# data[].attributes.body
Mark Brandon Read also known a Chopper was convicted if armed robbery, assault and kidnapping.  This is classified as a criminal offence and was sent to supreme court. he had started doing criminal activity such as robbing drug dealers, he also kidnapped and tortured people of society by using a blowtorch and bolt cutters to remove the toes of his victims .

# data[].attributes.body
Dennis was an Australian drug dealer who was reported to have murdered many victims. He was based in Melbourne, and was the oldest son of criminal Matriarch Kath Pettingill.  Involved in up to 13 underworld murders, including the dismembering of Hells Angels biker Anton Kenny with a chainsaw in 1985. One victim who survived was guitarist Chris Stockley of The Dingoes, whom Allen shot in the stomach while attempting to crash a party.
The case was heard at the Supreme Court.
Allen avoided capture for drug dealing by acting as an informant throughout his career. He died of heart disease in 1987 in prison custody awaiting trial for murder.

# data[].attributes.body
A SYDNEY father who claimed his daughter was left severely brain damaged from salmonella poisoning after eating a KFC Twister has won a court battle against the fast-food chain.

# data[].attributes.headline
Mohammed  was driving when he shouldn't of been and then got puled over by the police and got arrested 

# data[].attributes.subject
Mohammed  was driving when he shouldn't of been and then got puled over by the police and got arrested 

# data[].attributes.body
PHOTO: Darren Geoffrey Lorke has pleaded not guilty to the murder of his neighbour. (ABC News: Rebecca Opie)

RELATED STORY: Alleged killer in court after man fatally stabbed in Adelaide Hills

RELATED STORY: Murder-accused given bail over neighbour's stabbing

An Adelaide Hills man fatally stabbed his neighbour in the heart with a large knife over a fencing and stormwater dispute, a Supreme Court jury has been told.

# data[].attributes.body
just got fined not jail

# data[].attributes.headline
he raped lucy and got arrested and has to go to court and he was proven guilty so had to go to jail

# data[].attributes.subject
he raped lucy and got arrested and has to go to court and he was proven guilty so had to go to jail

# data[].attributes.body
Curtis Cheng was a police officer that was shot in the back of the head after leaving the police station and was murdered.
The court that dealt with Raban Alou the shooter, was the Supreme Court.
On the first of March 2018 he was sentenced to 44 years in prison for his role in the murder of NSW Police Curtis Cheng.

# data[].attributes.headline
Chris Dawson to be charged with wife Lyn's murder after extradition to NSW

# data[].attributes.subject
Chris Dawson to be charged with wife Lyn's murder after extradition to NSW

# data[].attributes.body
The husband of Lynette Dawson, a Sydney woman who disappeared almost 40 years ago, has arrived in New South Wales where he is expected to face court on Thursday.

Chris Dawson, a 70-year-old one-time rugby league player, was flown from the Gold Coast ahead of being formally charged with her murder.

Fresh statements from at least two witnesses led to Dawson’s arrest on the Gold Coast on Wednesday in connection with the disappearance of his wife in early 1982. The new evidence helped police “tie pieces of the puzzle together”, according to the NSW police commissioner, Mick Fuller.

Some of the additional material surfaced as a result of the Australian newspaper’s investigative podcast, The Teacher’s Pet.

It is believed the evidence was provided by Dawson’s teenage lover at the time, Joanne Curtis – who moved into the family home in Sydney’s northern beaches days after Lyn Dawson disappeared – and a former student of the school he once taught at.

Chris Dawson arrested and expected to be charged with murder of Lyn Dawson

Lyn Dawson was 33 when she went missing in January 1982, leaving behind two young daughters. Detectives from the NSW homicide squad began reinvestigating her suspected murder in 2015 and sent a brief of evidence to the Director of Public Prosecutions in April this year.

“There was additional evidence that was identified and that has seen the DPP make a positive decision in prosecuting an individual for the murder of Lynette Dawson,” Fuller said. “Statements from witnesses helped us tie pieces of the puzzle together.”

Dawson, a Newtown rugby league player in the early 1970s, has long been a suspect in the case but denies any involvement in his wife’s disappearance.

The former school teacher appeared in Southport magistrates court on Wednesday, where his application for bail was refused. Detectives will begin the lengthy process of charging him with murder before he is brought before a Sydney court.

Despite the fact Lyn Dawson’s body has not been found, investigators say they are confident about the strength of their case. “There are other examples in policing history and history of the courts where people have been convicted of murder without a body,” Detective Superintendent Scott Cook told reporters.

Dawson’s family said they had no doubt he would be found innocent. “We are disappointed at the decision of the DPP as there is clear and uncontested evidence that Lyn Dawson was alive long after she left Chris and his daughters,” his brother Peter Dawson said, according to the Seven Network.

Fuller said detectives had spoken to Lyn Dawson’s family on Wednesday and they “were certainly relieved to hear this result”.

A relative, David Jenkins, tweeted: “I’m shaking. There is a long road in front of us in bringing Lyn home, but this is a big step.”

In September detectives dug up the backyard at the Bayview home the couple shared in the early 1980s but did not find her remains or items of interest. Fuller declared: “We certainly won’t give up on that search.”
Criminal Case

# data[].attributes.headline
How a ‘jealous love rival’ allegedly framed an innocent man for a faked major terrorism plot

# data[].attributes.subject
How a ‘jealous love rival’ allegedly framed an innocent man for a faked major terrorism plot

# data[].attributes.body
Counter terrorism authorities have defended the actions that led to the wrongful arrest of an innocent man and his extended detention in a maximum-security prison.

Mohamed Nizamdeen, a 26-year-old Sri Lankan national and University of New South Wales student, was arrested and charged on August 31 with a serious terror offence.

He spent four weeks behind bars at the notorious Goulburn Supermax prison, before the charge was sensationally dropped and he was cleared of any wrongdoing.

The discovery of a notebook at the university’s Ultimo campus, where he also worked as a casual IT support staffer, was allegedly filled with threats concocted by Arsalan Khawaja.
Civil Case

# data[].attributes.headline
Dad, a former competitive sportsman himself, had quit his prestigious job to be their coach.But while people took note of the family's successes what somehow went undetected for 14 years was the constant, sickening sexual, physical and pyschological abuse of their own daughter. She was locked in a shed, spent nights trapped inside a tiny box, was raped, molested and mutilated, hit and threatened that she would be killed.Her abuser was her father who was at times aided and assisted by her mother.The horrific crimes against this girl have been detailed for the first time in Sydney's Downing Centre District Court where her father and mother have stood trial.Those who sat in on the 12-week trial have described it as the worst case of child abuse they have heard. Much of the detail is too distressing to publish.The father has now been found guilty by a jury of 73 child sex offences and the mother on 13 counts including indecent assault.

# data[].attributes.subject
Dad, a former competitive sportsman himself, had quit his prestigious job to be their coach.But while people took note of the family's successes what somehow went undetected for 14 years was the constant, sickening sexual, physical and pyschological abuse of their own daughter. She was locked in a shed, spent nights trapped inside a tiny box, was raped, molested and mutilated, hit and threatened that she would be killed.Her abuser was her father who was at times aided and assisted by her mother.The horrific crimes against this girl have been detailed for the first time in Sydney's Downing Centre District Court where her father and mother have stood trial.Those who sat in on the 12-week trial have described it as the worst case of child abuse they have heard. Much of the detail is too distressing to publish.The father has now been found guilty by a jury of 73 child sex offences and the mother on 13 counts including indecent assault.

# data[].attributes.body
A Sydney couple was sued for defamation on Facebook. The district court deat with this. The family payed $80,000.

# data[].attributes.body
Ned" Kelly (December 1854[a] – 11 November 1880) was an Australian bushranger, outlaw, gang leader and convicted police murderer. One of the last bushrangers, and by far the most famous, he is best known for wearing a suit of bulletproof armour during his final shootout with the police.

Kelly was born in the British colony of Victoria as the third of eight children to Irish parents. His father, a transported convict, died shortly after serving a six-month prison sentence, leaving Kelly, then aged 12, as the eldest male of the household. The Kellys were a poor selector family who saw themselves as downtrodden by the Squattocracy and as victims of police persecution. While a teenager, Kelly was arrested for associating with bushranger Harry Power, and served two prison terms for a variety of offences, the longest stretch being from 1871 to 1874 on a conviction of receiving a stolen horse. He later joined the "Greta mob", a group of bush larrikins known for stock theft. A violent confrontation with a policeman occurred at the Kelly family's home in 1878, and Kelly was indicted for his attempted murder. Fleeing to the bush, Kelly vowed to avenge his mother, who was imprisoned for her role in the incident. After he, his brother Dan, and two associates—Joe Byrne and Steve Hart—shot dead three policemen, the Government of Victoria proclaimed them outlaws.

Kelly and his gang eluded the police for two years, thanks in part to the support of an extensive network of sympathisers. The gang's crime spree included armed bank robberies at Euroa and Jerilderie, and the killing of Aaron Sherritt, a sympathiser turned police informer. In a manifesto letter, Kelly—denouncing the police, the Victorian government and the British Empire—set down his own account of the events leading up to his outlawry. Demanding justice for his family and the rural poor, he threatened dire consequences against those who defied him. In 1880, when Kelly's attempt to derail and ambush a police train failed, he and his gang, dressed in armour fashioned from stolen plough mouldboards, engaged in a final gun battle with the police at Glenrowan. Kelly, the only survivor, was severely wounded by police fire and captured. Despite thousands of supporters attending rallies and signing a petition for his reprieve, Kelly was tried, convicted and sentenced to death by hanging, which was carried out at the Old Melbourne Gaol. His last words were famously reported to have been, "Such is life".

Historian Geoffrey Serle called Kelly and his gang "the last expression of the lawless frontier in what was becoming a highly organised and educated society, the last protest of the mighty bush now tethered with iron rails to Melbourne and the world".[1] In the century after his death, Kelly became a cultural icon, inspiring countless works in the arts, and is the subject of more biographies than any other Australian. Kelly continues to cause division in his homeland: some celebrate him as Australia's equivalent of Robin Hood, while others regard him as a murderous villain undeserving of his folk herostatus.[2] Journalist Martin Flanagan wrote: "What makes Ned a legend is not that everyone sees him the same—it's that everyone sees him. Like a bushfire on the horizon casting its red glow into the night."[3]

Contents

1Family background and early life

2Rise to notoriety

2.1Bushranging with Harry Power

2.2Horse theft, assault and imprisonment

3Fitzpatrick incident

3.1Kelly's version of events

3.2Trial

4Stringybark Creek police murders

4.1Outlawed under the Felons' Apprehension Act

5Bank robberies

5.1Euroa

5.2Kelly sympathisers held

5.3Jerilderie

5.3.1Jerilderie Letter

6Reward increase and disappearance

7Glenrowan affair

7.1Murder of Aaron Sherritt

7.2Glenrowan siege and shootout

7.3Last stand and capture

7.4Fire and aftermath

8Trial and execution

9Armour

10Aftermath and lessons

11Remains and graves

11.1Dissection

11.2Grave robbery

11.3Headstone

11.4Theft of skull

11.5Historical and forensic investigation of remains

11.6Final burial

12Legacy

12.1Cultural impact

12.2Political revolutionary

13See also

14References

15Bibliography

16External links

Family background and early life[edit]

Kelly's boyhood home, built by his father in Beveridge in 1859

At age 11, Kelly saved a young boy from drowning in a creek and was awarded this green sash in recognition of his bravery. Kelly wore the sash under his armour during his last standat Glenrowan. It remains stained with his blood. (Benalla Museum).

Kelly's father, John Kelly (known as "Red"), was born in 1820 in County Tipperary, Ireland, to Thomas and Mary (née Cody).[citation needed] At the age of 21, he was found guilty of stealing two pigs[4] and was transported on the Prince Regent, arriving at Hobart Town, Van Diemen's Land on 2 January 1842. After he received his Certificate of Freedom on 11 January 1848, Red Kelly moved to Victoria and found work at James Quinn's farm at Wallan Wallan as a bush carpenter. He subsequently turned his attention to gold-digging, at which he was successful and which enabled him to purchase a small freehold for £615 in Beveridge, just north of Melbourne.

On 18 November 1850, at the age of 30, Red Kelly married Ellen Quinn, his employer's 18-year-old daughter, at St Francis Church by Father Gerald Ward.[5] Edward Kelly was his parents' third child,[6] named after Red's closest brother. The exact date of his birth is not known, but a number of lines of evidence, including a 1963 interview with family descendants Paddy and Charles Griffiths, a record from his mother, and a note from a school inspector, all suggest his birth was in December 1854. Ned Kelly was baptised by an Augustinian priest, Charles O'Hea, who also administered last rites to Kelly before his execution.

In 1864, the Kelly family moved to Avenel, near Seymour, where they soon attracted the attention of local police.[7] As a boy Kelly obtained basic schooling and became familiar with the bush. In Avenel he once risked his life to save another boy, Richard Shelton, from drowning in Hughes Creek.[8] As a reward for the latter, he was given a green sash by the boy's family, which he wore under his armour during his final showdown with police in 1880.[9]

In 1865, Red was convicted of unlawful possession of a bullock hide and imprisoned[6] (this was having meat in his possession for which he could not give a satisfactory enough account to the local police).[10] Unable to pay the twenty-five pound fine, he was sentenced to six months with hard labour, served at Kilmore jail. Once released, Red drank heavily, which had an ultimately fatal effect on his health. In November 1866 his body started to swell from dropsy and he died at Avenel on 27 December 1866. When he died, he and his wife had produced a total of eight children, Mary Jane (died as an infant aged 6 months), Annie (later Annie Gunn),[11] Margaret (later Margaret Skillion),[12] Ned, Dan, James, Kate and Grace (later Grace Griffiths).[13] The saga surrounding his father and his treatment by the police made a strong impression on the young Kelly. A few years later the family selected 88 acres (360,000 m²) of uncultivated and untitled farmland[14] at Eleven Mile Creek near the Greta area of Victoria.

In the dispute with the established graziers on whose land the Kellys were encroaching, they were suspected many times of cattle or horse stealing,[6] but never convicted. In all, eighteen charges were brought against members of Kelly's immediate family before he was declared an outlaw, while only half that number resulted in guilty verdicts. This is a highly unusual ratio for the time, and led to claims that Kelly's family was unfairly targeted from the time they moved to northeast Victoria. Perhaps the move was necessary because of Kelly's mother's squabbles with family members and her appearances in court over family disputes.[15] The author Antony O'Brien has argued that Victoria's colonial police practices treated arrest as equivalent to proof of guilt.[16]

Rise to notoriety[edit]

Bushranging with Harry Power[edit]

Harry Power has been described as Kelly's bushranging "mentor".

Power's capture. Kelly was falsely accused of informing on the bushranger.

In 1869, aged fourteen, Kelly met Irish-born Harry Power (alias of Henry Johnson), a transported convict who turned to bushranging in North East Victoria after escaping Pentridge Prison outside Melbourne. The Kellys formed part of his network of sympathisers, and by May 1869, he had taken on Ned as an 'apprentice' bushranger. At the end of the month, they attempted to steal horses from the Mansfield property of John Rowe, a squatter, as part of a plan to rob the Woods Point–Mansfield gold escort. The bushrangers abandoned the idea after Rowe shot at them, and Kelly temporarily broke off his association with Power.[17]

Kelly's first brush with the law occurred in mid-October 1869 when he and a Chinese pig and fowl dealer from Morses Creek named Ah Fook had an altercation. According to Fook, as he passed the Kelly family home, Ned declared himself a bushranger and threatened him with a long stick before robbing him of 10 shillings. Fook then travelled to Benalla and give his account of what happened to Sergeant James Whelan, who was, according to fellow officers, "a perfect encyclopedia of knowledge" about the Kellys and their criminal activities.[18] The next morning, Whelan arrested Kelly after a brief chase and took him to Benalla, where he testified in court the next day that Fook abused his sister Annie for giving him creek water, not rain water, when, as a traveller, he requested a drink. Then, the story went, Fook beat Ned with a stick after he came to his sister's defence. Annie and two family-related witnesses corroborated Ned's story. Given that no other witnesses came forward, the charge was dismissed on 26 October and Kelly was released.[18]

In March 1870, Kelly and Power robbed a squatter, Robert McBean, and later that day held up another traveller on the edge of the Strathbogie Ranges. They committed more armed robberies into April of that year as police scrambled to find them and identity Power's young accomplice. By the end of the month, Kelly was named in the press as the culprit, and a few days later, he was captured by police and confined to Beechworth Gaol. Kelly faced the court three times, first on the charge of robbing McBean, then twice on successive robberies. The first two charges were dismissed as none of the victims could positively identify him. On the third charge, the victims were reported to have also failed to identify Kelly, but they had in fact been refused a chance to identify him by Superintendents Nicolas and Hare. Instead, Nicolas told the magistrate that Kelly fitted the description and asked for him to be remanded for trial. He was sent to Melbourne where he spent the weekend in a lock-up before being transferred to Kyneton to face court. No evidence was produced in court, and he was released after a month. Historians tend to disagree over this episode: Some see it as evidence of police harassment; others believe that the Kelly family intimidated the witnesses, making them reluctant to give evidence. Another factor in the lack of identification may have been that the witnesses had described Power's accomplice as a "half-caste" (a person of Aboriginal and European descent). However, the police believed this to be the result of Kelly going unwashed.[18]

Kelly's maternal grandfather, James Quinn, owned a large piece of land at the headwaters of the King River known as Glenmore Station, where Power was ultimately arrested. Following Power's arrest it was rumoured that Kelly had informed on him, and he was treated with hostility within the community. Kelly wrote a letter to Sergeant James Babington of Kyneton, pleading for his help in the matter, saying that "everyone looks on me like a black snake". The informant was in fact Kelly's uncle, Jack Lloyd, who received £500 for his assistance.

Horse theft, assault and imprisonment[edit]

Mugshot of Kelly, aged 15

In October 1870, a hawker, Jeremiah McCormack, accused a friend of the Kellys, Ben Gould, of stealing his horse. Gould wrote an indecent note to give to McCormack's childless wife, that was used to wrap two calves' testicles. Kelly passed it to one of his cousins to give to the woman. When McCormack confronted Kelly later that day, Kelly punched him in the nose, causing McCormack to fall. Kelly was arrested for his part in sending the calves' parts and the note and for assaulting McCormack. He was sentenced to three months' hard labour on each charge.

Kelly was released from Beechworth Gaol on 27 March 1871, five weeks early, and returned to Greta. Three weeks later, horse-breaker Isaiah "Wild" Wright arrived in town on what Kelly later described as a "very remarkable" chestnut mare. Wright visited the Kelly homestead to see his friend Alex Gunn, a Scottish miner who had married Kellys' older sister. Wright intended to ride the borrowed mare back to Mansfield, the hometown of its owner, but discovered the next morning it had gone missing. Gunn lent him one of his own horses, promising that, if he found the mare, he would keep it until Wright returned. Soon after Wright departed, the mare was found by Gunn and a neighbour, William (Bricky) Williamson. Kelly then took the mare to Wangaratta, where he stayed for four days. On 20 April 1871, while riding back into Greta, Kelly was intercepted by Constable Edward Hall, who suspected that the horse was stolen. He directed Kelly to the police station on the pretence of having to sign some papers. As Kelly dismounted, Hall tried to grab him by the scruff of the neck, but failed. When Kelly resisted arrest, Hall drew his revolver and tried to shoot him, but it misfired three times. He was then overpowered by Kelly, who later said that he straddled him and dug spurs into his thighs, causing the constable to "[roar] like a big calf attacked by dogs". After subduing Kelly with the assistance of seven bystanders, Hall pistol-whipped him until his head became "a mass of raw and bleeding flesh".[19]

Although Kelly maintained that he did not know the mare belonged to someone other than Wright, he and Gunn were charged with horse stealing. When it was later revealed that Kelly was still imprisoned at Beechworth Gaol when the horse was taken, the charges were downgraded to "feloniously receiving a horse". Kelly and Gunn were sentenced to three years imprisonment with hard labour. Wright escaped arrest for the theft on 2 May following an "exchange of shots" with police, but was arrested the following day at the Kelly homestead and received eighteen months for stealing the horse.

Kelly after defeating Isaiah "Wild" Wright in a 20-round bare-knuckle boxing match, August 1874

Kelly served his sentence at Beechworth Gaol, then at HM Prison Pentridge near Melbourne. On 25 June 1873, Kelly's good behaviour earnt him a transfer to the prison hulk Sacramento, anchored off Williamstown. He returned to Pentridge after several months and was released on 2 February 1874, six months early for good behaviour. That same month, his mother Ellen married an American, George King, with whom she had three children. King, Kelly and Dan Kelly became involved in cattle rustling.[20]

To settle the score with Wright over the chestnut mare, Kelly fought him in a bare-knuckle boxing match at the Imperial Hotel in Beechworth, 8 August 1874. Kelly won after 20 rounds and was declared the unofficial boxing champion of the district.[18] Soon afterwards, a Melbourne photographer took a portrait of Kelly in a boxing pose. Wright became an ardent supporter of Kelly.[21]

On 18 September 1877 in Benalla, Kelly, while drunk, was arrested for riding over a footpath and locked-up for the night. The next day, while he was escorted by four policemen, he absconded and ran, taking refuge in a shoemaker's shop. The police and the shop owner tried to handcuff him but failed. During the struggle Kelly's trousers were ripped off. Trying to get Kelly to submit and taking advantage of his torn trousers, the Irish-born Constable Thomas Lonigan, whom Kelly later murdered at Stringybark Creek, "black-balled" him (grabbed and squeezed his testicles).[22] During the struggle, a miller walked in, and on seeing the behaviour of the police said "You should be ashamed of yourselves." He then tried to pacify the situation and induced Kelly to put on the handcuffs.[23] Kelly was charged with being drunk and assaulting police. He was fined ₤3 1s, which included damage to the uniforms.[24]

Kelly said about the incident, "It was in the course of this attempted arrest Fitzpatrick endeavoured to catch hold of me by the foot, and in the struggle he tore the sole and heel of my boot clean off. With one well-directed blow, I sent him sprawling against the wall, and the staggering blow I then gave him partly accounts to me for his subsequent conduct towards my family and myself."[23]

It is reported that in the aftermath, Kelly ominously foreshadowed the crime that would eventually sentence him to death, and told Lonigan, "Well, Lonigan, I never shot a man yet. But if ever I do, so help me God, you'll be the first."[25]

In October 1877, Gustav and William Baumgarten were arrested for supplying stolen horses to Kelly. Gustav was discharged, but William was sentenced to four years jail in 1878, serving time at Pentridge Prison, Melbourne.[26]

Fitzpatrick incident[edit]

Constable Fitzpatrick

Remains of the Kelly residence at Greta, site of the Fitzpatrick incident

On 15 April 1878, Constable Strachan, the officer in charge of the Greta police station, learned that Kelly was at a certain shearing shed and went to apprehend him. As lawlessness was rampant at Greta, it was recognised that the police station could not be left without protection and Constable Alexander Fitzpatrick, who, like the Kellys, was also of Irish descent,[27] was ordered there for relief duty. He was instructed to proceed directly to Greta but instead rode to the public house at Winton, five miles from Benalla police headquarters,[28] where he spent considerable time. On resuming his journey, he remembered that a couple of days previously he had seen in The Police Gazette an arrest warrant for Dan Kelly for horse stealing. He went to the Kelly house to arrest him, despite a police policy that at least two constables participate in visits to the Kelly homestead. Finding Dan not at home, he remained with Kelly's mother and other family members, in conversation, for about an hour. According to Fitzpatrick, upon hearing someone chopping wood, he went to ensure that the chopping was licensed. The man proved to be William "Bricky" Williamson, a neighbour, who said that he needed a licence only if he was chopping on Crown land.[citation needed] (According to Williamson, he was at his own selection a half a mile from the Kellys and was arrested there when he refused to give information about the Kellys.[29]) Fitzpatrick then observed two horsemen making towards the house he had just left. The men proved to be the teenager Dan Kelly and his brother-in-law, Bill Skillion. Fitzpatrick returned to the house and made the arrest. Dan asked to be allowed to have dinner before leaving. The constable consented, and took a seat near his prisoner.[30]Whilst the constable was standing guard over Dan Kelly, the elder brother, Ned, rushed in and shot him in the left arm, two inches above the wrist, with a revolver. A struggle followed, and the brothers, assisted by their mother, Williamson and Skillian, soon overpowered the constable, and he was beaten to the ground insensible. On regaining consciousness, he was compelled by Ned Kelly to extract the bullet from his arm with a knife, so that it might not be used as evidence; and on promising to make no report against his assailants, he was allowed to depart. He had ridden away about a mile when he found that two horsemen were pursuing, but by spurring his horse into a gallop he escaped. On regaining safety he no longer considered the promise which he had made to the criminals as binding but reported the affair to his superior officer.[31]

Kelly's version of events[edit]

"The witness which can prove Fitzpatrick's falsehood can be found by advertising and if this is not done immediately horrible disasters shall follow. Fitzpatrick shall be the cause of greater slaughter to the rising generation than St. Patrick was to the snakes and toads in Ireland. For had I robbed, plundered, ravished and murdered everything I met my character could not be painted blacker than it as present but thank God my conscience is as clear as the snow in Peru".

— Kelly in a letter sent to Superintendent John Sadleir and parliamentarian Donald Cameron, December 1878[32]

In an interview three months before his execution, Kelly said that at the time of the incident, he was 200 miles from home, and according to him, his mother had asked Fitzpatrick if he had a warrant and Fitzpatrick said that he had only a telegram to which his mother said that Dan need not go. Fitzpatrick then said, pulling out a revolver, "I will blow your brains out if you interfere". His mother replied, "You would not be so handy with that popgun of yours if Ned were here". Dan then said, trying to trick Fitzpatrick, "There is Ned coming along by the side of the house". While he was pretending to look out of the window for Ned, Dan cornered Fitzpatrick, took the revolver and claimed that he had released Fitzpatrick unharmed. When Kelly was asked if Fitzpatrick tried to take liberties with his sister, Kate Kelly, he said "No, that is a foolish story; if he or any other policeman tried to take liberties with my sister, Victoria would not hold him".[23]

Fitzpatrick rode to Benalla where he reported that he had been attacked by Kelly as well as his brother Dan, his mother, a neighbour Bricky Williamson and Kelly's brother-in-law, Bill Skillion. Fitzpatrick claimed that all except Kelly's mother had been armed with revolvers and that Kelly had shot him in the left wrist and that Ellen Kelly had hit him on the helmet with a coal shovel. Williamson and Skillion were arrested for their part in the affair. Kelly and Dan were nowhere to be found, but Ellen was taken into custody along with her baby, Alice.[33] Mrs Kelly, Skillian, and Williamson were tried and convicted of attempted murder against Fitzpatrick. When Kelly was executed his mother was still in prison.

Kelly asserted that he was not present, and that Fitzpatrick's wounds were self-inflicted. Kenneally, who interviewed the remaining Kelly brother, Jim Kelly, and Kelly cousin and gang providore Tom Lloyd, in addition to closely examining the 1881 report by the Royal Commission on the Police Force of Victoria, wrote that Fitzpatrick was drunk when he arrived at the Kellys, that while he was waiting for Dan, he made a pass at Kate, and Dan threw him to the floor. In the ensuing struggle, Fitzgerald drew his revolver, Ned appeared, and with his brother seized the constable, disarming him, but not before he struck his wrist against the projecting part of the door lock, an injury he claimed to be a gunshot wound.[34] Upon what Kelly claimed was Fitzpatrick's false evidence, his mother, Skillian and Williamson were convicted. A reward of £100 was offered for Kelly's arrest. Kelly claimed that this injustice exasperated him, and led to his taking to the bush.[35] Just before Kelly was taken away from Benalla after the Glenrowan shootout, Senior-Constable Kelly reported he interviewed Kelly in his cell and that he admitted to shooting Fitzpatrick.[36]

Trial[edit]

Greta mob members Dan Kelly (left), Steve Hart(centre) and Joe Byrne (right) took to bushranging with Ned Kelly after the Fitzpatrick incident.

At the Benalla Court, on 17 May 1878, Williamson, Skillion and Ellen Kelly, while on remand, were charged with aiding and abetting attempted murder.[37] The three appeared on 9 October 1878 before Judge Redmond Barry and charged with attempted murder. Despite Fitzpatrick's doctor reporting a strong smell of alcohol on the constable and his inability to confirm the wrist wound was caused by a bullet,[23] Fitzpatrick's evidence was accepted by the police, the judge, and the jury made up of several ex-police, a shanty keeper who did business with the police,[38] and according to J.J. Kenneally, "others who were prejudiced against the Kellys". The three were convicted on Fitzpatrick's evidence. Fitzpatrick's evidence would later be corroborated by Williamson when he was interviewed in prison by Captain Frederick Standish.[39] Skillion and Williamson both received sentences of six years and Ellen three years of hard labour. Barry stated that if Kelly were present he would "give him 15 years".[36][40] Frank Harty, a successful and well-known farmer in the area, offered to pay Ellen Kelly's bail upon which bail was immediately refused.[29]

Ellen Kelly's sentence was considered unfair even by people who had no cause to be Kelly sympathizers. Alfred Wyatt, a police magistrate headquartered in Benalla, told the commission later that "I thought the sentence upon that old woman, Mrs Kelly, a very severe one."[41] Enoch Downes, a truant officer, recounted to the commission in 1881 that while speaking to Joe Byrne's mother, he said that he did not believe in the sentence and "if policy had been used or consideration for the mother shown that two or three months would have been ample".[42] The legacy of Fitzpatrick himself is coloured by the fact that he was later dismissed from the force for drunkenness and perjury.

Stringybark Creek police murders[edit]

Clockwise from top left: Constable Lonigan, Sergeant Kennedy, Constable McIntyre and Constable Scanlon.

Monument erected in Mansfield in 1880 in honour of the policemen murdered at Stringybark Creek

After the sentences were handed down in Benalla Police Court, both Ned and Dan Kelly doubted that they could convince the police of their story.[40] So they went into hiding, where they were later joined by friends Joe Byrne and Steve Hart.

The police had received information that the Kelly gang were in the Wombat Ranges, at the head of the King River. On 25 October 1878, two police parties were secretly dispatched—one from Greta, consisting of five men, with Sergeant Steele in command,[31] and one from Mansfield with four men, with the intention of executing a pincer movement.[43]

Sergeant Kennedy from the Mansfield party set off to search for the Kellys, accompanied by Constables McIntyre, Lonigan, and Scanlon. All were in civilian dress.[44] The police set up a camp on a disused diggings near two miners huts at Stringybark Creek in a heavily timbered area, a site suggested by Kennedy in a letter to Superintendent Sadleir, before the party had assembled, because of the distance between Mansfield and the King River and because the area was "so impenetrable".[45]

Early the next day, Kennedy and Scanlon went down to the creek to explore, leaving McIntyre to attend to camp duty. At about noon Lonigan heard a strange noise down by the creek and McIntyre went to investigate, hoping that it could be some kangaroos that he could shoot for dinner. Instead, he shot and killed some parrots which he cooked for dinner. (Unaware at the time, the sound of the shots alerted the bushrangers to their location.) At about 5pm, McIntyre was at the fire making tea, with Lonigan by him, when they were suddenly surprised by the Kelly gang with the cry, "Bail up, hold up your arms". McIntyre testified that Kelly took his fowling piece, and that all the gang members were armed.[46] (Kelly stated that only two had guns.) Having left his revolver at the tent door, McInytre held up his hands as directed. Lonigan went for cover behind a tree and, at the same time, put his hand on his revolver. Kelly shot him in the temple.[31] He fell to the ground and said, "Oh Christ, I am shot". He died a few seconds later. Kelly remarked, "What a pity; what made the fool run?"[31] Kelly had McIntyre searched and, when they found that he was unarmed, let him drop his hands. They took Lonigan and McIntyre's revolvers, and helped themselves to articles from the tent. Kelly talked to McIntyre and expressed his wonder that the police should have been so foolhardy as to look for him in the ranges. It was evident that he knew the exact state of the camp, the number of police and the description of the horses. He asked where the other two were, and told McIntyre he would kill him if he lied. McIntyre revealed their whereabouts and pleaded for their lives:

I told [Kelly] that they were both countrymen and co-religionists of his own. ... I thought he might be possessed of some of that patriotic-religious feeling which is such a bond of sympathy amongst the Irish people. My opinion is that he possessed none of this feeling. On the question of religion I believe he was apathetic, and like a great many young bushmen he prided himself more on his Australian birth than he did upon his extraction from any particular race. A favourite expression of his was: 'I will let them see what one native [native-born Australian] can do.'

McIntyre asked whether he was to be shot. Kelly replied, "No, why should I want to shoot you? Could I not have done it half an hour ago if I had wanted?" He added, "At first I thought you were Constable Flood. If you had been, I would have roasted you in the fire".[47] Kelly asked if the police came out to shoot him. "No", replied McIntyre, "we came to apprehend you". "What", asked Kelly, "brings you out here at all? It is a shame to see fine big strapping fellows like you in a lazy loafing billet like policemen".

McIntyre asked what they would do if he induced his comrades to surrender. Kelly stated, "I'll shoot no man if he holds up his hands", and that he would detain them all night, as he wanted a sleep, and let them go next morning without their guns or horses. McIntyre said that he would induce them to surrender if Kelly kept his word, and added that one of the two had many children. Kelly said, "You can depend on us". Kelly stated that Fitzpatrick was the cause of all this; that his mother and the rest had been unjustly "lagged" at Beechworth. He told McIntyre to leave the police force. McIntyre agreed, saying that he had thought about it for some time due to bad health. Ned asked McIntyre why their search party was carrying so much ammunition. McIntyre replied that it was to shoot kangaroos.[48]

The Kelly gang prepares to open fire as Kennedy and Scanlan arrive. Lonigan's body lies in the foreground.

At about 5:30pm Kelly then heard the approach of Kennedy and Scanlan, and the four gang members concealed themselves, some behind logs, and one in the tent. They forced McIntyre to sit on a log, and Kelly threatened, "Mind, I have a rifle for you if you give any alarm". Kennedy and Scanlan rode into the camp. McIntyre went forward and said, "Sergeant, I think you had better dismount and surrender, as you are surrounded". Kelly at the same time called out, "Put up your hands". Kennedy appeared to think it was Lonigan who called out, and that a jest was intended, for he smiled and put his hand on his revolver case. He was instantly fired at,[31] but not hit. Kennedy then realised the hopelessness of his position, jumped off his horse, and begged for his life, "It's all right, stop it, stop it". Scanlan jumped down and tried to make for a tree, but before he could unsling his rifle, he was shot and killed. This account has been disputed by the great grandson of Sergeant Kennedy, who claims the story has been altered down the years in order to embellish the Kelly myth. He claims Kennedy was wounded twice in a hopeless fight, captured, and then murdered two hours later.[49]

McIntyre, believing that the gang intended to shoot the whole party,[31] fled on Kennedy's horse. Several shots were fired at McIntyre as he dashed down the creek but none reached him, the rifles apparently being empty by that stage and only the revolvers available. Ned later wrote that he never intended to kill McIntyre "as I did not like to shoot him after he had surrendered".[50] McIntyre galloped through the scrub for two miles, and then his horse, evidently wounded, became exhausted. Suffering from a severe fall during his escape and with his clothes in tatters, McIntyre concealed himself in a wombat hole until dark, taking note of the direction of the setting sun. At dark, he set about to strike the Benalla road by trekking west, guided by a star. After crossing a number of streams, his feet became chaffed, and had to walk with one of his boots off. After a rest, and using a match to illuminate a small compass, he travelled about 20 miles until he reached a farmhouse outside Mansfield, on Sunday afternoon. He then travelled by buggy to Mansfield and then directly to the residence of Sub-Inspector Pewtress.[51]

Two hours after McIntyre reported the murder of the troopers, Pewtress set out for camp, accompanied by McIntyre, Constable Allwood, Dr Reynolds, and five townspeople. They had only two rifles. They reached the camp with the assistance of a guide, Mr. Monk, at 2 am. There they found the bodies of Scanlan and Lonigan, as well as the tent burnt and possessions looted or destroyed. The post-mortem, by Dr Reynolds, showed that Lonigan had received seven wounds, one through the eyeball. Scanlan's body had four shot-marks with the fatal wound caused by a rifle ball which went clean through the lungs. Additional shots had been fired into the dead bodies so that all of the gang might be equally implicated.[52] Ned later refuted this, saying "the coroner should be consulted".[53]

No trace had yet been discovered of Kennedy and, the same day as Scanlan and Lonigan's funeral, another failed search party was launched. His body was found a few days later by Henry G. Sparrow, several hundred metres north-west from the campsite, near Germans Creek.[54] The site of Kennedys' murder was claimed to be rediscovered in 2006.[55]

Outlawed under the Felons' Apprehension Act[edit]

Proclamation by Governor George Bowen declaring Ned and Dan Kelly outlaws

In response to the public outrage at the murder of police officers, the reward was raised to £500 and, on 31 October 1878, the Victorian Parliament passed the Felons' Apprehension Act, coming into effect on 1 November 1878, which outlawed the gang[56] and made it possible for anyone to shoot them: There was no need for the outlaws to be arrested or for there to be a trial upon apprehension (the act was based on the 1865 act passed in New South Wales which declared Ben Hall and his gang outlaws).[57][58] The act also penalized anyone who harbored, gave "any aid, shelter or sustenance" to the outlaws or withheld or gave false information about them to the authorities.[59] Punishment was "imprisonment with or without hard labour for such period not exceeding fifteen years".[59] With this new act in place, on 4 November 1878, warrants were issued against the four members of the Kelly gang. The deadline for their voluntary surrender was set at 12 November 1878.

Bank robberies[edit]

After the murders at Stringybark, the gang then committed two major armed robberies, at Euroa, Victoria and Jerilderie, New South Wales. Their strategy involved the taking of hostages and robbing the bank safes.

Euroa[edit]

Scenes from the robbery at Euroa

At midday on 9 December 1878, the Kelly gang held up Younghusband's Station, at Faithful's Creek, near the town of Euroa.[60] Ned assured the people that they had nothing to fear and only asked for food for themselves and their horses. An employee named Fitzgerald, who was eating dinner at the time, looked at Ned toying nonchalantly with a revolver, and said, "Well, of course, if the gentlemen want any refreshment they must have it".[61] The other three outlaws, having attended to the horses, joined Ned in imprisoning the men in a storeroom. No interference was offered to the women.[62] Late in the afternoon the manager of the station, Mr. McCauley, returned and was promptly held up.

Near sunset, hawker James Gloster arrived at the station to camp for the night. Earlier, he brushed off warnings that the place was held up by the Kelly gang, and when accosted by Ned, responded angrily and attempted to get a revolver from his wagon. Ned threatened to shoot him, saying it would be easy to do so if the hawker "did not keep a civil tongue in his head". Gloster asked the bushranger who he was. He responded: "I am Ned Kelly, the son of Red Kelly, and a better man never stood in two shoes." McCauley persuaded Gloster to surrender, and the pair joined the other prisoners in the storeroom. The Kellys stole new suits and a revolver from Gloster's stock as they wanted to look presentable at the bank. They offered the hawker money for them to which he refused. After sunset the hostages were allowed some fresh air.[63] Time passed quietly until 2 am, and at that hour the outlaws gave a peculiar whistle, and Hart and Byrne rushed from the building. McCauley was surrounded by the bushrangers and Kelly said, "You are armed, we have found a lot of ammunition in the house".[64] After this episode the outlaws retired to sleep.

The following afternoon, leaving Byrne in charge of the hostages, the other three axed the telegraph poles and cut the wires to severe the town's police link to Benalla. Three or four railway men endeavoured to interfere, but they too were taken hostage. The bushrangers then went to the bank with a small cheque drawn by McCauley. The bank having closed before their arrival, Ned forced the clerk to open it and cash the cheque. After taking £700 in notes, gold, and silver, Ned forced the manager to open the safe, from which the bushrangers got £1,500 in paper, £300 in gold, about £300 worth of gold dust and nearly £100 worth of silver. The reported total amount stolen was 68 £10 notes, 67 £5 notes, 418 £1 notes, £500 in sovereigns, about £90 in silver; and a 30oz ingot of gold.[65] The outlaws were polite and considerate to Scott's wife. Scott himself invited the outlaws to drink whisky with him, which they did. The whole party went to Younghusband's where the rest of the hostages were. The evening seems to have passed quite pleasantly. McCauley remarked to Kelly that the police might come along, which would mean a fight. Kelly replied, "I wish they would, for there is plenty of cover here".[66] In the evening, tea was prepared, and at half-past 8, the outlaws warned the hostages not to move for three hours, informing them that they were going. Just before they left, Kelly noticed that a Mr. McDougall was wearing a watch, and asked for it. McDougall replied that it was a gift from his dead mother. Kelly declared that he wouldn't take it under any consideration, and very soon afterwards the four of the outlaws left. What is unusual is that these stirring events happened without the people in the town knowing of anything.[67] The hostages left the station after five hours.[68]

Kelly sympathisers held[edit]

The imprisonment of 23 Kelly sympathisers galvanised public support for the gang. (Pictured: three of the sympathisers, left to right: John Quinn, John Stewart, and Joseph Ryan).

In January 1879 police under the command of Captain Standish, Superintendent Hare, and Officer Sadleir arrested all known Kelly friends and purported sympathisers, a total of 23 people, including Tom Lloyd[69] and Wild Wright, and held them without charge in Beechworth Gaol[70] for over three months. According to Hare:

All the responsible men in charge of different stations who had been a long time in Benalla—the detectives and officers—were all collected at Benalla by Captain Standish's orders. They ... all went into a room, and were asked the names of the persons in the district whom they considered to be sympathisers. I had nothing to do with it, merely listening and taking down names that fell from the mouths of men.[71]

Public opinion was turning against the police on the matter, and on 22 April 1879 the remainder of the sympathizers were released. None were given money or transported back to their hometowns; all had to find their way back "25, 30, and even 50 miles" on their own.[72] The treatment of the 22 caused resentment of the government's abuse of power that led to condemnation in the media and a groundswell of support for the gang that was a factor in their evading capture for so long.

Jerilderie[edit]

The gang holds up the Jerilderie Police Station.

According to a Coonamble resident who encountered the Kellys at Glenrowan, Ned had heard that an individual named Sullivan had given evidence, and that he had travelled by train from Melbourne to Rutherglen. The Kelly gang then followed him there, but was told that he went to Uralla across the border in New South Wales. By the time they got to Uralla, Sullivan had left for Wagga Wagga. They followed him there but lost sight of him. Kelly thought that he might have travelled to Hay, so they took off in that direction but later gave up their chase. On their return home, they passed through Jerilderie, and the gang then decided to rob the bank.[73]

According to J.J. Kenneally, however, the gang arrived at Jerilderie having crossed the Murray River at Burramine. The group had heard of a crossing there, from where they could swim their horses but did not know where the landing place was on the opposite side of the river, so had Tom Lloyd investigate (the river was guarded by border police). After unsuccessfully trying to cross on his own, Lloyd employed the help of an owner of a hotel nearby, who pulled him across in a boat with Lloyd's horse paddling behind. After reporting the trip back to the rest of the gang, the group appropriated the boat to get across in two trips. Dan Kelly and Steve Hart reached Davidson's Hotel two miles south of Jerilderie on Saturday 2 February 1879 in time for tea, while the others waited in another area.[74]

At about midnight on 8 February, the gang surrounded the Jerilderie Police Station. Ned rode to the front and shouted for the policemen to come out, claiming there was a drunken brawl at Davidson's Hotel. Constables George Devine and Henry Richards emerged and asked the stranger for more information. Once Ned established there were no other policemen inside, the gang held them up and locked them in a cell.[75] Mary, Devine's wife, and their children were kept hostage inside the house as Ned stole all the firearms and ammunition. After this, he let them return to sleep, and with the rest of the gang stayed in the dining room until morning.[75]

There was a chapel in the courthouse, 100 yards from the barracks. Mrs Devine's duty was to prepare the courthouse for mass. The next day, Sunday, she was allowed to do so, but was accompanied by one of the Kellys. At about 10 am Kelly remained in the courthouse and helped Mrs Devine prepare the altar and dust the forms.[76]When this was done Kelly escorted her back to the barracks, where the door was closed and the blinds pulled to give the impression that the Devines were out. Hart and Dan Kelly, dressed in police uniform, walked to and from the stables during the day without attracting notice.

On Monday morning Byrne brought two horses to be shod, but the blacksmith suspected something strange in his manner,[citation needed] so he noted the horse's brands (according to Kenneally, the blacksmith was struck by the quality of these so-called police horses and thus noted their brands; according also to this version, the shoeing of the horses was charged to the government of New South Wales).[77] About 10 am the Kellys, with their hostage Constable Richards, went from the barracks, closely followed on horseback by Hart and Byrne. They all went to the Royal Hotel, where Cox, the landlord, told Richards that his companions were the Kellys. Ned Kelly said they wanted rooms at the Royal, and revealed his intentions to rob the bank. Hart and Byrne rode to the back and told the groom to stable their horses, but not to give them any feed. Hart went into the kitchen of the hotel, a few yards from the back entrance to the bank. Byrne then entered the rear of the bank, when he met the accountant, Mr Living, who told him to use the front entrance. Byrne displayed his revolver and induced him to surrender. Kenneally wrote, "The shock caused Living to stutter and it has been alleged that he stuttered for the rest of his life".[78] Byrne then walked him and Mackie, the junior accountant, into the bar, where Dan Kelly was on guard. Ned Kelly secured the bank manager, Mr Tarleton, who was ordered to open the safes. When this was done, he was put in with the others. All were liberated at a quarter to three.

The bushrangers then went to some of the other hotels, treating everyone civilly, and had drinks. Hart took a new saddle from the saddler's. He also took a watch from the Reverend J. B. Gribble, but returned it to Gribble at Ned Kelly's request.[79][80] Two splendid police horses were taken, and other horses were wanted, but the residents claimed that they belonged to women, and McDougall in order to keep his race mare "protested that he was a comparatively poor man"[80] and Kelly relented. The telegraph operators were also incarcerated. Byrne took possession of the office, and destroyed all the telegrams sent that day and cut all the wires.[81] The group left about 7 pm in an unknown direction. The disarmed and unhorsed police had no other means of following the gang.

After the manager had been secured, Ned Kelly took Living back to the bank and asked him how much money they had. Living admitted to between £600 and £700. Living then handed him the teller's cash, £691. Kelly asked if they had more money, and Living answered "No". Kelly tried to open the safe's treasure drawer, and one of the keys was given to him; but he needed the second key. Byrne wanted to break it open with a sledgehammer, but Kelly got the key from the teller and found £1650, making for a total of £2141 stolen from the bank. Kelly noticed a deed-box. The group then went to the hotel where Kelly burned three or four bank books containing mortgage documents, in an effort to erase the debts and create losses for the banks, though not realizing that some had copies held by the titles office in Sydney.[82][83]

Before leaving, Kelly told the group that when Fitzpatrick, the Benalla constable, was shot, he was not within 400 miles of Greta. However, he admitted to stealing 280 horses from Whitty's station and denied that he had committed any other crime. The horses, he stated, were sold to Baumgarten. Kelly showed the group his revolvers, and pointed out one which he had taken from Constable Lonigan, and further stated that he had shot Lonigan with a worn-out, crooked musket, held together with string and 'could shoot around corners'. He asked those present how they would like detectives pointing revolvers at their mothers and sisters, threatening to shoot them if they did not say where they were. He blamed such treatment for turning him against the law. He said that he had come only to shoot the two policemen, Devine and Richards, calling them worse than any black trackers, especially Richards, whom he intended to shoot immediately. Tarleton remarked that Kelly should not blame Richards for doing his duty. Kelly then replied, "Suppose you had your revolver ready when I came in, would you not have shot me ?" Mr Tarleton replied "Yes". "Well", said Kelly, "that's just what I am going to do with Richards—shoot him before he shoots me". The party then interceded for Richards, but Kelly said, "He must die". Before leaving Ned Kelly remarked that he had made a great blunder which would likely lead to their capture.[84]

Jerilderie Letter[edit]

Main article: Jerilderie Letter

I wish to acquaint you with some of the occurrences of the present past and future.

— Opening line of the Jerilderie Letter[85]

| Wikisource has original text related to this article:The Jerilderie Letter

Some of the 56 pages comprising the Jerilderie Letter, on display in the State Library of Victoria

Months prior to arriving in Jerilderie, Kelly composed a lengthy letter with the aim of tracing his path to outlawry, justifying his actions, and outlining the injustices he and his family suffered at the hands of the police. He also decries the treatment of poor selector families by Victoria's Squattocracy, and, in "an escalating promise of revenge and retribution", invokes "a mythical tradition of Irish rebellion" against what he calls "the tyrannism of the English yoke".[86] Dictated to Byrne, it is known as the Jerilderie Letter, and is a handwritten document of 56 pages and 7,391 words. While holding up Jerilderie, Kelly gave the letter, what he called "a bit of my life", to Edwin Living, a local bank accountant, and demanded that he deliver it to the editor of the Jerilderie and Urana Gazette for publication.[87] Due to political suppression, only excerpts were published in the press, based on a copy transcribed by John Hanlon, owner of the Eight Mile Hotel in Deniliquin. The entire letter was rediscovered and published in 1930.[86]

The letter was Kelly's second attempt at writing a chronicle of his life and times. The first, known as the Cameron Letter, was sent to Donald Cameron, a member of the Victorian Parliament, in December 1878. Shorter than the Jerilderie Letter, it too was intended for a wide readership, but only a synopsis was published in the press.[88]

The original Jerilderie Letter was donated to the State Library of Victoria in 2000,[85] and Hanlon's transcript is held at Canberra's National Museum of Australia.[89] According to historian Alex McDermott, "Kelly inserts himself into history, on his own terms, with his own voice. ... We hear the living speaker in a way that no other document in our history achieves".[90] It has been interpreted as a proto-republican manifesto;[91] for others, it is a "murderous, ... maniacal rant",[92] and "a remarkable insight into Kelly's grandiosity".[93] Noted for its unorthodox grammar, the letter reaches "delirious poetics",[86] Kelly's language being "hyperbolic, allusive, hallucinatory ... full of striking metaphors and images".[85] His invective and sense of humour are also present; in one well-known passage, he calls the Victorian police "a parcel of big ugly fat-necked wombat headed, big bellied, magpie legged, narrow hipped, splaw-footed sons of Irish bailiffs or English landlords".[94] The letter closes:[95]

neglect this and abide by the consequences, which shall be worse than the rust in the wheat of Victoria or the druth of a dry season to the grasshoppers in New South Wales I do not wish to give the order full force without giving timely warning. but I am a widows son outlawed and my orders must be obeyed.

Reward increase and disappearance[edit]

£8000 reward notice for the capture of the Kelly Gang, equivalent to $1.5 million in modern Australian currency

In the aftermath of the Jerilderie raid, the New South Wales Government and several banks collectively issued £4,000 for the gang's capture, dead or alive, the largest reward offered in the colony since £5,000 was placed on the heads of the outlawed Clarke brothers in 1867.[96] The offer for the Kelly gang was matched by the Victorian Government, bringing the total amount to £8,000, bushranging's largest ever reward.[97] The Board of Officers, which included Captain Standish, Supts Hare and Sadleir, centralized all decisions about any search for the Kelly gang. The reward money had a demoralizing effect on them: "The capture of the Kellys was desired by these officers, but they were very jealous as to where they themselves would come in when the reward money would be allotted. This led to very serious quarrels among the heads...".[97]

From early March 1879 to June 1880 nothing was heard of the gang's whereabouts. As Thomas Aubrey wrote in his 1953 Mirror article,

In the months after Jerilderie, public opinion turned sharply against Commissioner Standish and the 300 officers and men of the police and artillery corps who crowded into the towns of North-Eastern Victoria. Critics were quick to point out that the brave constables took good care to remain in the towns leaving the outlaws almost complete freedom of the bush, their natural home.[98]

A party of troopers participating in the hunt for the Kelly gang

Amid low public confidence in the ability of the police, wrote Thomas Aubrey, "many believed that the gang had already made their escape to another colony while their pursuers wandered about Victoria receiving, but never earning, double pay and considerable 'danger' money". The gang in the meantime were comfortably camped in the hills near the Kelly farm at Eleven Mile Creek where they discussed police efforts and plans for their future.[98]

In late March 1879, Kelly's sisters Kate and Margaret asked the captain of the Victoria Cross how much he would charge to take "four or five gentlemen friends" to California from Queenscliff. On 31 March, an unidentified man arranged an appointment with the captain at the General Post Office to give a definite answer for the cost. The captain contacted police, who placed a large number of detectives and plain-clothes police throughout the building, but the man failed to appear. There is no evidence that Kelly's sisters were enquiring on behalf of the gang, and was reported in the Argus as "without foundation".[99]

According to Tom Lloyd, the gang "frequently discussed their plans for the future", and he suggested they go to Queensland one at a time where they could join up again. He felt that "a few years in the tropical climate" would render them unrecognizable. The gang came to the conclusion however that they would be forever estranged there and would lack the kind of whole-hearted support they had been getting in Victoria, and that their best recourse was to resolve their issues with the Victoria and New South Wales state governments.[100]

On 9 February 1880, the Felons' Apprehension Act 1878 lapsed with the dissolution of the Berry Parliament, and the gang's outlaw status and their arrest warrants expired with it. While Ned and Dan still had prior warrants outstanding for the attempted murder of Fitzpatrick, technically Hart and Byrne were free men although the police could still re-issue the murder warrants.[101]

In April 1880 a "Notice of Withdrawal of Reward" was posted by the government[clarification needed]. It stated that after 20 July 1880 the Government would "absolutely cancel and withdraw the offer for the reward".[102]

Glenrowan affair[edit]

Murder of Aaron Sherritt[edit]

... I look upon Ned Kelly as an extraordinary man; there is no man in the world like him, he is superhuman.

— Aaron Sherritt to Superintendent Hare[18]

Portrait of Sherritt wearing his hat in the "Greta mob" fashion with the chin strap resting under his nose.

During the Kelly Outbreak, police watch parties monitored houses belonging to relatives of the gang, including that of Byrne's mother in the Woolshed Valley, near Beechworth. The police used the house of her neighbour, former Greta mob member and lifelong friend of Byrne, Aaron Sherritt, as a base of operations, sleeping in it during the day and keeping watch from nearby caves at night. Sherritt accepted police payments for camping with the watch parties and for providing information on the bushrangers' activities.[18] While many policemen suspected him of being a double agent for the gang, a detective, Michael Ward, planned to bring the bushrangers out of hiding by spreading rumours that Sherritt's true loyalties lay with the police.[103] Convinced that he was a traitor, the gang decided to murder Sherritt as part of their own plan, one that they boasted would "astonish not only the Australian colonies, but the whole world".[104]

Murder of Sherritt

On 26 June 1880, Dan Kelly and Byrne rode into the Woolshed Valley with the intention of killing Sherritt. In the evening, they kidnapped and handcuffed Anton Wick, a German-born market gardener who lived near Sherritt, reassuring him that he would not be hurt if he obeyed their orders. While Dan went to the front door of Sherritt's hut, Byrne forced Wick to knock on the back door and call out. "What do you want?" asked Sherritt. Prompted by Byrne, Wick replied that he had lost his way. Sherritt opened the door and joked with his neighbour as Belle Sherritt, his wife, told him to give directions. As Sherritt raised his arm to point the way, he hesitated, saying, "Who's that?" Two shots were then fired and Sherritt staggered back, having been hit in the left side of the neck, severing his jugular. Byrne followed Sherritt into the hut and fired again, hitting him in the chest. Sherritt collapsed and died within a few minutes.[98] As he bled out, his wife and her mother, Ellen Barry, screamed in terror. Byrne told them, "That bastard will never put me away again."[105]

After ordering Ellen to unlock the front door for Dan, Byrne used Belle as a human shield and fired into the bedroom. Four policemen were hiding inside: Robert Alexander, Henry Armstrong, Thomas Dowling and William Duross. Byrne sent Belle in to tell them to come out, but they pulled her to the floor with them beneath the bed. The outlaws then took Ellen outside and Byrne started putting kindling around the hut, promising to "roast" everyone inside. He asked Ellen for kerosene, but she pleaded with him, saying, "For God's sake, my girl's in there." Byrne replied, "Then get her out and bring those bloody traps with her." Ellen went back inside, but she too was pulled to the floor.[105] The outlaws yelled more threats, then released Wick and rode off.[106]

The four constables emerged from the house at 6 am the following morning.[107] They tried to get a passing Chinese man and a school inspector to raise the alarm, but they refused, and so Armstrong walked to Beechworth to raise the alarm himself. Along the way he commandeered a horse, reaching Beechworth at about 1 pm.

Superintendent Hare later wrote:

It was doubtless a most fortunate occurrence that Aaron was shot by the outlaws; it was impossible to have reclaimed him, and the Government of the colony would not have assisted him in any way, and he would have gone back to his old course of life, and probably become a bushranger himself.[108]

Glenrowan siege and shootout[edit]

Kelly forces two line-repairers to damage the track at Glenrowan in a plot to derail the Police Special Train

While Byrne and Dan were in the Wooldshed Valley, Ned and Hart rode to Glenrowan as part of a carefully-timed plan. The gang estimated that word of Sherritt's murder would reach Beechworth by early Sunday morning, prompting a special police train to be sent up from Benalla. The outlaws planned to derail the train, shoot dead any troopers or Aboriginal trackers that survived the wreckage, loot the carriages of firearms and ammunition, and then ride to Benalla where they would rob the banks, set fire to the courthouse, blow up the police barracks, release anyone imprisoned in the gaol, and "generally play havoc with the entire town" before escaping to the bush.[109] Having failed to damage the track themselves, they forced line-repairers James Reardon and Denis Sullivan to complete the job.[110] The bushrangers selected the first turning after reaching Glenrowan, at a culvert and on an incline, to ensure maximum damage to the train. One rail was raised on each side, and the sleepers were removed.[citation needed]

The bushrangers descended on Glenrowan during the evening on Saturday, 26 June 1880, and took over the township without meeting resistance from the locals, many of them labourers camped near the stationmaster's house.[111] They were imprisoned at the Glenrowan Inn, while the other hotel in town, McDonnell's Railway Hotel, on the eastern side of the railway station, was used to stable the gang's stolen horses,[112] one of which carried a tin of blasting powder and fuses.[113]

An 1880 illustration by George Gordon McCrae shows the gang dancing with hostages.

By Sunday afternoon, the gang gathered their captives at the hotel, a total of 62 by one count.[114] The gang insisted that drinks be provided to the townspeople and that music be played.[115] They danced with hostages while the landlady's son sang bushranger ballads, including one titled "The Kelly Song".[116] Dan and Byrne became fairly drunk; Ned, however, abstained from drinking, and instead staged hop, step and jumpand other games with the hostages, who were also encouraged by the bushrangers to amuse themselves with card games.[117]One hostage later testified, "[Ned] did not treat us badly—not at all".[116]

The gang members were equipped with bullet-repelling armour, complete with helmets. The legs, however, remained exposed. They made these suits with the intention of further robbing banks, as the gang was short of money.[118] The police had been informed by their spies about the armour, but dismissed these claims as tall tales.[98] Each man's armour weighed about 44 kilograms (97 lb). All wore grey cotton coats reaching past the knees over the armour.[citation needed]

That same night at about 10pm, Ned Kelly and Byrne, along with schoolmaster Thomas Curnow, Dave Mortimer (Curnow's brother-in-law), postmaster E. Reynolds and R. Gibbens, went to capture Constable Bracken, stationed between Glenrowan and Benalla. Curnow was driving his buggy with his wife, sister, and the seven-year-old son of the postmaster, Alec Reynolds.[119] Curnow managed to convince Ned to let them go after they had secured Bracken, promising not to leave his house. Ned told him to "go quietly to bed and not to dream too loud", and that if he acted otherwise they would get shot, as one of the gang would be visiting during the night. The rest returned to the hotel.

Two special trains had been dispatched from Melbourne carrying police reinforcements, native police and reporters following the killing of Sherritt. Despite Ned's warning, Curnow, upon hearing the approaching train at about 3 am, rushed to the railway line and managed to warn the pilot train to stop by holding a lit candle behind a red scarf. He told the guard of the gang's plan. The guard then signalled the second train, carrying the police, to stop. The trains then quietly made their way to the station and at the station house the police met with Mrs. Stanistreet, the wife of the stationmaster, who said that, "They have taken my husband away with a lot more into the bush". Shortly after Bracken came rushing up and said, "The Kellys are all at Jones's. Be quick, and surround the house, or they will be off".[120]

The gang and police exchange gunfire. Drawing by

Tom Carrington, one of several journalists present during the battle.

Just before the police arrived, the gang decided to prepare for action and let their prisoners go, but Mrs Jones told them to stay to hear Ned lecture. Byrne interrupted the conversation alerting the group about the train's arrival. The gang rushed into the room where they kept their armour and hurried to dress. Constable Bracken grabbed the key to the room in which he and others were held, told everyone to lie low if there was any firing, and escaped. He rushed to the railway station at which the train had just arrived and explained the situation to the police. Supt. Hare told his men to leave their horses and he was followed to the hotel by six constables and five Aboriginal trackers. At this point the police started the volley.[121]

"A strange apparition": when Kelly appeared out of the mist-shrouded bush, clad in armour, bewildered policemen took him to be a ghost, a bunyip, and "Old Nick himself".

The police and the gang fired at each other for about a quarter of an hour. Then there was a lull but nothing could be seen for a minute or two because of the smoke. Superintendent Hare returned to the railway-station with a shattered left wrist from one of the first shots fired. He bled profusely, but Tom Carrington, artist for the Australasian Sketcher, stopped the bleeding with his handkerchief. Hare then ordered O'Connor to surround the hotel, and later attempted to return to the battle[122] but gradually lost so much blood that he had to be conveyed to Benalla by a special railway engine.[citation needed]

The police, Aboriginal trackers and others watched the surrounded hotel throughout the night, and the firing continued intermittently. At about 5 am, reinforcements arrived from Benalla, Beechworth, and Wangaratta. Superintendent John Sadleir came from Benalla with nine more men. Sergeant Steele, of Wangaratta, brought six, for a total of about 30 men. Before daylight Senior-Constable Kelly found a revolving rifle and a silk cap lying in the bush, about 100 yards from the hotel. The rifle was covered with blood and a pool of blood lay near it. They believed it to belong to one of the bushrangers, hinting that they had escaped. They proved to be those of Ned Kelly himself. At daybreak the women and children among the hostages were allowed to depart. They were challenged as they approached the police line, to ensure that the outlaws were not attempting to escape in disguise.[citation needed]

Last stand and capture[edit]

Sgt Steele and railway guard Dowsett capture a critically wounded Ned Kelly.

In the dim light of dawn, Kelly, dressed in his armour and armed with three handguns, attacked the police from the rear.[123] The police returned fire but to no effect as Kelly moved steadily through the morning mist towards the hotel, his armour repelling bullets. The size and shape of the armour made him appear inhuman to the police, and his apparent invulnerability created an atmosphere of "superstitious awe".[124] One trooper exclaimed that it was a bunyip and could not be killed. Another cried out that it was the Devil. Journalist Tom Carrington recalled:[125]

With the steam rising from the ground, it looked for all the world like the ghost of Hamlet's father with no head, only a very long thick neck ... It was the most extraordinary sight I ever saw or read of in my life, and I felt fairly spellbound with wonder, and I could not stir or speak.

Kelly laughed as he shot at and taunted the police. "You can't hurt me," he declared. "I'm bullet-proof."[126] He called upon Dan and Hart to assist him, and they began firing at the police from the hotel. After diving to the ground to avoid one of Ned's shots, Sergeant Steele realised that the figure's legs were unprotected. He shot at them twice with his shotgun, the second blast tearing apart Kelly's hip and thigh. He staggered for a moment, then fell to the ground and moaned, "I'm done, I'm done".[126] Steele seized him, but Kelly fired again, blowing the sergeant's hat off and burning the side of his face.[127] It was only once the helmet was removed that the police realised it was Kelly. He gradually became quiet, shot in the left foot, left leg, right hand, left arm and twice in the region of the groin, although no bullet had penetrated his armour. He was carried to the railway station, placed in a guard's van and then taken to the stationmaster's office, where his wounds were dressed by Dr. John Nicholson from Benalla.[128][129]

Monument marking the spot of Kelly's capture

The place of Kelly's capture has been commemorated by a small stone monument and plaque, inscribed with 'Early on the cold winter morning of Monday, June 28, 1880, the seriously wounded Edward (Ned) Kelly finally fell at this place and was captured, brought down by Sergeant Steele's double barrelled shot gun, fired from across the nearby creek'.

In the meantime the siege continued. The female hostages confirmed that the three other outlaws were still in the house. Byrne had been shot dead while raising a toast at the bar at about half-past 5 am. The remaining two kept shooting from the rear of the building during the morning, exposing themselves to the bullets of the police. Their armour protected them. At 10 o'clock a white flag or handkerchief was held out at the front door, and immediately afterwards about 30 male hostages emerged, while Kelly and Hart were defending the back door. They were ordered to lie down and were checked, one by one. Two brothers named McAuliffe were arrested as Kelly sympathisers.[128]

Fire and aftermath[edit]

Ruins of Jones's Hotel after the fire

Police and Aboriginal trackers pose in front of the "Kelly Tree".

By afternoon, Dan and Hart had ceased shooting. Unwilling to allow his men to storm the hotel, Superintendent Sadleir telegraphed to Melbourne for an artillery cannon to be sent up by special train to blow the outlaws out of the place. A 12-pounder Armstrong gun made it as far as Seymour when Sadlier decided to set fire to the hotel instead, and received permission from the Chief Secretary, Robert Ramsay. Under cover of fire, Senior Constable Charles Johnson, of Violet Town, placed a bundle of burning straw at the hotel's west side. Kate Kelly, Ned and Dan's sister, appeared on the scene around this time. She endeavoured to make way to her brothers, but the police ordered her to stop.[130]

A light westerly wind carried the flames into the hotel and it rapidly caught alight. Matthew Gibney, a priest from Western Australia, entered the burning structure in an attempt to rescue anyone inside.[131] He discovered the bodies of Dan Kelly and Hart, who he surmised had committed suicide. Whether they died in a suicide pact, or by other means, remains a mystery.[132]Caught hours earlier in police crossfire, hostage Martin Cherry, an old platelayer of the district, was found dying from a groin wound and promptly taken outside where Gibney gave him the last sacrament. Cherry succumbed within half an hour.[128][133]Another hostage, quarryman George Metcalf, was shot in the face, and died from the wound several months later. While he claimed it was an injury from police fire, more recent research indicates that Ned accidentally shot him the day prior to the siege.[134]

During the shootout, John Jones, son of the hotel's landlady, was unintentionally shot by the police,[135] bringing the civilian death toll to three. Another four civilians were wounded by police fire: Jane Jones, the landlady's daughter; Charles Rawlins, a volunteer with the police; Michael Reardon, son of the line-repairer who tore up the tracks;[136] and Bridget Reardon, Michael's baby sister.[137] An Aboriginal tracker also had a narrow escape with a bushranger's bullet grazing his forehead.[130]Superintendent Hare retired from the force following the shootout, and, owing to his bullet wound, received an additional allowance of £100 per annum.[138]

All that was left standing of the hotel was the lamp-post and the signboard.[128]

Byrne's body was strung up in Benalla as a curiosity. His friends asked for the body, but it was instead secretly interred at night by police in an unmarked grave in Benalla Cemetery.[139] The charred remains of Dan Kelly and Hart were taken to Greta and buried by their families in unmarked graves in the local cemetery, 30 km (19 mi) east of Benalla.[140]

Trial and execution[edit]

Kelly in the dock

Kelly survived to stand trial on 19 October 1880 in Melbourne before Sir Redmond Barry, the judge who had earlier sentenced Kelly's mother to three years in prison for the attempted murder of Fitzpatrick.[141] Mr Smyth and Mr Chomley appeared for the crown and Mr Bindon for the prisoner.[142] The trial was adjourned to 28 October, when Kelly was presented on the charge of the murder of Sergeant Kennedy, Constable Scanlan and Lonigan, the various bank robberies, the murder of Sherritt, resisting arrest at Glenrowan and with a long list of minor charges.[143] He was convicted of the willful murder of Lonigan and sentenced to death by hanging. After handing down the sentence, Barry concluded with the customary words, "May God have mercy on your soul", to which Kelly replied, "I will go a little further than that, and say I will see you there where I go".[144]

On 3 November, the Executive Council of Victoria decided that Kelly was to be hanged eight days later, 11 November, at the Melbourne Gaol.[145] In the week leading up to the execution, thousands turned out at street rallies across Melbourne demanding a reprieve for Kelly, and on 8 November, a petition for clemency with over 32,000 signatures was presented to the governor's private secretary. The Executive Council announced soon after that the hanging would proceed as scheduled.[146]

Kelly goes to the scaffold

The day before his execution, Kelly had his photographic portrait taken as a keepsake for his family, and he was granted farewell interviews with relatives. His mother's last words to him were reported to be, "Mind you die like a Kelly".[147] The following morning, John Castieau, the Governor of the Gaol, informed Kelly that the hour of execution had been fixed at 10 am. Kelly's leg-irons were removed, and after a short time he was marched out. He was submissive on the way, and when passing the gaol's flower beds, remarked, "What a nice little garden", but said nothing further until reaching the Press room, where he remained until the arrival of chaplain Dean Donaghy. Accounts differ about Kelly's last words. Some newspaper reporters wrote that it was "Such is life", while other newspapers recorded that this was his response when Castieau told him of the intended hour of his execution, earlier that day.[148] The Argus wrote that Kelly's last words were, "Ah, well, I suppose it has come to this", as the rope was placed round his neck.[149] According to another account, Kelly intended to make a speech, but "made no audible sound".[148] The warden later wrote that Kelly, when prompted to say his last words, mumbled something indiscernible.[148]

Armour[edit]

Main article: Armour of the Kelly gang

Kelly's armour on display in the State Library of Victoria. The helmet, breastplate, backplate and shoulder plates show a total of 18 bullet marks. Also on display are Kelly's Snider Enfield rifle and one of his boots.

Aftermath and lessons[edit]

The Royal Commission into police conduct during the Kelly Outbreak resulted in many force members being censured, reprimanded, demoted, suspended or dismissed.

In March 1881, the Victorian Government approved a Royal Commission into the conduct of the Victoria Police during the Kelly Outbreak.[150] Over the next six months, the Commission, chaired by Francis Longmore, held 66 meetings, examined 62 witnesses, and visited towns throughout "Kelly Country". Its report exposed widespread corruption and shattered a number of police careers in addition to that of Chief Commissioner Frederick Standish.[151] Numerous other officers, including senior staff, were reprimanded, demoted or suspended. It concluded with a list of 36 recommendations for reform.[141] Kelly hoped that his death would lead to an investigation into police conduct, and although the report did not exonerate him or his gang, its findings were said to strip the authorities "of what scanty rags of reputation the Kellys had left them."[152]

The £8,000 reward money was divided among various claimants with £6,000 going to members of the Victoria Police, Superintendent Hare receiving the lion's share of £800. Curnow complained about his payout of £550, and the following year it was upgraded to £1,000. Seven Aboriginal trackers involved in the siege were each awarded £50, but their money was given to the Victorian and Queensland governments for safekeeping, the Reward Board's argument being, "It would not be desirable to place any considerable sum of money in the hands of persons unable to uses it."[153]

Writers such as Boxhall (The Story of Australian Bushrangers, 1899) and Henry Giles Turner (History of the Colony of Victoria, 1904) describe the Kelly Outbreak as simply a spate of criminality.[citation needed] Two of those involved, Superintendents Hare and Sadleir,[154] and later, in the late 20th century, Penzig (1988) wrote legitimising narratives about law and order and moral justification.

Others, commencing with Kenneally (1929), McQuilton (1979) and Jones (1995), perceived the Kelly Outbreak and the problems of Victoria's Land Selection Acts post-1860s as interlinked. McQuilton identified Kelly as the "social bandit" who was caught up in unresolved social contradictions—that is, the selector–squatter conflicts over land—and that Kelly gave the selectors the leadership they lacked. O'Brien (1999) identified a leaderless rural malaise in Northeastern Victoria as early as 1872–73, around land, policing and the Impounding Act.

Though the Kelly Gang was destroyed in 1880, for almost seven years a serious threat of a second outbreak existed because of major problems around land settlement and selection.[155]

McQuilton suggested that two police officers involved in the pursuit of the Kelly Gang – John Sadleir,[156] author of Recollections of a Victorian Police Officer, and Inspector W.B. Montford – averted the Second Outbreak by coming to understand that the unresolved social contradiction in Northeastern Victoria was about land, not crime, and by their good work in aiding small selectors.[citation needed]

Kelly's mother outlived him by several decades and died, aged 95, on 27 March 1923.[157]

Remains and graves[edit]

Kelly's death mask on display in the Old Melbourne Gaol

In line with the practice of the day, no records were kept regarding the disposal of an executed person's remains. Kelly was buried in the "old men's yard", just inside the walls of Old Melbourne Gaol.[158]

Dissection[edit]

A newspaper reported that Kelly's body was dissected by medical students who removed his head and organs for study.[159] Dissection outside of a coronial enquiry was illegal. Public outrage at the rumour raised real fears of public disorder, leading the commissioner of police to write to the gaol's governor, who denied that a dissection had taken place.[160] (Saw cuts on a piece of his occipital bonerecovered in 2011 confirm that a dissection had been done.) His head was allegedly given to phrenologists for study, then returned to the police, who used it for a time as a paperweight.[citation needed]

Grave robbery[edit]

In 1929, Melbourne Gaol was closed for routine demolition, and the bodies in its graveyard were uncovered during the demolition works. During the recovery of the bodies, spectators and workers stole skeletal parts and skulls from a number of graves, including one marked with an arrow and the initials "E. K."[161] in the belief they belonged to Ned Kelly.[162] The E.K. marked grave was situated by itself, and on the opposite side of the yard where the rest of the graveyard was situated.[163] The site foreman, Harry Franklin, retrieved the skull from the E.K. marked grave and gave it to the police. As no provision had been made for the disposal of the remains, Franklin had the bodies reburied in Pentridge prison at his own expense.[160] The skull from the E.K. marked grave, which had been stored at the Victorian Penal Department was taken to Canberra for research by the first director of the Australian Institute of Anatomy (Sir Colin Mackenzie) in 1934. For a period of time it was lost, but was later found while cleaning out an old safe in 1952.[164] In 1971, the Institute gave it to the National Trust.[citation needed]

Headstone[edit]

During the Great Depression the Bayside City council built bluestone walls to protect local beaches from erosion. The stones were taken from the outer walls of the Old Melbourne Gaol and included the "headstones" of those executed and buried on the grounds. Most, including Kelly's, were placed with the engravings (initials and date of execution) facing inwards.[165]

Theft of skull[edit]

In 1972 the skull was put on display at the Old Melbourne Gaol until it was stolen on 12 December 1978.[166] An investigation in 2010 proved that the displayed skull was in fact the one recovered in April 1929.[160]

Historical and forensic investigation of remains[edit]

On 9 March 2008 it was announced that Australian archaeologists believed they had found Kelly's grave on the site of Pentridge Prison.[167] The bones were uncovered at a mass grave and Kelly's are among those of 32 felons who had been executed by hanging. Jeremy Smith, a senior archaeologist with Heritage Victoria, said that "We believe we have conclusively found the burial site but that is very different from finding the remains". Ellen Hollow, Kelly's then 62-year-old grand-niece, offered to supply her own DNA to help identify Kelly's bones.[168]

On the anniversary of Kelly's hanging, 11 November 2009, Tom Baxter handed the skull in his possession to police and it was historically and forensically tested along with the Pentridge remains. The skull was compared to a cast of the skull that had been stolen from the Old Melbourne Gaol in 1978 and proved to be a match. The skull was then compared to that in a newspaper photograph of worker Alex Talbot holding the skull recovered in 1929 which showed a close resemblance. Talbot was known to have taken a tooth from the skull as a souvenir and a media campaign to find the whereabouts of the tooth led to Talbot's grandson coming forward. The tooth was found to belong to the skull confirming it was indeed the skull recovered in 1929. In 2004, before the skull was handed to police, a cast of the skull was made and compared to the death masks of those executed at Old Melbourne Gaol which eliminated all but two. The two were those of Kelly and Ernest Knox, who had been executed in March 1894 (headstone marked E.K., 19–3–94) and buried near Frederick Deeming (headstone marked with the initials A.W. and a D underneath). In April 1929, the skulls of the E.K. marked grave (which was thought at the time to belong to Kelly) and Frederick Deeming were looted from the excavated graves.[169] The death mask of Knox and a facial reconstruction of a cast of the skull were a close match.[170] In 2010 and 2011, the Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine performed a series of craniofacial super-imposition, CT scanning, anthropology and DNA tests on the skull recovered from the E.K. marked grave and concluded it was not Kelly's.[171] In 2014, the remains of Frederick Deeming's brother was exhumed from Bebington cemetery and tissue samples were obtained from the femur bone. A DNA profile was successfully obtained from the samples and compared with a DNA profile that had been previously obtained from the skull that was stolen from the Old Melbourne Gaol. The DNA profiles did not match, conclusively proving that the skull is not Deeming's.[172][173] It is now accepted that the skull recovered in 1929 and later displayed in the Old Melbourne Gaol was not Kelly's or Deeming's.[160]

Forensic pathologists also examined the bones from Pentridge, which were much decayed and jumbled with the remains of others, making identification difficult. The collar bone was found to be the only bone that had survived in all the skeletons and these were all DNA tested against that of Leigh Olver. A match to Kelly was found and the associated skeleton turned out to be one of the most complete. Kelly's remains were additionally identified by partially healed foot, wrist bone and left elbowinjuries matching those caused by the bullet wounds at Glenrowan as recorded by the gaol's surgeon in 1880 and by the fact that his head was missing, likely removed for phrenological study. A section from the back of a skull (the occipital) was recovered from the grave that bore saw cuts that matched those present on several neck vertebrae indicating that the skull section belonged to the skeleton and that an illegal dissection had been performed.[160]

In August 2011, scientists publicly confirmed a skeleton exhumed from the old Pentridge Prison's mass graveyard was indeed Kelly's after comparing the DNA to that of Leigh Olver.[174] The DNA matching was based on mitochondrial DNA (HV1, HV2). This is indicative of Kelly's maternal line. The investigating forensic pathologist has indicated that no adequate quality somatic DNA was obtained that would enable a y-DNA profile to be determined. This may be attempted at a later date. A y-DNA profile would enable Kelly's paternal genetic genealogy to be determined with reference to the data already existing in the Kelly y-DNA study (see this page).[175] The skeleton was missing most of its skull, the whereabouts of which are unknown.[176]

Final burial[edit]

On 1 August 2012 the Victorian government issued a licence for Kelly's bones to be returned to the Kelly family, who made plans for his final burial. The family also appealed for the person who possessed Kelly's skull to return it.[177]

On 20 January 2013, Kelly's relatives granted his final wish and buried his remains in consecrated ground at Greta cemetery near his mother's unmarked grave. A piece of Kelly's skull was also buried with his remains and was surrounded by concrete to prevent looting. The burial followed a Requiem Mass held on 18 January 2013 at St Patrick's Catholic Church in Wangaratta.[178]

Legacy[edit]

Cultural impact[edit]

Further information: Cultural depictions of Ned Kelly

Actor playing Kelly in The Story of the Kelly Gang (1906), the world's first dramatic feature-length film

As one of Australia's most famous historical figures, Ned Kelly remains all-pervasive in Australian culture. Academic and folklorist Graham Seal writes:[179]

Ned Kelly has progressed from outlaw to national hero in a century, and to international icon in a further 20 years. The still-enigmatic, slightly saturnine and ever-ambivalent bushranger is the undisputed, if not universally admired, national symbol of Australia.

The term "Kelly tourism" describes towns such as Glenrowan which sustain themselves economically "almost entirely through Ned's memory", while "Kellyana" refers to the collecting of Kelly memorabilia, merchandise, and other paraphernalia. The phrase "such is life", Kelly's perhaps apocryphal final words, has become an oft-quoted part of the legend. "As game as Ned Kelly" is an expression for bravery,[180] and the term "Ned Kelly beard" is used to describe a trend in "hipster" fashion.[181] The rural districts of northeastern Victoria are collectively known as "Kelly Country".[182]

Kelly has figured prominently in Australian cinema since the 1906 release of The Story of the Kelly Gang, the world's first dramatic feature-length film.[183] Among those who have portrayed him on screen are Australian rules football player Bob Chitty (The Glenrowan Affair, 1951), rock musician Mick Jagger (Ned Kelly, 1970) and Heath Ledger (Ned Kelly, 2003).[184] In the visual arts, Sidney Nolan's 1946–47 Kelly series is considered "one of the greatest sequences of Australian painting of the twentieth century".[185][186] His stylised depiction of Kelly's helmet has become an iconic Australian image; hundreds of performers dressed as "Nolanesque Kellys" starred in the opening ceremony of the Sydney 2000 Summer Olympics.[187] In 2001, Peter Carey won the Man Booker Prize for his novel True History of the Kelly Gang, written from Kelly's perspective. The Ned Kelly Awards are Australia's premier prizes for crime fiction and true crime writing. Kelly is the subject of songs by musicians as diverse as Johnny Cash and Midnight Oil.

Political revolutionary[edit]

An 1879 political cartoon titled "Our Rulers", published in Melbourne Punch, depicts Kelly, Premier Graham Berry, and a personification of The Age dancing around the flag of communism.

In the time since his execution, Kelly has been mythologised into a "Robin Hood" character,[188][189] a political icon and a figure of Irish Catholic and working-class resistance to the establishment and British colonial ties.[190] In the Jerilderie Letter, Kelly demands that wealthy squatters share their land with, and redistribute their wealth to, the rural poor, for "it will always pay a rich man to be liberal with the poor ... if the poor is on his side he shall lose nothing by it".[191] For some contemporary commentators, the letter is almost akin to a Communist Manifesto for poor Australian colonists,[91] while reading it has been likened to listening to a radio broadcast by revolutionary Che Guevara.[192] Favourable accounts of Kelly from his captives, and his "public performances" of burning mortgage documents at Euroa and Jerilderie, contributed to his reputation as a man of the people.[193] Even Superintendent Hare flattered Kelly and his gang for their treatment of women and the poor, noting that "they weaved a certain halo of romance and rough chivalry around themselves, which was worth a good deal to them".[193]

See also[edit]

List of people on stamps of Ireland

References[edit]

1. ^ The date of Kelly's birth is not known, and there is no record of his baptism. Kelly himself thought he was 28 years old when he was hanged, and this was the age recorded on his death certificate. The best evidence for a December 1854 birth is from a 1963 interview with family descendants Paddy and Charles Griffiths quoting Ned's brother Jim Kelly who said it was a family tradition that Ned's birth was "at the time of the Eureka Stockade" (this episode took place on 3 December 1854). (Ian Jones,Ned Kelly: A Short Life, p. 346). In July 1870, Ellen Kelly, Ned's mother, recorded Ned's age as 15½, which could easily refer to a December 1854 birth. (Jones, p. 346) There is also a remark made by G. Wilson Brown, school inspector, in his notebook on 30 March 1865, where he noted that Ned Kelly was 10 years and 3 months old. (Jones, p. 346) The only evidence given in support for Ned Kelly's birth being in June 1855 is from the death certificate of his father, John Kelly, who died on 27 December 1866. Ned Kelly's age is written as 11½.

2. ^ Serle, Geoffrey (1971). The Rush to Be Rich: A History of the Colony of Victoria 1883–1889. Melbourne University Press. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-522-84009-4.

3. ^ Brear, Bea (9 April 2003). "Ned Kelly: freedom fighter or villain?", Green Left Weekly. Retrieved 23 December 2013.

4. ^ Flanagan, Martin (30 March 2013). "Rebels who knew the end was coming, but stood up anyway", The Age. Retrieved 13 July 2015.

5. ^ Molony 2001, pp. 6–7.

6. ^ Jones, Ian. Ned Kelly: A short life. Hachette Australia. ISBN 9780733625794. Retrieved 31 December 2016.

7. ^ Jump up to:a b c Aubrey, Thomas (11 July 1953). "The Real Story of Ned Kelly". The Mirror. Perth. p. 9. Retrieved 16 June 2014 – via National Library of Australia.

8. ^ Jones, Ian (1 November 2010). Ned Kelly: A Short Life. Hachette Australia. p. 2016. ISBN 978-0-7336-2579-4. Retrieved 16 June 2014.

9. ^ Schwartz, Larry (11 December 2004). "Ned was a champ with a soft spot under his armour". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 16 June 2014.

10. ^ Rennie, Ann; Szego, Julie (1 August 2001). "Ned Kelly saved our drowning dad ... the softer side of old bucket head". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 16 June 2014.

11. ^ Kenneally 1929, p. 17.

12. ^ McQuilton 1979, p. [page needed]

13. ^ Kenneally 1929, p. 11.

14. ^ "Bombs, Police, and Ned". The Canberra Times. 29 July 1970.

15. ^ "GLENROWAN AND THE POLICE COMMISSION". The Sydney Morning Herald. 18 May 1881. p. 6. Retrieved 28 August 2014 – via National Library of Australia.

16. ^ Jones 1995, p. 25

17. ^ O'Brien 2002, pp. 12–16

18. ^ Kieza 2017, pp. 85–86.

19. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f Jones 2010.

20. ^ FitzSimons 2013, pp. 81–82.

21. ^ "Overview of Kellyana". The Canberra Times. 1 March 1981. p. 8. Retrieved 18 April 2014 – via National Library of Australia.

22. ^ Kieza 2017, p. 165.

23. ^ Kenneally 1929, p. 26.

24. ^ Jump up to:a b c d "Kelly Interviewed". Australian Town and Country Journal. 14 August 1880. p. 9. Retrieved 16 June 2014 – via National Library of Australia.

25. ^ "Digital Collections – Books – Victoria. Royal Commission on the Police Force of Victoria.. Police Commission [electronic resource] : Minutes of evidence taken before Royal Commission on the Police Force of Victoria, together with appendices".

26. ^ Kelly 2012, p. 49.

27. ^ "The Kelly Trial". The Camperdown Chronicle. 13 August 1880. p. 4. Retrieved 16 June 2014 – via National Library of Australia.

28. ^ "KELLY GANG ECHO". The Mirror. Perth. 10 May 1924. p. 1. Retrieved 25 April2012 – via National Library of Australia.

29. ^ Kenneally 1929, p. 34.

30. ^ Jump up to:a b Kenneally 1929, p. 37.

31. ^ "A KELLY GANG ECHO". The Mirror. Perth. 20 January 1923. p. 2. Retrieved 18 March 2012 – via National Library of Australia.

32. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f "BUSHRANGING IN VICTORIA". Kerang Times and Swan Hill Gazette(WEEKLY ed.). Vic. 1 November 1878. p. 4. Retrieved 31 May 2014 – via National Library of Australia.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

33. ^ [1], PROV. Retrieved 31 August 2017.

34. ^ Kenneally 1929, p. 36.

35. ^ Kenneally 1929, p. 35.

36. ^ "THE KELLY GANG". Launceston Examiner. Tas. 13 August 1880. p. 3. Retrieved 20 March 2012 – via National Library of Australia.

37. ^ Jump up to:a b "The Kelly Gang". Australian Town and Country Journal. Sydney. 10 July 1880. p. 6. Retrieved 16 June 2014 – via National Library of Australia.

38. ^ "The Greta Outrage". The Argus. Melbourne. 22 May 1878. p. 10. Retrieved 25 April 2012 – via National Library of Australia.

39. ^ Kenneally 1929, p. 74.

40. ^ "Police Commission [electronic resource] : Minutes of evidence taken before Royal Commission on the Police Force of Victoria, together with appendices". Retrieved 29 July 2017.

41. ^ Jump up to:a b Kenneally 1929, p. 44.

42. ^ Kenneally 1929, p. 45.

43. ^ Kenneally 1929, p. 46.

44. ^ Kenneally 1929, p. 48.

45. ^ "Trail of Ned Kelly. [?]". The Manaro Mercury, and Cooma and Bombala Advertiser. NSW. 14 August 1880. p. 3. Retrieved 4 September 2014 – via National Library of Australia.

46. ^ Kenneally 1929, p. 47.

47. ^ "Trail of Ned Kelly. [?]". The Manaro Mercury, and Cooma and Bombala Advertiser. NSW. 14 August 1880. p. 3. Retrieved 9 August 2014 – via National Library of Australia.

48. ^ "CONSTABLE M'INTYRE'S EVIDENCE". The Evening News. Sydney. 7 August 1880. p. 5. Retrieved 31 May 2014 – via National Library of Australia.

49. ^ "Prosecution of Ned Kelly". The Manaro Mercury, and Cooma and Bombala Advertiser. NSW. 11 August 1880. p. 4. Retrieved 9 August 2014 – via National Library of Australia.

50. ^ "Leo Kennedy, great-grandson of Sergeant Michael Kennedy says it's time to stop the Ned Kelly lie". news.com.au. Retrieved 28 October 2018.

51. ^ "NED KELLY'S LETTER". The Burrowa News. NSW. 28 February 1879. p. 2. Retrieved 4 September 2014 – via National Library of Australia.

52. ^ "The Police Murders". The Argus. Melbourne. 30 October 1878. p. 6. Retrieved 25 April 2012 – via National Library of Australia.

53. ^ "Bushranging in Victoria". Kerang Times and Swan Hill Gazette (Weekly ed.). Vic. 1 November 1878. p. 4. Retrieved 25 April 2012 – via National Library of Australia.

54. ^ "Edward Kelly gives statement of his murders of Sergeant Kennedy and others and makes other threats".

55. ^ "FINDING OF SERGEANT KENNEDY'S BODY". The Australasian. Melbourne. 2 November 1878. p. 20. Retrieved 9 August 2014 – via National Library of Australia.

56. ^ Denheld, Bill (2003). "Germans Creek". denheldid.com. Retrieved 30 December2006.

57. ^ "Kellys called on to surrender".

58. ^ "Ben Hall and the outlawed bushrangers". Culture and Recreation Portal. Australian Government. 15 April 2008. Archived from the original on 20 July 2008. Retrieved 19 September 2008.

59. ^ Cowie, N. (5 July 2002). "Felons' Apprehension Act (Act 612)". Retrieved 19 September 2008.

60. ^ Jump up to:a b http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/vic/hist_act/faa1878214.pdf

61. ^ Kieza 2017, p. 307.

62. ^ "PARTICULARS OF THE STICKING-UP FAITHFUL CREEK STATION". The Evening News. Sydney. 14 December 1878. p. 5. Retrieved 20 April 2014 – via National Library of Australia.

63. ^ Kenneally 1929, p. 66.

64. ^ Kenneally 1929, p. 67.

65. ^ "KELLY GANG AT EUROA". The Argus. Melbourne. 20 February 1923. p. 7. Retrieved 20 April 2014 – via National Library of Australia.

66. ^ "THE KELLY, OUTRAGES". Geelong Advertiser. Vic. 14 December 1878. p. 3. Retrieved 9 August 2014 – via National Library of Australia.

67. ^ "KELLY GANG AT EUROA". The Argus. Melbourne. 20 February 1923. p. 7. Retrieved 9 March 2012 – via National Library of Australia.

68. ^ "THE KELLY GANG". The Advertiser. Adelaide. 21 October 1911. p. 7. Retrieved 9 March 2012 – via National Library of Australia.

69. ^ Kenneally 1929, p. 71.

70. ^ Kenneally 1929, p. 9.

71. ^ Kenneally 1929, p. 84.

72. ^ Kenneally 1929, p. 79.

73. ^ Kenneally 1929, p. 85.

74. ^ "TALE: By a Resident of Coonamble". Windsor and Richmond Gazette. NSW. 5 January 1889. p. 9. Retrieved 1 November 2012 – via National Library of Australia.

75. ^ Kenneally 1929, pp. 88–89.

76. ^ Jump up to:a b Kieza 2017, pp. 342–343.

77. ^ Kenneally 1929, p. 90.

78. ^ Kenneally 1929, p. 91.

79. ^ Kenneally 1929, pp. 92–93.

80. ^ The Rev. J. B. (John) Gribble was later prominent as missionary among Aboriginal peoples of northern Australia. (The Advertiser (Adelaide), 19 August 1911, p. 23.)

81. ^ Jump up to:a b Kenneally 1929, p. 94.

82. ^ "MR. LYVING'S NARRATIVE". The Mercury. Hobart, Tasmania. 15 February 1879. p. 3. Retrieved 9 August 2014 – via National Library of Australia.

83. ^ Kenneally 1929, p. 93.

84. ^ Seal, Graham. Encyclopedia of Folk Heroes. ABC-CLIO (December 1, 2001). pp. 138-139. ISBN 978-1576072165.

85. ^ "THE KELLY GANG". Launceston Examiner (Tas. : 1842 – 1899). Tas. 14 February 1879. p. 3. Retrieved 9 March 2012 – via National Library of Australia.

86. ^ Jump up to:a b c Gelder, Ken (5 May 2014). "The case for Ned Kelly's Jerilderie Letter", The Conversation. Retrieved 20 March 2015.

87. ^ Jump up to:a b c Gelder, Ken; Weaver, Rachael (2017). Colonial Australian Fiction: Character Types, Social Formations and the Colonial Economy. Sydney University Press. ISBN 9781743324615, pp. 57–58.

88. ^ Molony 2001, pp. 136–137.

89. ^ "EDWARD KELLY'S LETTER". Gippsland Times (Morning. ed.). Vic. 20 December 1878. p. 3. Retrieved 25 April 2012 – via National Library of Australia.

90. ^ "National Museum of Australia – Jerilderie letter".

91. ^ Kelly 2012, p. xxviii.

92. ^ Jump up to:a b Barkham, Patrick (4 December 2000). "Ned Kelly's Last Testament". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 May 2018.

93. ^ Farrell, Michael (2015). Writing Australian Unsettlement: Modes of Poetic Invention, 1796–1945. Springer. ISBN 9781137465412, p. 17.

94. ^ MacFarlane, Ian; Scott, Russ (2014). "Ned Kelly — Stock Thief, Bank Robber, Murderer — Psychopath". Psychiatry, Psychology and Law. 21 (5).

95. ^ Woodcock, Bruce (2003). Peter Carey. Manchester University Press. ISBN 9780719067983, p. 139.

96. ^ Seal 2002, p. 88.

97. ^ Smith, Peter. C.. (2015). The Clarke Gang: Outlawed, Outcast and Forgotten. Rosenberg Publishing, ISBN 9781925078664, endnotes.

98. ^ Jump up to:a b Kenneally 1929, p. 105.

99. ^ Jump up to:a b c d "The Real Story of". The Mirror. Perth. 5 September 1953. p. 9. Retrieved 28 February 2012 – via National Library of Australia.

100. ^ "WEDNESDAY, JULY 2, 1879". The Argus. Melbourne. 2 July 1879. p. 4. Retrieved 6 February 2012 – via National Library of Australia.

101. ^ Kenneally 1929, p. 122.

102. ^ Kenneally 1929, p. 127.

103. ^ "THE KELLY GANG". Bendigo Advertiser. Vic. 29 June 1880. p. 2 – via National Library of Australia.

104. ^ Kelson & McQuilton 2001, p. 128.

105. ^ Farwell 1970, p. 193.

106. ^ Jump up to:a b Kieza 2017, p. 392.

107. ^ Kieza 2017, p. 393.

108. ^ "CAPTURE OF THE KELLY GANG". Illustrated Sydney News. NSW. 10 July 1880. p. 1. Retrieved 1 April 2012 – via National Library of Australia.

109. ^ Kenneally 1929, p. 134.

110. ^ Dawson 2018, pp. 57–58.

111. ^ "CHARGE OF HARBOURING THE KELLY GANG". The Argus. Melbourne. 26 November 1880. p. 6. Retrieved 25 August 2014 – via National Library of Australia.

112. ^ Kenneally 1929, p. 135.

113. ^ "EXCITEMENT AT GLENROWAN". Australian Town and Country Journal. Sydney. 3 July 1880. p. 8. Retrieved 8 August 2014 – via National Library of Australia.

114. ^ "THE KELLY TRAGEDIES". Gippsland Times (2376). Victoria, Australia. 2 July 1880. p. 3 (Morning.). Retrieved 13 May 2016 – via National Library of Australia.

115. ^ "THE POLICE COMMISSION". The Argus. Melbourne. 16 May 1881. p. 6. Retrieved 25 August 2014 – via National Library of Australia.

116. ^ "THE KELLY GANG". Australian Town and Country Journal. NSW. 10 July 1880. p. 6. Retrieved 18 February 2012 – via National Library of Australia.

117. ^ Jump up to:a b Seal, Graham (1996). The Outlaw Legend: A Cultural Tradition in Britain, America and Australia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521557405, p. 159

118. ^ "The Bushrangers". The Farmer & Settler. Sydney. 28 December 1915. p. 4. Retrieved 27 August 2014 – via National Library of Australia.

119. ^ "Digital Collections – Books – Victoria. Royal Commission on the Police Force of Victoria.. Police Commission [electronic resource] : Minutes of evidence taken before Royal Commission on the Police Force of Victoria, together with appendices".

120. ^ "Digital Collections – Books – Victoria. Royal Commission on the Police Force of Victoria.. Police Commission [electronic resource] : Minutes of evidence taken before Royal Commission on the Police Force of Victoria, together with appendices".

121. ^ "THE DESTRUCTION OF THE KELLY GANG". The Argus. Melbourne. 21 July 1880. p. 6. Retrieved 7 August 2014 – via National Library of Australia.

122. ^ Kenneally 1929, p. 138.

123. ^ "VICTORIAN POLICE COMMISSION". The Sydney Morning Herald. 9 April 1881. p. 10. Retrieved 9 August 2014 – via National Library of Australia.

124. ^ Kieza 2017, pp. 412–413.

125. ^ Farwell 1970, p. 200.

126. ^ Kieza 2017, p. 414.

127. ^ Jump up to:a b Kieza 2017, p. 416.

128. ^ Kieza 2017, p. 417.

129. ^ Jump up to:a b c d "Destruction of the Kelly Gang". The Argus. Melbourne. 29 June 1880. p. 5. Retrieved 21 February 2012 – via National Library of Australia.

130. ^ Kenneally 1929, p. 151.

131. ^ Jump up to:a b "THE KELLY BUSHRANGERS". The South Australian Advertiser. Adelaide. 29 June 1880. p. 5. Retrieved 12 August 2012 – via National Library of Australia.

132. ^ "FATHER GIBNEY AT GLENROWAN". The Argus. Melbourne. 19 July 1880. p. 7. Retrieved 26 April 2012 – via National Library of Australia.

133. ^ McMenomy 1984, p. 163.

134. ^ "THE ENQUIRY ON THE BODY OF MARTIN CHERRY". South Australian Register. Adelaide. 5 July 1880. p. 5. Retrieved 6 May 2012 – via National Library of Australia.

135. ^ Dawson, Stuart (October 2017). "Ned Kelly's Shooting of George Metcalf, Labourer" (PDF). Eras Journal. 19 (1). Retrieved 30 November 2017.

136. ^ Ann Jones and her children were held hostage by Ned Kelly during his gang's infamous Last Stand, Herald-Sun, 13 November 2012

137. ^ Reardon, Michael (1863–1942), Obituaries Australia, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University

138. ^ Kieza 2017, p. 411.

139. ^ "The REPORT of the VICTORIAN POLICE COMMISSION". The Sydney Morning Herald. 21 October 1881. p. 8. Retrieved 4 February 2012 – via National Library of Australia.

140. ^ "REAPPEARANCE OF THE KELLY GANG". Burra Record. SA. 2 July 1880. p. 3. Retrieved 24 April 2012 – via National Library of Australia.

141. ^ "The Kelly Gang". The Age. Ancestry.com#Newspapers.com. 1 July 1880. p. 3. (Subscription required (help)). The intention to hold an inquest on the charred bodies of Hart and Dan Kelly has been abandonded. ... The bodies will therefore be interred by the relatives of the criminals in the Greta cemetery today.

142. ^ Jump up to:a b Cormick 2014.

143. ^ "FAMOUS VICTORIAN TRIALS". Kalgoorlie Miner. WA. 4 November 1930. p. 7. Retrieved 4 January 2013 – via National Library of Australia.

144. ^ "AUSTRALIAN PRESS AGENCY". Camperdown Chronicle. Vic. 6 July 1880. p. 2. Retrieved 21 February 2012 – via National Library of Australia.

145. ^ "TRIAL OF EDWARD KELLY". Australasian Sketcher with Pen and Pencil. Melbourne. 6 November 1880. p. 299. Retrieved 6 February 2012 – via National Library of Australia.

146. ^ Kieza 2017, p. 460.

147. ^ Kieza 2017, pp. 461–463.

148. ^ "HISTORY OF AUSTRALIAN BUSHRANGING". Sunbury News. Vic. 10 February 1906. p. 4. Retrieved 1 October 2012 – via National Library of Australia.

149. ^ Jump up to:a b c Cormick 2014, p. 8.

150. ^ "THE EXECUTION OF EDWARD KELLY". The Argus. Melbourne. 12 November 1880. p. 6. Retrieved 3 February 2012 – via National Library of Australia.

151. ^ Kieza.

152. ^ Past Patterns, Future Directions: Victoria Police and the Problems of Corruption and Serious Misconduct (2007). Office of Police Integrity. ISBN 9780975799109. pp. 19–20.

153. ^ Kieza 2017, p. 479.

154. ^ Kieza 2017, pp. 478–479.

155. ^ Kenneally 1929, p. 10.

156. ^ McQuilton 1979, Chapter 10

157. ^ "Sadleir, John". Brightoncemetery.com. Retrieved 3 May 2012.

158. ^ "BUSHRANGER'S MOTHER". The Sydney Morning Herald. 29 March 1923. p. 15. Retrieved 12 August 2012 – via National Library of Australia.

159. ^ "DEEMING'S GEAVE". Australian Town and Country Journal (NSW : 1870 – 1907). NSW. 28 May 1892. p. 14. Retrieved 8 October 2012 – via National Library of Australia.

160. ^ "OUR MELBOURNE LETTER". Northern Territory Times and Gazette (Darwin, NT : 1873 – 1927). Darwin, NT. 14 May 1881. p. 3. Retrieved 16 September 2013 – via National Library of Australia.

161. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e Ned's Head SBS One Documentary: The scientific investigation and DNA testing of Kelly's skeletal remains 4 September 2011

162. ^ "No title". The Brisbane Courier. 14 January 1929. p. 14. Retrieved 14 August2012 – via National Library of Australia.

163. ^ "NED KELLY'S GRAVE". The Argus. Melbourne. 13 April 1929. p. 20. Retrieved 5 April 2012 – via National Library of Australia.

164. ^ "DISHONORED DEAD". Oakleigh Leader. North Brighton, Vic. 22 December 1894. p. 2. Retrieved 9 September 2014 – via National Library of Australia.

165. ^ "Ned's Skull is Now Locked Up". Benalla Ensign. Vic. 8 January 1953. p. 2. Retrieved 8 October 2012 – via National Library of Australia.

166. ^ Bluestone Seawall (stories in the stones) Archived 23 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Bayside City council

167. ^ "Ned Kelly's skull stolen". The Canberra Times. 13 December 1978. p. 3. Retrieved 1 September 2014 – via National Library of Australia.

168. ^ Standing, Jonathan (9 March 2008). "Grave of Australian outlaw Ned Kelly said found". Sydney. Reuters. Retrieved 11 April 2015.

169. ^ The Times, 10 March 2008.

170. ^ "GHOULISH SCRAMBLE". The Richmond River Express and Casino Kyogle Advertiser. NSW. 17 April 1929. p. 2. Retrieved 5 September 2014 – via National Library of Australia.

171. ^ http://www.abc.net.au/tv/rewind/txt/s1168553.htm

172. ^ "VIFM Media Release - Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine".

173. ^ Cormick, Craig, ed. (2014). Ned Kelly. CSIRO Publishing. ISBN 9781486301768.

174. ^ "Frederick Deeming: Australia's first serial killer". The Age.

175. ^ Curran, Enda (2 September 2011). "Scientists Nab an Australian Outlaw". The Wall Street Journal. p. A6. (Article on the web is slightly different from the print edition.)

176. ^ Samuels, Jonathan (1 September 2011). "Australian Outlaw Ned Kelly's Remains Found". Sky News. Retrieved 2 September 2011.

177. ^ Kenneally, Christine (31 August 2011). "A Hero's Legend and a Stolen Skull Rustle Up a DNA Drama". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 September 2011.

178. ^ Time magazine "Outlaw Ned Kelly's Remains Given to Family — 132 Years After His Death", 6 August 2012 Retrieved on 13 August 2012.

179. ^ "Ned Kelly laid to rest". The Age.

180. ^ Seal, Graham (2011). Outlaw Heroes in Myth and History. Anthem Press, ISBN 978-0-85728-792-2. pp. 99–100.

181. ^ Barry, John V. (1974). "Kelly, Edward (Ned) (1855–1880)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. 5. Melbourne University Press. pp. 6–8. Retrieved 8 April 2007.

182. ^ "Australian National Dictionary Centre's Word of the Year 2014", Ozwords. Retrieved 15 December 2014.

183. ^ Kenneally 1929, p. 15.

184. ^ Bertrand, Ina; D. Routt, William (2007). The Picture that Will Live Forever: The Story of the Kelly Gang. Australian Teachers and Media. ISBN 9781876467166, pp. 3–19.

185. ^ Groves, Don (9 November 2017). "How many Ned Kelly movies are too many?", If Magazine. Retrieved 17 June 2018.

186. ^ Ned Kelly, National Gallery of Australia. Retrieved 15 December 2014.

187. ^ "Sidney Nolan's Ned Kelly – in pictures". The Guardian. 13 August 2018. Retrieved 13 August 2018.

188. ^ Innes, Lyn (2008). Ned Kelly: Icon of Modern Culture. Helm Information Ltd. ISBN 9781903206164, p. 247.

189. ^ Turnbull 1942

190. ^ Hobsbawm 1972

191. ^ O'Brien 2006

192. ^ Seal, Graham (2011). Outlaw Heroes in Myth and History. Anthem Press. 9780857287922, pp. 110-111.

193. ^ Basu 2012, p. 187.

194. ^ Jump up to:a b Seal (2011), p. 126.

Bibliography[edit]

Non-fiction

Baron, Angeline; White, David (2004). Blood in the Dust: Inside the Minds of Ned Kelly and Joe Byrne. Network Creative Services Pty Ltd. ISBN 9780958016254.

Basu, Laura (2012). Ned Kelly as Memory Dispositif: Media, Time, Power, and the Development of Australian Identities. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 9783110288797.

Brown, Max (2005). Australian Son: The Story of Ned Kelly. Network Creative Services Pty Ltd. ISBN 9780958016261.

Castles, Alex C. (2005). Ned Kelly's Last Days: Setting the Record Straight on the Death of an Outlaw. Allen & Unwin. ISBN 9781741159141.

Cormick, Craig (2014). Ned Kelly: Under the Microscope. CSIRO Publishing. ISBN 9781486301782.

Dawson, Stuart (2018). Ned Kelly and the Myth of a Republic of North-Eastern Victoria. ISBN 9781643165004.

Dunstan, Keith (1980). Saint Ned: The Story of the Near Sanctification of an Australian Outlaw. Methuen Australia. ISBN 9780454001983.

Farwell, George (1970). Ned Kelly: The Life and Adventures of Australia's Notorious Bushranger. Cheshire. ISBN 9780701513191.

FitzSimons, Peter (2013). Ned Kelly. Random House Australia. ISBN 9781742758909.

Jones, Ian (2010). Ned Kelly: A Short Life. Hachette UK. ISBN 9780733625794.

Kelly, Ned (2012). McDermott, Alex, ed. The Jerilderie Letter: Text Classics. Text Publishing. ISBN 9781921922336.

Kelson, Brendon; McQuilton, John (2001). Kelly Country: A Photographic Journey. University of Queensland Press. ISBN 9780702232732.

Kenneally, J.J. (1929). Inner History of the Kelly Gang. Dandenong, Victoria: The Kelly Gang Publishing Company.

Kieza, Grantlee (2017). Mrs Kelly. HarperCollins Australia. ISBN 9781743097175.

McMenomy, Keith (1984). Ned Kelly: The Authentic Illustrated History. C. O. Ross. ISBN 9780859021227.

Meredith, John; Scott, Bill (1980). Ned Kelly: After a Century of Acrimony. Lansdowne Press. ISBN 9780701814700.

Molony, John (2001). Ned Kelly. Melbourne University Publishing. ISBN 9780522850130.

Seal, Graham (2002). Tell 'em I Died Game: The Legend of Ned Kelly. Hyland House Pub. ISBN 9781864470475.

Terry, Paul (2012). The True Story of Ned Kelly's Last Stand. Allen & Unwin. ISBN 9781760110871.

Wedd, Monty (2013). Ned Kelly: Narrated and Illustrated by Monty Wedd. Comicoz. ISBN 9780980653519.

Fiction

Carey, Peter (2012). True History of the Kelly Gang. Random House Australia. ISBN 9781742748955.

Masson, Sophie (2010). My Australian Story: The Hunt for Ned Kelly. Scholastic Australia. ISBN 9781921990724.

Robert, Drewe (2010). Our Sunshine. Penguin Group. ISBN 9780143204763.

Thomas, Keneally (1981). Ned Kelly and the City of the Bees. D.R. Godine. ISBN 9781567920222.

External links[edit]

| Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ned Kelly. | Wikisource has original works written by or about:
Ned Kelly | Wikiquote has quotations related to: Ned Kelly

Kelly, Ned (1855–1880) National Library of Australia, Trove, People and Organisation record for Ned Kelly

The Kelly collection, including John Hanlon's transcript of the Jerilderie letter at the National Museum of Australia

Ned Kelly: Australian Ironoutlaw (the first site on Ned Kelly, established 1995)

Culture Victoria – historical images and video interview with Peter Carey about his novel "True History of the Kelly Gang"

Library resources in your library and in other libraries about Ned Kelly

Works by or about Ned Kelly at Internet Archive

Works by Ned Kelly at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)

show

v

t

e

Crime in Australia

show

v

t

e

Bushrangers

Authority control  | WorldCat Identities BNF: cb166123596 (data)GND: 119485958 ISNI: 0000 0001 1635 9753 LCCN: n81018474 NKC: jn20031209002 NLA: 36555373 SNAC: w6ks7427 SUDOC: 055789943 VIAF: 47572730

Categories:

1854 births

1880 deaths

19th-century Australian criminals

Australian bank robbers

Bushrangers

Australian outlaws

People executed for murder

People executed by Australia by hanging

Australian people of Irish descent

People from Victoria (Australia)

People executed by Victoria (Australia)

People executed for murdering police officers

Australian people convicted of murdering police officers

Executed Australian people

People convicted of murder by Victoria (Australia)

Irish-Australian culture

19th-century executions by Australia

People executed by hanging

Navigation menu

Not logged in

Talk

Contributions

Create account

Log in

Article

Talk

Read

Edit

View history

Search

Main page

Contents

Featured content

Current events

Random article

Donate to Wikipedia

Wikipedia store

Interaction

Help

About Wikipedia

Community portal

Recent changes

Contact page

Tools

What links here

Related changes

Upload file

Special pages

Permanent link

Page information

Wikidata item

Cite this page

Print/export

Create a book

Download as PDF

Printable version

In other projects

Wikimedia Commons

Wikiquote

Wikisource

Languages

العربية

Español

Italiano

Bahasa Melayu

Português

Русский

Simple English

Suomi

中文

25 more

Edit links

This page was last edited on 4 December 2018, at 11:28 (UTC).

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.

Privacy policy

About Wikipedia

Disclaimers

Contact Wikipedia

Developers

Cookie statement

Mobile view

# data[].attributes.body
A Sydney father who claimed his daughter was left severely brain damaged from salmonella poisoning after eating a KFC Twister.