# data[].attributes.body
formal housing
→built by government or private
→legal right to occupy land
→access to basic services
→high-quality building materials

informal housing
→self-built squatter settlements
→no legal right to occupy land
→lack of access to basic services
→poor-quality building materials

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- control the number of vehicles on roads
- give priority to buses, trams, and other public vehicles on the road.
- road pricing or congestion pricing is a strategy to manage road congestion, shape travel behaviour and raise revenue to finance the transport system

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considering needs of different cities

→cities must cater to various age groups and abilities when designing and constructing city landscape

→meet needs of ageing population and disabilities population

the universal design

→to build a safe and accessible environment for everyone and people with disabilities

barrier free

→the modification of buildings and facilities such that they can be used by people who are disabled or have physical impairments

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everyday i see people busy making cash
not thinking what they throw in their trash
plastics and chemicals everywhere
they poison our water and foul the air
damages to our planet we can't repair

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ways to decrease effects of climate change

# data[].attributes.subject
ways to decrease effects of climate change

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Much of our electricity and heat is powered by coal, oil and gas. Use less energy by lowering your heating and cooling, switching to LED light bulbs and energy-efficient electric appliances, washing your laundry with cold water or hanging things to dry instead of using a dryer.
The world’s roads are clogged with vehicles, most of them burning diesel or petrol. Walking or riding a bike instead of driving will reduce greenhouse gas emissions – and help your health and fitness. For longer distances, consider taking a train or bus. And carpool whenever possible.
Electronics, clothes and other items we buy cause carbon emissions at each point in production, from the extraction of raw materials to manufacturing and transporting goods to market. To protect our climate, buy fewer things, shop second-hand, repair what you can and recycle.

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Nearly all land areas are seeing more hot days and heat waves; 2020 was one of the hottest years on record. Higher temperatures increase heat-related illnesses and can make it more difficult to work and move around. Wildfires start more easily and spread more rapidly when conditions are hotter.
Changes in temperature cause changes in rainfall. This results in more severe and frequent storms. They cause flooding and landslides, destroying homes and communities, and costing billions of pounds.
Water is becoming scarcer in more regions. Droughts can stir destructive sand and dust storms that can move billions of tons of sand across continents. Deserts are expanding, reducing land for growing food. Many people now face the threat of not having enough water on a regular basis.
The ocean soaks up most of the heat from global warming. This melts ice sheets and raises sea levels, threatening coastal and island communities. The ocean also absorbs carbon dioxide, keeping it from the atmosphere. More carbon dioxide makes the ocean more acidic, which endangers marine life.
Climate change poses risks to the survival of species on land and in the ocean. These risks increase as temperatures climb. Forest fires, extreme weather and invasive pests and diseases are among many threats. Some species will be able to relocate and survive, but others will not.
Changes in climate and increases in extreme weather events are among the reasons behind a global rise in hunger and poor nutrition. Fisheries crops, and livestock may be destroyed or become less productive. Heat stress can diminish water and grasslands for grazing.
Changing weather patterns are expanding diseases such as malaria. Extreme weather events increase disease and death, and make it difficult for health care systems to keep up. Other risks to health include increased hunger and poor nutrition in places where people cannot grow or find sufficient food.
Climate change increases the factors that put and keep people in poverty. Floods may sweep away urban slums, destroying homes and livelihoods. Heat can make it difficult to work in outdoor jobs. Weather-related disasters displace 23 million people a year, leaving many more vulnerable to poverty.

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As greenhouse gas emissions blanket the Earth, they trap the sun’s heat. This leads to global warming and climate change.
Generating electricity and heat by burning fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas causes a large chunk of global emissions. Most electricity is still produced from fossil fuels; only about a quarter comes from wind, solar and other renewable sources.
Manufacturing and industry produce emissions, mostly from burning fossil fuels to produce energy for making things like cement, iron, steel, electronics, plastics, clothes and other goods. Mining and other industrial processes also release gases.
Cutting down forests to create farms or pastures, or for other reasons, causes emissions, since trees, when they are cut, release the carbon they have been storing. Since forests absorb carbon dioxide, destroying them also limits nature’s ability to keep emissions out of the atmosphere.
Most cars, lorries, ships and planes run on fossil fuels. That makes transportation a major contributor of greenhouse gases, especially carbon-dioxide emissions. Road vehicles account for the largest part, but emissions from ships and planes continue to grow.
Producing food requires energy to run farm equipment or fishing boats, usually with fossil fuels. Growing crops can also cause emissions, like when using fertilisers and manure. Cattle produce methane, a powerful greenhouse gas. And emissions also come from packaging and distributing food.
Globally, residential and commercial buildings consume over half of all electricity. As they continue to draw on coal, oil and natural gas for heating and cooling, they emit significant quantities of greenhouse gas emissions.
Your home and use of power, how you move around, what you eat and how much you throw away all contribute to greenhouse gas emissions. So does the consumption of goods such as clothing, electronics and plastics.

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land-use planning - textbook page 24

what is land-use planning?

→process by which land is allocated between competing & conflicting uses

→to ensure rational & orderly development of land

→in environmentally safe ways

→to ensure sustainable cities and quality of life

why singaporeans uses land-use planning

→increasingly uncertain future

→major shifts and disruptions due to industrialisation… etc…

public engagement acts as a catalyst for more ground up responses/participation, empowers the community,fostering a stronger sense of ownership.

improve quality of life

→a person’s well being

→some measures of quality of life includes

1. gross domestic product (GDP)

2. employment rate

3. literacy levels

4. life expectancy

5. pollution index

transportation modes

→ways in which people and goods move from one place to another

benefits

→more options for traveling

→reduce congestion as more options

→promote public transportation and reduce private car ownership

→reduce pollution as more people takes public transport

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how can cities be sustainably built and managed? → in textbook page 20-27

→management of physical environment (environmental management)

→management of hazards (environmental management)

→provide safe housing (improve quality of life)

→providing a variety of transportation modes (improve quality of life)

→considering the needs of different groups (improve quality of life)

management of physical environment

→process of dealing with or controlling things or people

→where individuals live, learn, work and play

→environmental footprints = effect that a person, company, activity, etc… has on environment

reducing water pollution through water treatment ponds

→pollution occurs near agricultural areas where rainwater mixes with nutrients and flows into reservoirs

→nutrients = chemicals used in fertilizers such as phosphorus, nitrate and sulfur.

hazards

→critical damage

1. natural

2. human-induced

human-induced

→fire

→nuclear bomb

→explosion

→gas leaks

→ignorance & complacency

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how do cities affect the inhabitats and environment (page 13 revision)

→education and employment (positive impact)

→technological (positive impact)

→increased environmental pollution (negative impact)

→completion for neutral resources (negative impact)

ranking/ spatial scale

village→town→city→metropolis→mega cities

how do cities impact people and the environment?

→opportunities (tb pg 13)

E&E (education & employment)

TI (technological innovation)

→issues/ challenges/ problems

air pollution

water pollution

noise pollution

increase pollution

increase competition for resources

health risk from air pollution

→stress to heart

→stress to lungs

→asthma

→shortened life span

→eye irritation

→harm to blood

who is more affected?

→pregnant women

→children under 14 years old

→outdoor workers

→elderly

→people with heart disease

→people with lung disease

how to protect yourself?

→avoid smoking

→avoid exercising outdoors

→avoid high traffic roads

→work out in the morning

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rural- urban assignment

→push factor

→pull factor

push factors

→few services

→lack of job opportunities

→unhappy life

→poor transport links

→natural disasters

→wars

→shortage of food

pull factors

→access to different services

→better job opportunities

→more entertainment facilities

→better transport links

→improved living conditions

→hope of a better way of life

→family links

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textbook page 6 & 7

describe the location/ distribution of projected top most populated cities in 2030

term 1 week 2

→most of the populated cities are found around the tropic of cancer/ the northern atmosphere

high population density (tb pg 7)

→definition: number of people living in a unit area of land

→high population density - city/ urban area

→sparse population density - rural areas/ countryside

population density calculation

→no. of people living in an area ÷ land area (in square km)

general rule of measurement

→the smaller the size of the country with a higher the population - density of the population will always be high

extensive built-up area

→definition : an area that is mostly covered by buildings and usually accompanied by extensive infrastructure

→system of buildings/ equipment that provides basic services

large/ wide range of functions

→cities are areas which serves a variety or range of functions or activities

→functions means how they help the city to operate and sustain

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GI topic 2022

→what makes a neighbourhood sustainable and unique?

recall: the concept of sustainable development

→what it means to you

→what areas of sustainability are important?

→give examples

the ability to be maintained at a certain level or rate

improves the quality of our lives,  protects our ecosystem and preserves natural resources for future generations

human sustainability

economic sustainability

environmental sustainability

what is sustainable management of water resources?

→natural rainforests

→mangrove swamps

sustainability means

→maintain growth at certain level or rate that does not bring about depletion of the natural resources

→development without compromising the ability of the survival of the future generations/ to meet their needs

what are cities?

→defined as urban areas within a country (definition)

→large population size (characteristics)

→high population density (characteristics)

→extensive built-up area (characteristics)

→large/wide range of functions (characteristics)

large population size

→largest population size compared to other locations in the country

→different countries = different guidelines

→ minimum population size

→ only 1 guideline required/ criteria to be a city

range of functions

→ cities are areas which serves a variety or range of functions or activities

→ functions basically means how they help the city to operate and sustain

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is informal housing always undesirable? why? why not?

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is informal housing always undesirable? why? why not?

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informal housing is not always undesirable as there might be a lack of money and not approved by the government.

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https://youtu.be/TsxpsLvtV_A

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what is pollution?:
https://youtu.be/7qkaz8ChelI
animation on environmental pollution:
https://youtu.be/JaSe85Mcwp0
air pollution:
https://youtu.be/e6rglsLy1Ys
light pollution:
https://youtu.be/V_A78zDBwYE
water pollution / plastic pollution:
https://youtu.be/HQTUWK7CM-Y
https://youtu.be/IA9O9YUbQew

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climate change from a kid's view: https://youtu.be/Sv7OHfpIRfU
film on climate change:
https://youtu.be/jAa58N4Jlos
cause and effect of climate change:
https://youtu.be/G4H1N_yXBiA

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yes, as housing provides shelter for the people during natural disasters and they can have a place to go where provides services and help for them.