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Macaques, baboons, spider monkeys, chimpanzees, marmosets, and apes

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Male Non-human Primates:

Penis

Testes in scrotal sac

Larger canine tooth

Larger in size

Female Non-human Primates:

Nipples

Vulva

Smaller canine tooth

Smaller in size

Most non-human primates do not have high degree of sexual dimorphism

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Figure 1: Genitals of the male and female mouse

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Look for the distance!

Distance between the anus and genital is a major hint to differentiate between male and female rodents

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Figure 2: Female hamster on the left and male hamster on the right. Retrieved from https://www.petco.com/content/petco/PetcoStore/en_US/pet-services/resource-ce

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Social Play
The time spent in social play in male hamster increases during Postnatal Day 36–42 whereas social play in female hamster peaks in Postnatal Day 29–35. This shows that the motivation for social play increases during mid-adolescence in males and dissipates in females. (Kyle, S. C., Burghardt, G. M., & Cooper, M. A., 2019)

Size
Female hamsters are bigger in size than male hamsters.

Presence of nipples
Female hamsters have 2 rows of nipples while male hamster do not have nipples.

Presence of testes
The appearance of the testes in the male hamsters are like a lump between the hind legs.

Scent gland (dwarf hamster only)
Male dwarf hamsters have scent glands on their bellies while female dwarf hamsters do not have scent gland.

Odour
Syrian female hamsters have a strong musky odour when in heat or wanting to mate. Syrian male hamsters do not have odour. Whereas in dwarf hamsters, male dwarves have a stronger odour than female dwarves.

Pigmentation at anus area
Dark pigmentation near the anus is a unique feature of Syrian female hamsters. (Hamster Society (Singapore), 2020)

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Male rabbit at the top while female rabbit at the bottom. Retrieved from https://i.pinimg.com/564x/34/b9/d2/34b9d23329a9e0fee12b133fd11ac876.jpg 

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It is difficult and confusing to differentiate the genders of the rabbits. Their genitals also look almost similar!

If you look closely....

Male rabbits have a penis that is circular and rounded tip while female rabbits have a vagina that has a slit and pointed tip.

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A female rabbit making her nest. Retrieved from https://wabbitwiki.com/wiki/False_pregnancy 

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Pseudopregnancy / False Pregnancy

Female rabbits display nesting behaviour such as pulling their fur from their abdomen and chest, making a nest, very territorial regarding their nest site and development of mammary glands BUT are actually not pregnant. (WabbitWiki, 2019)

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Large belly to store eggs

Larger in size

Less active as they move slower

Silvery-blue streaks on the lateral side of the body

Lighter body colour

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Flat, slender body

Smaller in size

More active than females

Gold/yellow at the belly

Darker body colour

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Female baboon with sexual swelling on the left and male baboon on the right. Retrieved from https://theethogram.com/2019/02/19/creature-feature-hamadryas-baboon

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Male Baboons:

Bright pink face and bottoms

Mane that is long, silvery hair

Compete fiercely for status

Being groomed

Female Baboons:

Hairless black or brown face

Brown fur

Display exaggerated sexual swelling during optimal time for mating

Groom male baboons

(San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance Animals and Plants, 2022)

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Genital difference between male and female marmosets. 

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Fun Fact:

Marmosets can give birth to non-identical twins

Male marmosets are great dads

Marmosets are small primates that they can fit an adult human hand

(Wahab, F., Drummer, C., & Behr, R., 2015)

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Female spider monkey with her offspring on the left and male spider monkey on the right

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Both male and female spider monkeys have tails that are longer than their bodies and arms that are longer than their legs.

Female spider monkeys have a very developed clitoris that protrudes and dangles which resembles a flaccid penis. (Downey, K., 2017)

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Do not test my temper! Bring me more food! 

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Temperament:
Male rabbits are usually calm beings while female rabbits are fierce creatures.

Behaviour:
Male rabbits will get protective of female rabbits, mount on objects and spray their urine to mark territories. Geez! When they want to mate with females, they will thump their feet.

Female rabbits will get very territorial and would show dominance over the male rabbits. When they want to mate, they will make grunt or honk noises.

Maturity:
Male rabbits reach maturity later than female rabbits

(Cosgrove, N., 2022)

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Behaviour:
Female rats are more cautious compared to male rats. They would prioritize their safety over other needs such as food when in risky environment. They would eat less food and forage less than male rats in such situations. (Neuronline, 2019)

Presence of nipples:
Female rats have nipples while male rats do not have nipples. Instead, male rats have large scrotum.

Size:
Male rats are larger than female rats.

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Size:
Male mice are bigger than female mice.

Nipples / Scrotum:
Female mice have nipples while male mice have scrotum.

Behaviour:
Female mice are more aggressive to protect their pups compare to male mice. (Stanford Medicine, 2022) Male mice are very territorial and aggressive. Thus, male mice should not be housed together.

Male mice in captivity are more inclined to have paternal instinct so they will help to rear their pups. (Animal Corner, 2022)

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Male macaque at the back while female macaque at the front. Retrieved from https://www.livescience.com/13575-fertile-monkey-mate-face-110405.html

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Behaviour:
Males tend to leave their natal group (group which the organism is born in) while females stay for life. (Melnick, D. J., & Hoelzer, G. A., 1992)

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Male chimpanzee on the left and female chimpanzee on the right.

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-A picture for you to look at-
Maybe you can spot what makes male a male and female a female...