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Region: Almost every ocean basin throughout the world, nesting on tropical and subtropical beaches.

Diet: Green: algae, seagrasses, and seaweed

Reproductive Patterns: The sea turtles generally nest in three- to four-year cycles, the female usually laying multiple clutches of eggs during each nesting season.

Migration: In the Atlantic, they go from Caribbean beaches up the US East Coast to Canada. In the Pacific, many go from Southeast Asia (Indonesia and Malaysia) to California and then up to Alaskan waters

Fun Fact: Temperature dictates the gender of the baby turtles.

How is climate change predicted to affect them: Sea level rise and stronger storms will erode and destroy their beach habitats.

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Dugong Profile
Region: Indo-Pacific region
Diet: Seagrass
Reproductive Patterns: Females dugongs breed every 2.5 to 7 years. Dugongs mate year round.
Migration: Dugongs have no distinct breeding migration but they do migrate for a few days for seagrass meadows.
Fun Fact: Dugongs are referred to as sea cows because they use their strong, cleft upper lips to graze on sea grasses they uproot from the seafloor.
How is climate change predicted to affect them: Climate change reduces seagrass meadows through rising sea levels and extreme weather patterns which would decrease the amount of food available for dugongs.

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Region:Live in every ocean (Atlantic, Pacific, etc…)

Diet:Eat mostly small fish and invertebrates.

Reproductive Patterns: Two mates would be able to reproduce about 15,000 offspring, their rate of reproduction has increased over the past decade.

Migration: Lionfish originated from the western Atlantic ocean, however they had begun to invade other parts of the ocean affecting the biodiversity of any coral reef ecosystem.

Fun Fact: Lionfish blow water on their prey as a way to confuse their vision.

How is climate change predicted to affect them: Lionfish will be able to reproduce more often and begin to invade other ocean ecosystems. As cold water usually ‘contains’ the lionfish in their own environment.

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Region: Clownfish are found in warm waters, such as the Red Sea and Pacific Oceans in sheltered reefs or in anemones.
Diet: Clownfish eat small invertebrates and algae, as well as food scraps the anemone leaves behind.
Reproductive Patterns: All clownfish are born males, but can turn into females later on in their lives. However, once they become female, they cannot become males again. They live in a pack with a dominant male and female, if the female dies, the dominant male will become female and take its place. The next biggest male will then become the dominant male. They will reproduce at any time at any time of the year. Male clownfish will then do their best to protect whatever they can. They will prepare the nest for the female, guard the eggs, and clean the nest.
Migration: These fish don't actually migrate much when things become tough for them. They live safely in the coral and anemones. During the winter seasons, they just move to more deeper waters to stay warm.
Fun Fact: Clownfish communicate by making popping and clicking noises.
How is climate change predicted to affect them: Clownfish are not very vulnerable, but still at risk when it comes to climate change, but for strange reasons. They rely on coral and anemones to live, and they are somewhat vulnerable. If coral and anemones were to become endangered, clownfish would be in big danger of going extinct.

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Region: Equatorial tropical waters, Northern tropical waters.

Diet: Fish and crustaceans.

Reproductive Patterns: Gives birth to 4 - 11 pups every 2 years.

Migration: Migrate to cooler waters near the Massachusetts Bay area.

Fun Fact: Female black tip reef sharks are capable of self-reproducing.

How is climate change predicted to affect them: The black tip reef sharks are starting to migrate less and in smaller groups. This can have a devastating effect on the tropical ecosystem because it's the reef sharks job to pick out the weak and sick fish and keep the general fish population healthy.

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Region:They prefer flat reefs in both murky and clear water and can be found in the Indian Ocean Red Sea and all of the tropical Pacific.

Diet:Their diet consists of corals, sponges tunicates and other benthic invertebrates

Reproductive Patterns:

Migration: they release the egg and sperm into the water column and the fertilzed egg drifts away

Fun Fact:A baby Moorish idol is called a juvenile

How is climate change predicted to affect them:Their diet has many smaller animals and plants in it.They also eat corals and some sponges.If all the reefs die out they will lack a easy source of food

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Region:Occurs in tropical marine environments in the Western Pacific Ocean from Palau through the Caroline, Marshall and Fanning Islands. Found on coral reefs at depths from 13-98 feet (4-30 m).

Diet:They eat small organisms that float around in the water column, including copepods, crustacean larvae, and fish eggs. They are very active, flitting about the water column, picking off zooplankton.

Reproductive Patterns:The dominant male constantly defends its place in the group’s hierarchy by challenging the lesser males as well as other males from neighboring harems.

At dusk, the dominant male from each harem participates in “courtship dances” that entail frenzied, zig-zag swimming patterns that attract the females from their group and lead to coinciding spawning in the aggregation.

Migration:not a migratory species.

Fun Fact:All Bartlett’s anthias begin life as female – some individuals then change sex and become male as adults.

How is climate change predicted to affect them:Due to environmental or social factors, such as the male dying, some females can become males. Sex-change ensures there will always be a male and a female to reproduce.

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Region: In the deep ocean, Northern hemisphere (cold waters)

Diet: They eat anything that floats. Their sharp teeth allow them to scrape algae off rocks, and grind up plankton, kelp, periwinkles, and sometimes even barnacles and mussels.

Reproductive Patterns: They reproduce by sending sperm and eggs into the water. It takes about 2 months to form and 3-4 years to mature.

Migration: They don't migrate but they travel around the ocean floor. When they cant fit into the regular hiding places they move to seagrass beds.

Fun Fact: They reproduce in warmer oceans. They do #2. They don't have a bone in their body and they live in all 5 oceans

How is climate change predicted to affect them: One thing that affects sea urchins is temperature change. The change in temperature makes it harder to reproduce. Even though they live in colder waters they reproduce in warmer temperatures, if under 23 degrees they cannot reproduce.

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Region: The blacktip reef shark roams around the coastline from Madagascar up along Africa coast to India. They live throughout Australasia into tropical regions of the Pacific Ocean

Diet: The blacktip reef shark feeds primarily on fish, including many common reef fishes, but also consumes crustaceans, mollusks, and even snakes!

Reproductive Patterns: The blacktip reef shark are viviparous, with a gestation period about 10 months and litter size of 2-4 pups. The pups size range from 33-52 cm

Migration: Blacktip sharks migrate to typically cooler waters, including those off Cape Cod, Massachusetts, while others stay put in warmer equatorial waters year-round.

Fun Fact: The blacktip reef shark can grow to be 7 feet, but a blacktip’s average length is a little more than 5 feet.

How is climate change predicted to affect them: Climate change can have a huge impact on reef sharks because rising ocean temperatures can increase the risk of baby sharks not being able to survive to adulthood.

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Region: Tropical waters, include the Indian Ocean, Rea Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and subtropical regions of the Atlantic and Pacific.

Diet: Eats crustaceans, fish, and sometimes even other frogfish, uses “lures” to get their prey into a striking zone, or simply camouflages with its surroundings.

Reproductive Patterns: Not much is known about this, but the female frog fish becomes buoyant because she starts making eggs, and the male follows her to the surface. There, the female releases a “raft” of eggs and the male fertilizes them. After, the raft is to float along, and once it sinks, the eggs will soon hatch. Some species of frogfish will lay their eggs on rocks or plants, and take care of their eggs.

Migration: They don’t migrate since they don’t move much, if they do it’s only a few feet.

Fun Fact: They can change colors! But it takes them quite a while. They also don’t use their fins, and use their gills to propel themselves like a mini jet engine. Some frogfish look like sponge, coral, or rocks.

How is climate change predicted to affect them: With the rise in temperature, the corals where they reside will lose many of the fish that live there, which is a major source of food for frogfish. They will also not be able to camouflage themselves, with an increasing rate of bleached corals.

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Crabs Profile

Region:  Living on the coral reefs of Western Australia.

Diet: They have been known to eat other crustaceans (including their own species), recently dead fish, plant materials, clams, oysters, worms, insects, and mussels.

Reproductive Patterns: Mating occurs in the late spring and summer months when females are molting and males are still in a hard-shelled condition. Pre-mating embraces of crab occur when males detect pheromones exuded by females indicating that they are ready to molt.

Migration:  Every year the large crabs migrate across the Australian territory in the Indian Ocean, south of Indonesia.

Fun Fact:   Crabs are decapods, meaning they have 10 legs. Female crabs can release 1000 to 2000 eggs at once.

How is climate change predicted to affect them: Warming oceans, sea-level rise, and hypoxia events are all likely to stress crab populations, most likely causing a shift in range, distribution, and habitat use.

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Region: Tropical and subtropical coastal regions and coral reefs.

Diet: They are mostly herbivores so they mostly eat algae and eat plankton.

Reproductive Patterns: Blue tangs reproduce through a behavior known as broadcast spawning, where several females release eggs at the same time.

Migration: They migrate from the Pacific Ocean to the Indian Ocean.

Fun Fact:  They are poisonous and should not be eaten.

How is climate change predicted to affect them: The International Conservation of Nature  lists the blue tang as least concern. However, the destruction of coral reefs does affect them. Since they depend on the coral reefs, the coral reef bleaching can affect their population.

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Profile: Banded pipefish Region:   Australia, Fiji, French Polynesia, Indonesia, Japan, the Marshall Islands, New Caledonia, Northern Mariana Islands, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Samoa, the Solomon Islands, South Africa, and Taiwan.Diet: live copepods in a mature reef aquarium with plenty of live rock or macroalgae.Reproductive Patterns: Banded pipefish are livebearers that form mated pairs; they are pouch breeders (females attach their eggs to the brood patch on the underside of their mates and the males then carry the eggs and develop young until birth).Migration:Northern Pipefishes migrate seasonally from estuaries and shallow waters in the spring through fall to deeper nearshore waters in the winter. They range from the Gulf of St.Fun Fact:The banded pipefish is a cousin of the seahorse.How is climate change predicted to affect them: It would affect the way they breed and their period of migration also affecting the food resources Picture:  

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Profile: Banded pipefish Region:   Australia, Fiji, French Polynesia, Indonesia, Japan, the Marshall Islands, New Caledonia, Northern Mariana Islands, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Samoa, the Solomon Islands, South Africa, and Taiwan.Diet: live copepods in a mature reef aquarium with plenty of live rock or macroalgae.Reproductive Patterns: Banded pipefish are livebearers that form mated pairs; they are pouch breeders (females attach their eggs to the brood patch on the underside of their mates and the males then carry the eggs and develop young until birth).Migration:Northern Pipefishes migrate seasonally from estuaries and shallow waters in the spring through fall to deeper nearshore waters in the winter. They range from the Gulf of St.Fun Fact:The banded pipefish is a cousin of the seahorse.How is climate change predicted to affect them: It would affect the way they breed and their period of migration also affecting the food resources Picture:  

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coral reef snakes Profile

Region: Sea snakes are mostly confined to the warm tropical waters of the Indian Ocean and the western pacific ocean. A few species are found well out in Oceania.

Diet: Their diet consists of fish. Eels, crustaceans. Some sea snakes eat fish eggs and others are capable of eating young octopi.

Reproductive Patterns: The young are born alive in the water where they live their entire lives. There is only one exception to this, the genus laticuda, which lays their eggs on land.

Migration: Most sea snakes are not known for migration towards other areas for any reason.

Fun Fact: Sea snakes have been around for millions of years.

How is climate change predicted to affect them: Climate change will affect them by the reduced water quality and coastal development due to poor land-use practices. The range of sea snakes could expand as waters warm and could cause population decline.

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Region: Atlantic, indian and pacific ocean

Diet: tiny zooplankton, mollusk larvae, crustaceans, and small fishes.

Reproductive Patterns: they reproduce sexually by releasing sperm and eggs into the water. Polyps can also reproduce, and they do so asexually through a process known as budding.

Migration: They sometimes migrate in small groups in search of food

Fun Fact:they existed over 500 million years ago

How is climate change predicted to affect them: As climate change continues to affect the ocean, the number of jellyfish is expected to increase in some regions and decrease in others

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Butterfly Fish Profile

Region: The Eastern Pacific and Atlantic Ocean

Diet: Small invertebrates such as sponges and worms

Reproductive Patterns: Broadcast spawning, where a female releases her eggs and a male releases sperm into the water column above the reef, at the same time. ... Scientists do not believe that they are able to reproduce and form viable, permanent populations in these regions.

Migration: Butterfly fish are marine fish, which means that they live in the salty water of the ocean. They can be found in many places around the world, but prefer to live in warm, subtropical water.

Fun Fact: Butterfly fish are named that way because of the attractive coloration of their body. They can be black, orange, yellow, red, silver and white in color, with different kind of spots and patterns on their body.

How is climate change predicted to affect them: Widespread butterflyfish may go extinct due to global warming, pollution. The Chevroned Butterflyfish, a colorful fish found in tropical oceans around the world, faces extinction due to overexploitation, pollution and climate change

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Region: The giant manta ray is found worldwide in tropical, subtropical, and temperate bodies of water and is commonly found offshore, in oceanic waters, and in productive coastal areas.

Diet: Manta rays primarily feed on planktonic organisms such as euphausiids, copepods, mysids, decapod larvae, and shrimp, but some studies have noted their consumption of small and moderately sized fish as well.

Reproduction: Manta rays reproduce by ovoviviparity with the birth of one pup during a breeding season.

Migration: scientists had long thought that oceanic manta rays migrate thousands of miles around the world to follow shifts in the distribution of their food, similar to the movements of other pelagic, or open-ocean, filter feeders such as baleen whales and whale sharks.

Fun Facts: Manta rays have the largest brain to body weight ratio of any living fish; giving it enough smarts to make the average dolphin jealous.

Climate Change: manta rays are losing this vital habitat. Climate change also affects the amount of plankton in the ocean, which is a big problem for a giant fish that feeds exclusively on these tiny sea creatures

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Region: Philippines, Indonesia, Hong Kong, Australia, New Guinea, and the Ryukyu Islands of Japan to Australia

Diet: Snails, worms, fish eggs and copepods

Reproductive Patterns: During a study, researchers found that groups of 3 to 5 female mandarinfish would gather within 20 minutes of sunset, waiting for a male to catch their eye. At this time, the male mandarinfish would display a variety of courtship behaviors until he snagged a female. Then, the female would rest on the pelvic fin of the male and swim with him to about a meter above the coral reef at which point they would simultaneously release the eggs and sperm

Migration: Does not migrate

Fun Fact:

They only grow to around 3 inches

Mandarin fish they are very picky eaters. They eat mainly small worms, protozoans, and small crustaceans.

The majority of our mandarin fish dive sites have areas of sand and patches of staghorn (branching corals).

How is climate change predicted to affect them: It doesn't really affect them at all

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Manta Rays Profile

Region: manta ray is found worldwide in tropical, subtropical, and temperate bodies of water and is commonly found offshore, in oceanic waters, and in productive coastal areas

Diet: Manta rays primarily feed on planktonic organisms such as euphausiids, copepods, mysids, decapod larvae, and shrimp, but some studies have noted their consumption of small and moderately sized fish as well.

Reproductive Patterns: It takes female manta rays roughly 10 years to become able to reproduce and only reproduce once every few years.

Migration: Manta rays migrate thousands of miles around the world to follow shifts in the distribution of their food

Fun Fact: Manta rays have the largest brain to body weight ratio of any living fish

How is climate change predicted to affect them: Yet as coral reefs are quickly disappearing due to climate change, manta rays are losing this vital habitat.

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Coral reef sponges Profile

Region: Coral reef sponges appear throughout all three primary coral reef zones

Diet: Mucus and substrates

Reproductive Patterns: They produce both sperm and eggs meaning they can populate on their own

Migration: Can spread to a lot of oceans and large bodies of water as long as certain conditions are met.

Fun Fact: Coral reef sponges are very simple creatures with no tissue, and require saltwater to survive

How is climate change predicted to affect them: Climate change can drastically affect the conditions of the water, which will cause harm to coral reef sponges since they will not know how to adapt to the new environment and will start to die out

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Caribbean Reef Octopus Profile

Region: western Atlantic, Bahamas,Caribbean, and northern South America.

Diet: clams, large marine snails, crabs, lobsters or each other.

Reproductive Patterns: Lasts for two months around January and can lay a cluster of 500 eggs

Migration: Travel anywhere

Fun Fact:  Caribbean reef octopuses are monogamous

How is climate change predicted to affect them:  They are pretty vulnerable to climate change considering the coral reefs tend to die due to the temperature and PH of the water changing(increasing).

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