth that Athena's gift to the city was the olive tree. It grew on the Acropolis. Other sacred olive trees grew near Plato's Academy - they provided the oil for the prizes at the Panathenaic Games.

In the 5th century BC a great temple to Athena was built on the Athenian Acropolis. The temple was called the Parthenon.

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This is an aulos a type of pipe instrument. It was said that Athena invented the aulos. However when she saw how ugly her face looked when she played the instrument, she threw it away in disgust.